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Sim, Chae-Kyung,Kim, Sang-Joon,Kim, Joo-Hyeon,Seo, Haing-Ja,Jung, Ae-Ran,Kim, Ji-Hyun The Korean Astronomical Society 2008 Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society Vol.41 No.3
We have investigated the optical properties of the global haze on Titan from spectra recorded between 7100 and $9200{\AA}$, where $CH_4$ absorption bands of various intensities occur. The Titan spectra were obtained on Feb. 23, 2005 (UT), near the times of the Cassini T3 flyby and Huygens probe, using an optical echelle spectrograph (BOES) on the 1.8-m telescope at Bohyunsan Observatory in Korea. In order to derive the optical properties of the haze as a function of altitude, we developed an inversion radiative-transfer program using an atmospheric model of Titan and laboratory $CH_4$ absorption coefficients available from the literature. The derived extinction coefficients of the haze increase toward the surface, and the coefficients at shorter wavelengths are greater than those at longer wavelengths for the 30 - 120 km altitude range, indicating that the Titanian haze becomes optically thin toward the longer wavelength range. Total optical depths of the haze are estimated to be 1.4 and 1.2 for the 7270 - $7360{\AA}$ and 8940 - $9150{\AA}$ ranges, respectively. Based on the Huygens/DISR data set, Tomasko et al. (2005) reported total optical depths of 2.5 - 3.5 at $8290{\AA}$, depending on the assumed fractal aggregate particle model. The total optical depths based on our results are smaller than those of Tomasko et al., but they partially overlap with their results if we consider a large uncertainty from possible variations of the $CH_4$ mixing ratio over Titan's disk. We also derived the single scattering albedo of the haze particles as a function of altitude: it is less than 0.5 at altitudes higher than ${\sim}150\;km$, and approaches 1.0 toward the surface. This behavior suggests that, at altitudes above ${\sim}150\;km$, the average particle radius is smaller than the wavelengths, whereas near the surface, it becomes comparable or greater.
하수슬러지 堆肥化를 위한 신공정 개발 (Ⅰ. 회분식반응조에 의한 반응조건의 검토)
배재근,심혁성,곽노혁,조재경 서울産業大學校 1997 논문집 Vol.46 No.1
The main gold of this research is to develope composting facility for stable treatment and recycling of sewage sludge, and to find optimum control conditions for reducing compositing times by using the microorganisums. In addition to produce a compost of good quality which would be used to culture the product of the soil without and bad influence. Dewatered sludge in the higher organic content showed a rapid increase in temperature for a short period of time, maintaining constant temperature during the entire periods of composting. Higher temperature was maintained for the high organic content relative to the lower one. At the beginning stage, feed-back compost in feeding materials for microorganiama was necessary in the composting of sewage sludge. The optimal aeration rate was measured at 0.5 l/min in the beginning of composting process. The inoculation of microorganism at start-up operation was necessary to obtain better performance of compositing, especially in the case of the dewatered sludge with a low organic content. The proper temperature of control was shown about 50℃ during the stable process for composting. Both the control of moisture content and increase in microorganism concentration were optimized with 30% feedback of the compost. Based on laboratory results, continuous composting facility was designed and manufactured. The bench scale composting reactor has been successfully operated to determine the feasibility of the reactor and provided important design parameters to build up a larger reactor.
과민성 장 증후군의 증상 경감을 위한 비약물적 접근 고찰
최명애,김금순,안경주,채영란,최정안,홍해숙,박미정,이경숙,신기수,정재심 대한기초간호자연과학회 2005 Journal of korean biological nursing science Vol.7 No.2
There have been many trials of clinical efficacy of multicomponent and single component treatments for irritable bowel syndrome(IBS). We reviewed effects of non phamacological treatments in the IBS. Though the efficacy of multi-component approaches was unclear, several results suggest that cognitive behavioral therapy was effective in improving gastrointestinal symptoms of IBS. As a single component, cognitive therapy and relaxation with or without biofeedback could improve the symptoms and psychological health of IBS patients. Yoga, meditation, self-help information and hypnotherapy could be applicable to IBS.