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A GIS based interpretation of the historical evolution of urban settlements in Mangalore City, India
Dhanaraj K.,Angadi Dasharatha P. 대한공간정보학회 2021 Spatial Information Research Vol.29 No.4
The fact that the present state of evolution of settlement in a city is most often composed of remnants it’s past, superimposed and juxtaposed together with the new developments. This can be used to gain new insights on spatial history and dynamism of settlements evolution and also for spatial information approximation for historical narrative in general. This study attempts to trace and visualise the evolution and the spatial pattern of urban settlement distribution in Mangalore using GPS locations of historical buildings and structures from 600 AD. to 1970 AD. The study employs GIS and spatial statistical techniques such as spatial mean centre, standard distance, standard deviational ellipse, Average Nearest Neighbour, Kernel density and variable buffer model. It was found from the study that historical buildings and structures including temples and churches are closely associated with the evolution and distribution settlement in Mangalore. The study also substantiates the historical fact that the eventual intensification concentration of settlements in the current urban centre was largely influenced by colonial settlers. The temporal fluctuation of spatial mean centre of the city was also found in Mangalore.
P.V. Dhanaraj,T. Suthan,N.P. Rajesh 한국물리학회 2010 Current Applied Physics Vol.10 No.5
Single crystals of semiorganic material calcium dibromide bis(glycine) tetrahydrate were grown from aqueous solution. The crystal belongs to monoclinic system, with a = 13.261(5) Å, b = 6.792(2) Å, c = 15.671(9) Å and β = 91.68(4)°. The presence of the elements in the title compound was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The solubility and metastable zone width were found. The grown crystals were tested by powder XRD, FTIR, Thermo Gravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis, UV–vis–NIR analysis, dielectrical and mechanical studies. The transmittance of calcium dibromide bis(glycine) tetrahydrate crystal has been used to calculate the refractive index n, the extinction coefficient K and both the real ɛr and imaginary ɛi components of the dielectric constant as functions of wavelength. The optical band gap of calcium dibromide bis(glycine) tetrahydrate is 3.23 eV.
Reghunath Athira,Surendran Anjana,Dhanaraj Felix Irudhyaraj,Ramasubbu Raju 한국응용곤충학회 2024 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.27 No.2
The present study investigates the morphology of floral parts adapted towards the mode of pollination by bees in a lesser-known shrub, Crotalaria paniculata Willd of the family Fabaceae. The morphology and orientation of flowers, colour, shape, size and number of each floral part were recorded. The floral odour was assessed qual itatively at various stages of flowers manually and the quantity of nectar produced per flower was also measured. The flowering individuals were regularly monitored to observe the floral visitors and their foraging activity on a series of aged flowers. The performance of each floral visitors like visitation frequency, handling time, relative abundance, activity rate, visitation rate index and visitor activity index was calculated. The flowers of C. paniculata are typical papilionaceous and keel-blossom types that function as floral advertisement and nectar and pollen grains are served as floral rewards. The standard petal serves an advertisement whereas the wing-keel complex acts as a landing platform for floral visitors. The large-bodied bees tend to break the wing-keel complex which facilitates cross-pollination. Xylocopa latipes (Apidae) was observed as the most effective pollinator due to their higher frequency of visits, activity rate, visitation rate index and visitor activity index. Due to the pressure applied by large-bodied bees like Xylocopa latipes by landing on the wing-keel complex, the reproductive parts become exposed and the stigma brushes the pollen load in the body of the visitors and effect cross-pollination. The study concludes that large-bodied bees are effective floral visitors of C. paniculata which effect crosspollination.
Natesan, Sudha,Sowrirajan, Chandrasekaran,Dhanaraj, Premnath,Enoch, Israel V.M.V. Korean Chemical Society 2014 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.35 No.7
The association of silybin with ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin and its influence on silybin's binding with bovine serum albumin are reported. The stoichiometry, binding constant, and the structure of silybin-${\beta}$-cyclodextrin inclusion complex are reported. The titrations of silybin with bovine serum albumin in the absence and presence of ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin are carried out and the differences in binding strengths are discussed. Molecular modeling is used to optimize the sites and mode of binding of silybin with bovine serum albumin. F$\ddot{o}$rster resonance energy transfer is calculated and the proximity of interacting molecules is reported in the presence and absence of ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin.
Sudha Natesan,Chandrasekaran Sowrirajan,Premnath Dhanaraj,Israel V. M. V. Enoch 대한화학회 2014 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.35 No.7
The association of silybin with β-cyclodextrin and its influence on silybin’s binding with bovine serum albumin are reported. The stoichiometry, binding constant, and the structure of silybin–β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex are reported. The titrations of silybin with bovine serum albumin in the absence and presence of β- cyclodextrin are carried out and the differences in binding strengths are discussed. Molecular modeling is used to optimize the sites and mode of binding of silybin with bovine serum albumin. Förster resonance energy transfer is calculated and the proximity of interacting molecules is reported in the presence and absence of β- cyclodextrin.
