Herbal topical anesthetics in dentistry: an exploratory review

Sunnypriyatham Tirupathi,Dharmarajan Gopalakrishnan,Sanjeevani Deshkar 대한치과마취과학회 2022 Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Vol.22 No.6

Topical anesthetics are routinely used in dental practice for various purposes. They are usually available at higher dosages and have serious potential adverse reactions, such as seizures, anaphylaxis, and acquired methemoglobinemia. To date, the scope of application of herbal plants and their extracts, which have medicinal properties, has been elaborated in the field of dentistry. The growing interest in herbal medication can be attributed to the increased safety profile of herbal agents, in contrast to synthetic preparations that have a higher risk of systemic complications. Herbal preparations can induce topical anesthesia with minimal side effects. Recently, many studies have reported the use of topical herbal preparations. The current review aimed to evaluate data from various articles comparing the capacity of herbal topical anesthetic formulations and conventional synthetic anesthetics in reducing pain perception when used as local anesthesia before dental procedures.

Enhanced degradation of malachite by iron nanoparticles encapsulated in sodium alginate beads

Shenliang Zeng,Xiaoying Jin,Dharmarajan Rajarathnam,Zuliang Chen 한국공업화학회 2019 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.77 No.-

Encapsulation of the Fe NPs was synthesized by tea extract and dispersed within sodium alginate beads(Fe-SA-B), and used the degradation of malachite (MG). The results showed that a 92.3% of MG wasremoved using Fe NPs encapsulated sodium alginate beads (SA-Fe-B), while only 52% of MG was removedby free Fe NPs. Kinetics studies showed that a pseudo-second-order model well described the adsorptionof MG using SA-Fe-B, indicating initial adsorption of MG onto calcium alginate beads followed bydegradation through SA-Fe-B. The reusability of SA-Fe-B showed that thefirst 3 cycles were degradedabout 85% of MG.

A Novel, Potent, Small Molecule AKT Inhibitor Exhibits Efficacy against Lung Cancer Cells In Vitro

Saketh S. Dinavahi,Rajagopalan Prasanna,Sriram Dharmarajan,Yogeeswari Perumal,Srikant Viswanadha 대한암학회 2015 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.47 No.4

Purpose Anomalies of Akt regulation, including overexpression in lung cancer, impart resistance toconventional chemotherapy and radiation, thereby implicating this kinase as a therapeuticintervention point. A novel scaffold of Akt inhibitors was developed through virtual screeningof chemical databases available at Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad,based on docking studies using Maestro. A benzothienopyrimidine derivative (BIA-6)was identified as a potential lead molecule that inhibited Akt1 enzyme activity with an IC50of 256 nM. Materials and MethodsBIA-6 was tested for in vitro Akt1 inhibition using a fluorescence resonance energy transferkit. Anti-proliferative activity was tested in NCI-H460, A549, NCI-H1975, and NCI-H2170cell lines. The effect of the compound on p-Akt (S473) was estimated. ResultsBIA-6 allosterically caused a dose dependent reduction of growth of cell lines with a halfmaximal growth inhibition (GI50) range of 0.49 !M to 6.6 !M. Cell cycle analysis indicatedthat BIA-6 caused a G1 phase arrest at < 100 nM but led to apoptosis at higher doses. BIA-6 also exhibited synergism with standard chemotherapeutic agents. ConclusionBIA-6 is a novel, allosteric Akt inhibitor with potent anti-cancer activity in lung cancer celllines, that effectively blocks the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/Akt pathway with a high marginselectivity towards normal cells.

Effect of Illumination on Colour Vision Testing with Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test: Customized Colour Vision Booth versus Room Illumination

Kowser Zahiruddin,Shaj Banu,Ramya Dharmarajan,Vaitheeswaran Kulothungan,Deepa Vijayanl,Rajiv Raman,Tarun Sharma 대한안과학회 2010 Korean Journal of Ophthalmology Vol.24 No.3

Purpose: To evaluate a customized, portable Farnsworth-Munsell 100 (FM 100) hue viewing booth for compliance with colour vision testing standards and to compare it with room illumination in subjects with normal colour vision (trichromats), subjects with acquired colour vision defects (secondary to diabetes mellitus), and subjects with congenital colour vision defects (dichromats). Methods: Discrete wavelengths of the tube in the customized booth were measured using a spectrometer using the normal incident method and were compared with the spectral distribution of sunlight. Forty-eight subjects were recruited for the study and were divided into 3 groups: Group 1, Normal Trichromats (30 eyes); Group 2, Congenital Colour Vision Defects (16 eyes); and Group 3, Diabetes Mellitus (20 eyes). The FM 100 hue test performance was compared using two illumination conditions, booth illumination and room illumination. Results: Total error scores of the classical method in Group 2 as mean±SD for room and booth illumination was 243.05±85.96 and 149.85±54.50 respectively (p=0.0001). Group 2 demonstrated lesser correlation (r=0.50, 0.55), lesser reliability (Cronbach’s alpha, 0.625, 0.662) and greater variability (Bland & Altman value, 10.5) in total error scores for the classical method and the moment of inertia method between the two illumination conditions when compared to the other two groups. Conclusions: The customized booth demonstrated illumination meeting CIE standards. The total error scores were overestimated by the classical and moment of inertia methods in all groups for room illumination compared with booth illumination, however overestimation was more significant in the diabetes group.

