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Methane Hydrates in NatureCurrent Knowledge and Challenges
Collett, Tim,Bahk, Jang-Jun,Baker, Rick,Boswell, Ray,Divins, David,Frye, Matt,Goldberg, Dave,Husebø, Jarle,Koh, Carolyn,Malone, Mitch,Morell, Margo,Myers, Greg,Shipp, Craig,Torres, Marta American Chemical Society 2015 Journal of chemical and engineering data Vol.60 No.2
<P>Recognizing the importance of methane hydrate research and the need for a coordinated effort, the United States Congress enacted the Methane Hydrate Research and Development Act of 2000. At the same time, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry in Japan launched a research program to develop plans for a methane hydrate exploratory drilling project in the Nankai Trough. India, China, the Republic of Korea, and other nations also have established large methane hydrate research and development programs. Government-funded scientific research drilling expeditions and production test studies have provided a wealth of information on the occurrence of methane hydrates in nature. Numerous studies have shown that the amount of gas stored as methane hydrates in the world may exceed the volume of known organic carbon sources. However, methane hydrates represent both a scientific and technical challenge, and much remains to be learned about their characteristics and occurrence in nature. Methane hydrate research in recent years has mostly focused on: (1) documenting the geologic parameters that control the occurrence and stability of methane hydrates in nature, (2) assessing the volume of natural gas stored within various methane hydrate accumulations, (3) analyzing the production response and characteristics of methane hydrates, (4) identifying and predicting natural and induced environmental and climate impacts of natural methane hydrates, (5) analyzing the methane hydrate role as a geohazard, (6) establishing the means to detect and characterize methane hydrate accumulations using geologic and geophysical data, and (7) establishing the thermodynamic phase equilibrium properties of methane hydrates as a function of temperature, pressure, and gas composition. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the Consortium for Ocean Leadership (COL) combined their efforts in 2012 to assess the contributions that scientific drilling has made and could continue to make to advance our understanding of methane hydrates in nature. COL assembled a Methane Hydrate Project Science Team with members from academia, industry, and government. This Science Team worked with COL and DOE to develop and host the Methane Hydrate Community Workshop, which surveyed a substantial cross section of the methane hydrate research community for input on the most important research developments in our understanding of methane hydrates in nature and their potential role as an energy resource, a geohazard, and/or as an agent of global climate change. Our understanding of how methane hydrates occur in nature is still growing and evolving, and it is known with certainty that field, laboratory, and modeling studies have contributed greatly to our understanding of hydrates in nature and will continue to be a critical source of the information needed to advance our understanding of methane hydrates.</P>
Quality and Early Childhood Education and Care : A Policy Initiative for the 21st Century
Karin Ishimine,Collette Tayler,John Bennett 육아정책연구소 2010 International Journal of Child Care and Education Vol.4 No.2
The expectation of quality early childhood education and care (ECEC) is that higher quality inputs will produce higher quality outcomes for children. There are many ways that outcomes may be expressed and measured, though current procedures emphasize threshold quality. However, threshold quality is essentially an entry-level concept – once the entry requirements are met, quality is assumed to have been attained and subsequently sustained. A more sophisticated, comprehensive procedure is needed. For more than a decade ECEC policy in Australia has been generally weak, fragmented and dominated by matters related to quantity (market issues) rather than quality (pedagogical issues), despite the rhetoric. What should be measured to identify quality in ECEC settings? What should a quality directed ECEC policy emphasize? This paper addresses significant issues in determining and measuring quality for a comprehensive ECEC policy and the links to a rating system in Australia.
Family Day Care and the National Quality Framework: Issues in Improving Quality of Service
Karin Ishimine,Collette Tayler 육아정책연구소 2012 International Journal of Child Care and Education Vol.6 No.1
Family child care, or family day care (FDC), as it is known in Australia, is an important early childhood education and care (ECEC) option, as it offers unique services compared with other ECEC services such as greater flexibility, wider children’s age range (0-12 years old) and differential operation procedures. In Australia, however, a new National Quality Framework (NQF) is in the process of being implemented in Australia. This will affect all ECEC services, including FDCs, through the application of National Quality Standards (NQS). How will FDCs respond to the major changes ensuing from introducing the NQF and NQS? We argue that there are several factors impacting on the quality of provision by FDCs over the longer term. These include workforce qualifications, carer-child interactions, systemic implementation processes and measures of quality. This paper will discuss the impact of NQF and NQS on FDC and will address issues where no specific quality improvement strategy is applied.