Khuram Maqsood,Saibal Ganguly,Jayita Pal,Dhanaraj Turunawarasu,Anindya Jyoti Pal 한국화학공학회 2014 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.31 No.7
A novel concept of hybrid cryogenic distillation network has been explored which maximizes the benefitsof both desublimation or solid-vapor based separation as well as distillation or vapor-liquid equilibrium based separationduring the separation of carbon dioxide from methane or natural gas. Process network synthesis has been performedfor four case studies with high carbon dioxide (72 mole%) and medium carbon dioxide (50 mole%) natural gas feedstreams. The benefits of optimal locations for cryogenic packed beds were investigated. A conventional cryogenic networkconsisting of multiple distillation columns with butane as additive for extractive distillation was also studied andpresented in this paper. Process modeling of cryogenic distillation network with MESH equations was attempted usingan integrated dual loop (C+3) convergence and the results were compared with Aspen Plus simulator for benchmarking. The prediction of solidification region was employed using experimental data from literature to avoid solidificationregions in the column. The proposed hybrid cryogenic distillation network showed promising potential for energy andsize reduction.
Hepatoprotective activity of methanol extracts of Berberis tinctoria
P, Vijayan,HC, Prashanth,Vijayaraj, Preethi,H, Raghu Chandrashekhar,Godavarthi, Ashok,SA, Dhanaraj Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Research Center 2006 Oriental pharmacy and experimental medicine Vol.6 No.1
The methanol extracts of the roots, root bark and stem of Berberis tinctoria, were investigated for their hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride $(CCl_4)$ induced toxicity in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes, HEp-G2 cells and animal models. The methanol extracts were able to significantly normalise the levels of aspartate amino transferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, triglycerides, total proteins, albumin, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin, which were altered due to $CCl_4$ intoxication in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes and also in animal models. The anti-hepatotoxic effect of the methanol extracts in vitro were observed at $600\;-\;1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ concentrations. A dose dependent increase in the percentage viability was observed when $CCl_4$ exposed HEp-G2 cells were treated with different concentrations of the methanol extracts. The highest percentage viability of HEp-G2 was observed at a concentration of $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. The results from the present investigations also indicate good correlation between the in vivo and in vitro studies.
Selective in vitro cytotoxicity of Hypericum hookerianum towards cancer cell lines
P., Vijayan,S., Vinod Kumar,Badami, Shrishailappa,PK, Mukherjee,SA, Dhanaraj,B., Suresh Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Research Center 2003 Oriental pharmacy and experimental medicine Vol.3 No.3
The methanol extracts of the aerial parts, leaves and stem of Hypericum hookerianum were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity on selected normal and cancer cell lines and anti tumor activity using DLA cells. Cell viability and morphological changes were assessed. Among the three extracts tested, the stem extract of Hypericum hookerianum showed potent cytotoxicity against HEp-2 and RD cell lines. The $CTC_{50}$(concentration required to reduce viability by 50%) of this extract was found to be $2.02\;{\mu}g/ml$ for RD cell line, $10.25\;{\mu}g/ml$ for HEp-2 cell line and $100.06\;{\mu}g/ml$ for Vero cell line. In the clonogenic assay, no colony formation was observed up to a concentration of $100\;{\mu}g/ml$. In the short term cytotoxicity studies using DLA cells, 50% viability was observed in the concentration range of $50-100\;{\mu}g/ml$ for aerial parts, $100-200\;{\mu}g/ml$ for stem and more than $200\;{\mu}g/ml$ for leaf extracts of Hypericum hookerianum. In the long-term activity using HEp-2 cell line, no colony formation was observed over a concentration of 200 mg/ml for the stem extract. Hypericum hookerianum stem extract was fractionated into petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol soluble fractions. The petroleum ether and chloroform soluble fractions showed higher cytotoxic activity against HEp-2 cell line when compared to the other two fractions. The methanol stem extract of Hypericum hookerianum has the potential for further investigation in animal models to determine its anti-tumor activity and to identify its active principles.
In vitro cytotoxic evaluation of some essential oils
P., Vijayan,Godavarthi, Ashok,Chandrashekhar, Raghu,Badami, Shrishilappa,SA, Dhanaraj,B., Suresh Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Research Center 2003 Oriental pharmacy and experimental medicine Vol.3 No.4
Seven essential oils were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity against the cancerous cell lines A-549, HEp-2 and DLA and normal BRL-3A, NRK-49F and Vero cell lines using standard MTT, SRB and dye exclusion techniques. The A-549 cell line was found to be the most susceptible to all the essential oils. The essential oils of A. nilagirica, A. calamus and O. sanctum were found to be the more active against these cells with mean $CTC_{50}$ values of 17.75, 19.00 and $24.37\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The essential oil of Acorus calamus was found to be the most potent with low $CTC_{50}$ values against the cancerous and comparatively higher $CTC_{50}$ values against the normal cell lines. Artemisia pellens and Pelargonium graveolens oils also showed potent activity. These oils merit further investigation to identify the active principles and nature of the anti tumor activity in animal models.