Trace element dynamics of biosolids-derived microbeads

Wijesekara, Hasintha,Bolan, Nanthi S.,Bradney, Lauren,Obadamudalige, Nadeeka,Seshadri, Balaji,Kunhikrishnan, Anitha,Dharmarajan, Rajarathnam,Ok, Yong Sik,Rinklebe, Jö,rg,Kirkham, M.B.,Vithanage, M Elsevier 2018 CHEMOSPHERE - Vol.199 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study focused on quantifying and characterising microbeads in biosolids (i.e., treated sewage sludge), and in examining interactions of microbeads with trace elements when biosolids are added to soil. Under laboratory conditions, batch experiments were conducted to investigate the adsorption of Cu onto pure and surface modified microbeads suspended in soil. The ecotoxicity of microbead-metal complexes to soil microbial activities was also investigated by monitoring basal respiration and dehydrogenase activity. Concentrations of the microbeads were 352, 146, 324, and 174 particles kg<SUP>−1</SUP> biosolids for ≤50, 50–100, 100–250, 250–1000 μm size fractions, respectively. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images illustrated wrinkled and fractured surfaces due to degradation. The adsorption of dissolved organic matter onto microbeads was confirmed through FT-IR microscopy, while using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) the presence of trace metals including Cd (2.34 ng g<SUP>−1</SUP>), Cu (180.64 ng g<SUP>−1</SUP>), Ni (12.69 ng g<SUP>−1</SUP>), Pb (1.17 ng g<SUP>−1</SUP>), Sb (14.43 ng g<SUP>−1</SUP>), and Zn (178.03 ng g<SUP>−1</SUP>) was revealed. Surface modified microbeads were capable of adsorbing Cu compared to the pure microbeads, which may be attributed to the complexation of Cu with dissolved organic matter associated with the microbeads in the matrix. It was further revealed that the biosolids derived microbead-metal complexes decreased soil respiration (up to ∼ 26%) and dehydrogenase activity (up to ∼ 39%). Hence, microbeads reaching biosolids during wastewater treatment are likely to serve as a vector for trace element contamination, transportation, and toxicity when biosolids are applied to soil.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Biosolids are a major source for microbeads in soil. </LI> <LI> A first-time study on microbial toxicity of biosolids-derived microbeads. </LI> <LI> Microbeads serve as a vector for transportation of trace elements in soil. </LI> <LI> Dissolved organic matter enhanced the adsorption of trace elements by microbeads. </LI> <LI> Microbeads decreased microbial respiration and dehydrogenase activity in soil. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Synthesis and anti-mycobacterial activity of 4-(4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3- triazol-1-yl)salicylhydrazones: revitalizing an old drug

Hajjaj H. M. Abdu-Allah,Bahaa G. M. Youssif,Mostafa H. Abdelrahman,Mohammed K. Abdel-Hamid,Rudraraju Srilakshmi Reshma,Perumal Yogeeswari,Tarek Aboul-Fadl,Dharmarajan Sriram 대한약학회 2017 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.40 No.2

The antitubercular drug; para-aminosalicylicacid (PAS) was used as the core scaffold for the design of aseries of 1H-1,2,3-triazolylsalicylhydrazones upon couplingwith triazole and arylhydrazone moietis to furnish asingle molecular architecture. The obtained derivativeswere screened against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rvrevealing good to high activity for the active compounds(MIC values of 0.39–1.5 lg/mL) compared to the marketeddrugs isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol. Moreover, themost active analogue N-(1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-2-hydroxy-4-(4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-benzohydrazide (20) was found to be ten-fold more potentthan PAS and equipotent to rifampicin (MIC 0.39 lg/mL),while exhibiting low cytotoxicity with a selectivity indexof[128. In addition, this compound was shown to beactive against persistent forms of mycobacteria comparableto standard drugs in nutrient starvation model. Accordingly,we introduce compound 20 as a valuable lead forfurther development. A 3D-QSAR study was also conductedto help in explaining the observed activity and toserve as a tool for further development.