Climate Change, Water Related Hazards and Disasters: Challenge, Mitigation and Policy in Ethiopia

Dereje Birhanu Mitiku,Hyeonjun Kim,Ilpyo Hong,Sanghyun Park 한국방재학회 2015 한국방재학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.14 No.-

According to a recent analysis of NASA, the year 2014 now ranks as the warmest on record since 1880. Africa is widely held to be highly vulnerable to future climate change related hazards, and Ethiopia is often cited as one of the most extreme examples. The country’s economy is highly exposed to climate variability and extremes and the nature of agriculture, primarily rain-fed is sensitive to fluctuations in rainfall, which forms the basis of the economy supporting roughly 42% GDP and 85% employment. Wahlström M (2009) reported that over the last two decades (1988-2007), 76% of all disaster events were hydrological, meteorological or climatological in nature. In this review, a great concern is given for extreme conditions (flood and drought) particularly climate change related hazards and tries to look at the challenges, mitigation and policies. Climate change, drought and flood will continue to be a primary concern for many Ethiopian and even agricultural production and water supplies will become more severely diminished. Starting from 1970-1996 droughts and the resulting food shortage have affected millions and cause for the death of a significant number of people and in 2009 Ethiopia has experienced a delay in the main rainy season, particularly in northeastern areas, resulting in 50-70 % of agricultural land being sown for cropping. Ethiopia has also experienced a major flood in 1988, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 and 2006 and climate change, including extreme events like drought and flood affected areas will likely become more widely spread. Recently, flash floods affected big cities, including Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa (death of 300 people) and result in considerable damage to lives, livelihoods and property. Despite the hugely damaging effect that natural and man-made disasters have on Ethiopia’s economic development, little is done to prevent them. There are significant challenges to reduce climate change related hazards, but linking of climate change adaptation with disaster risk reduction and effective strategies to prevent hazards from becoming disasters and managing those disasters that do occur would make a lasting contribution to the quality of life and sustainable livelihoods. Several factors contribute to Ethiopia’s high vulnerability to disasters, but here the authors will focus on institutional frameworks and policy. There are several NGO and governmental climate change actors in Ethiopia. The country’s National Policy on Disaster Prevention and Management (NPDPM) was prepared in 1993. Ethiopia has also ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and under the mechanism, a National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) was produced in 2001 with an ambition to identify ‘immediate and urgent’ adaptation activities that address current and anticipated adverse effects of climate change and extreme climate events. The Environmental policy of Ethiopia indicates that environmental sustainability to be recognized in policies and strategies as a key prerequisite. In line with this the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), was established and mainly assumes a regulatory role and coordinates various activities and included policy on climate change and pollution, particularly on promoting climate monitoring programs as the country is sensitive to changes in climate, identifying a firm and demonstrable commitment to the principle of containing climate change and fostering to use hydro, geothermal and solar energy to minimize an emission of greenhouse gases.

Differential Gene Expressions and Inflammatory Responses in Murine Alveolar Macrophage MH-S cell Line After Stimulations with Sonicated Fractions and Wholeprotein of Mycoplasmahyopneumoniae

Dereje Damte,Seung Chun Park 대한수의학회 2013 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2013 No.-

Design and Implementation of HPC Facility: Use of Commodity Computers to Aggregate the Computing Power in a Cost Effective Setup

Dereje Regassa,Heon Young Yeom,Yongseok Son 한국정보과학회 2018 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2018 No.12

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Dichloromethane Extract of Auricularia auricula-judae in RAW264.7 Cells

Dereje Damte,Md. Ahsanur Reza,Seung-Jin Lee,Woo-Sik Jo,Seung-Chun Park 한국독성학회 2011 Toxicological Research Vol.27 No.1

The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of dichloromethane extract of Auricularia auricula-judae. Dichloromethane extract of Auricularia auricula-judae inhibited Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production significantly in a dose-dependent manner in the concentration ≥ 10 μg/ml (p < 0.05). Furthermore, RT-PCR results of this study indicated that the extract markedly reduced the expressions of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β) mRNA in LPS-treated murine RAW 264.7 macrophages, which could possibly ameliorate the inflammation. Nevertheless, dichloromethane extract of Auricularia auricula-judae did not show complete inhibition of IL-6 mRNA expression. The inhibition of IL-1β cytokine at protein level was also observed in a dose dependent manner. In conclusion, the current study revealed the previously unknown effect of dichloromethane ethyl extract of Auricularia auricula-judae inhibitions of the production of NO, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated macrophages.