Single Sensor Gait Analysis to Detect Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Proof of Principle Study
Patrick Esser,Johnny Collett,Kevin Maynard,Dax Steins,Angela Hillier,Jodie Buckingham,Garry D. Tan,Laurie King,Helen Dawes 대한당뇨병학회 2018 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.42 No.1
This study explored the potential utility of gait analysis using a single sensor unit (inertial measurement unit [IMU]) as a simple tool to detect peripheral neuropathy in people with diabetes. Seventeen people (14 men) aged 63±9 years (mean±SD) with diabetic peripheral neuropathy performed a 10-m walk test instrumented with an IMU on the lower back. Compared to a reference healthy control data set (matched by gender, age, and body mass index) both spatiotemporal and gait control variables were different between groups, with walking speed, step time, and SDa (gait control parameter) demonstrating good discriminatory power (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve >0.8). These results provide a proof of principle of this relatively simple approach which, when applied in clinical practice, can detect a signal from those with known diabetes peripheral neuropathy. The technology has the potential to be used both routinely in the clinic and for tele-health applications. Further research should focus on investigating its efficacy as an early indicator of or effectiveness of the management of peripheral neuropathy. This could support the development of interventions to prevent complications such as foot ulceration or Charcot’s foot.
Aerosol concentrations and composition in the North Pacific marine boundary layer
Choi, Yongjoo,Rhee, Tae Siek,Collett Jr., Jeffrey L.,Park Jr., Taehyun,Park Jr., Seung-Myung,Seo Jr., Beom-Keun,Park Jr., Gyutae,Park Jr., Keyhong,Lee Jr., Taehyoung Elsevier 2017 Atmospheric environment Vol.171 No.-
<P>Ship-borne measurements of inorganic and organic aerosols, including methanesulfonic acid (MSA), were conducted over the Northern Pacific using a High Resolution Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS). This study, conducted aboard the Korean ice breaker R/V Araon, was part of the SHIP borne Pole-to-Pole Observations (SHIPPO) project. Based on air mass source region, the cruise track could be divided into five sections. Overall, the South Asia and Northern Japan ship transects showed higher aerosol concentrations due to continental pollution and biomass burning sources, respectively. In all five regions, the average mass concentrations of sulfate and organic aerosols (OA) were much higher than concentrations of nitrate and ammonium. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis distinguished two organic aerosol factors as hydrocarbon-like and oxidized OA (HOA and OOA). HOA peaked in South Asia under the influence of anthropogenic pollution source areas, such as China and Korea, and generally decreased with increasing latitude across the full study region. OOA concentrations peaked in Northern Japan near the Tsugaru Strait and appear to reflect fine particle contributions from biomass burning. The mean HOA concentration in the clean marine area (Aleutian Island to Siberia) was 0.06 mu g/m(3) and comprised approximately 8% of the OA mass fraction. The highest MSA concentrations peaked in the Aleutian Islands at nearly 15 mu g/m(3), suggesting influence from higher dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emissions resulting from biological nutrient uptake during summer. The MSA/sulfate ratio, an indicator of the relative fine particle contributions of DMS and anthropogenic sources, revealed a sharp gradient as the ship approached the clean marine areas where the dominance of DMS increased. The patterns in OOA, HOA, and MSA concentrations found in this study provide a better understanding of the characteristics of inorganic and organic aerosols in the Northern Pacific Ocean. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>
Eric Weiss,Teena Dhir,Abigail Collett,Michal Reola,Mark Kaplan,Corrado Minimo,Laurel Omert,Pak Leung 대한응급의학회 2020 Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine Vol.7 No.2
Objective Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is characterized by damage to the blood-brain barrier, inflammation, and edema formation. In this pilot study, we aimed to investigate the effects of a complement inhibitor, C1-esterase inhibitor (C1 INH), on brain edema and inflammation in a rat model of mild TBI. Methods Thirty-six male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control, TBI, or TBI plus C1 INH groups. TBI and TBI plus C1 INH rats received an injection of saline or 25 IU/kg C1 INH, respectively, with TBI using a weight drop model. Control rats received saline only. Rats were subsequently euthanized and their brain tissue harvested for analysis. The primary outcome was the extent of edema as assessed by the brain’s water content. Secondary outcomes included enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to determine levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. Results Tumor necrosis factor-α levels were significantly greater in TBI rats than control rats, indicating that inflammation was generated by the weight drop impact. Brain water content following TBI was significantly different between TBI rats treated with C1-INH (78.7%±0.12), untreated TBI rats (79.3%±0.12), and control rats (78.6%±0.15, P=0.001). There was a significant decrease in C3a and interleukin 2 levels among C1 INH–treated rats compared with untreated TBI rats, but no change in levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and S100β. Conclusion C1-INH inhibited the complement pathway, suggesting that C1-INH may have a therapeutic benefit in TBI. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of C1-INH on clinical outcomes.
Measurement of the Electron-Antineutrino Angular Correlation in Neutron β Decay
Darius, G.,Byron, W. A.,DeAngelis, C. R.,Hassan, M. T.,Wietfeldt, F. E.,Collett, B.,Jones, G. L.,Dewey, M. S.,Mendenhall, M. P.,Nico, J. S.,Park, H.,Komives, A.,Stephenson, E. J. American Physical Society 2017 Physical Review Letters Vol.119 No.4