Effect of pre-aggregation in conjugated polymer solution on performance of diketopyrrolopyrrole-based organic field-effect transistors

Dereje, Mamo Melaku,Ji, Dongseob,Kang, So-Huei,Yang, Changduk,Noh, Yong-Young Applied Science Publishers 2017 Dyes and pigments Vol.145 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this work, we investigate the effect of pre-aggregated solutions of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based conjugated polymers to achieve highly-aligned polymer films for high-performance organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). A suitable marginal solvent is selected for 5-octyl-pentadecyl branched DPP and selenophene-based semiconducting polymer (PDPP(SE)-ε-C<SUB>8</SUB>C<SUB>15</SUB>) by utilizing the Hansen solubility parameter calculation. The anisotropic one-dimensional aligned PDPP(SE)-ε-C<SUB>8</SUB>C<SUB>15</SUB> film was off-center spin-coated from the pre-aggregated solution is studied by atomic force microscopy and polarized UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. A significantly high hole mobility of 4.16 cm<SUP>2</SUP>V<SUP>−1</SUP>s<SUP>−1</SUP> was achieved from the OFETs with a unidirectionally-aligned PDPP(SE)-ε-C<SUB>8</SUB>C<SUB>15</SUB> film to the transistor channel direction.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Selection of suitable solvent for preparing pre-aggregated solutions of polymers. </LI> <LI> Formation of anisotropic thin films from the pre-aggregated polymer solutions. </LI> <LI> Directionally aligned polymer films differ in property and their FET performances. </LI> <LI> Thin films aligned parallel to the transistor channel direction show high mobility. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

VANUATU’S VISION 2030

Dereje Azemraw SENSHAW,Katerina SYNGELLAKIS 한국신재생에너지학회 2017 AFORE Vol.2017 No.11

Evaluation of Anti-Quorum Sensing Activity of 97 Indigenous Plant Extracts from Korea through Bio-Reporter Bacterial Strains Chromobacterium violaceumand Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Dereje Damte,Elias Gebru,Seung Jin Lee,Joo Won Suh,Seung Chun Park 대한수의학회 2012 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2012 No.-

Putative drug and Vaccine Target Protein Identification using Comparative Genomic Analysis of KEGG Annotated Metabolic Pathways of Mycopasma hyopneumoniae

Dereje Damte,Seung Jin Lee,Seung Chun Park 대한수의학회 2013 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2013 No.-

Involvement of NF-κB and MAPK Pathways in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-induced Nitric Oxide and Cytokine Production in Murine Alveolar Macrophage/MH-S Cell Line

Dereje Damte,Mi Hyun Hwang,Elias Gebru,Myung Jin Choi,Seung Chun Park 대한수의학회 2009 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2009 No.-

Sonicated Protein Fractions of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Induce Inflammatory Responses and Differential Gene Expression in a Murine Alveolar Macrophage Cell Line

Damte, Dereje,Lee, Seung-Jin,Birhanu, Biruk Tesfaye,Suh, Joo-Won,Park, Seung-Chun The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnol 2015 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.25 No.12

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is known to cause porcine enzootic pneumonia (EP), an important disease in swine production. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of sonicated protein fractions of M. hyopneumoniae on inflammatory response and gene expression in the murine alveolar macrophage MH-S cell line. The effects of sonicated protein fractions and intact M. hyopneumoniae on the gene expression of cytokines and iNOS were assessed using RT-PCR. The Annealing Control Primer (ACP)-based PCR method was used to screen differentially expressed genes. Increased transcription of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, COX-2, and iNOS mRNA was observed after exposure to the supernatant (SPT), precipitant (PPT), and intact M. hyopneumoniae protein. A time-dependent analysis of the mRNA expression revealed an upregulation after 4 h for IL-6 and iNOS and after 12 h for IL-1β and TNF-α, for both SPT and PPT; the fold change in COX-2 expression was less. A dose- and time-dependent correlation was observed in nitrite (NO) production for both protein fractions; however, there was no significant difference between the effects of the two protein fractions. In a differential gene analysis, PCR revealed differential expression for nine gene bands after 3 h of stimulation — only one gene was downregulated, while the remaining eight were upregulated. The results of this study provide insights that help improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of and macrophage defenses against M. hyopneumoniae assault, and suggest targets for future studies on therapeutic interventions for M. hyopneumoniae infections.