Antioxidant and Pro-Apoptotic Effects of Marine-Derived, Multi-Mineral Aquamin Supplemented with a Pine Bark Extract, Enzogenol, and a Green Tea Extract, Sunphenon

Yvonne C. O’Callaghan,Elaine Drummond,Denise M. O’Gorman,Nora M. O’Brien 한국식품영양과학회 2013 Journal of medicinal food Vol.16 No.10

A high dietary intake of polyphenols has been associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer, attributed in part to their antioxidant activity and pro-apoptotic effects. Aquamin is a multi-mineral algal extract that enhances bone mineralization, relieves osteoarthritis, and aids digestion; however, Aquamin has not demonstrated antioxidant activity. In the present study, Aquamin was supplemented with 8% Enzogenol, a pine bark extract with a high phenolic content, and 2% Sunphenon, a green tea extract that also has a high phenolic content to produce a mixed product (A:E:S). The antioxidant activity of A:E:S was compared with that of its constituent compounds and also with catechin and epigallocatechin by measuring total phenol content, ferric-reducing antioxidant potential, and 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate. The cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of the compounds were also measured in the U937, human monocytic blood cell line. A:E:S demonstrated an antioxidant activity that was equal to that of the compounds used in its preparation. Aquamin was not cytotoxic in the U937 cell line; however, A:E:S was cytotoxic and the primary mechanism of cell death was apoptosis. The biological effects of Aquamin were enhanced by supplementation with Enzogenol and Sunphenon to include antioxidant effects and the ability to induce apoptosis in U937 cells.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Wild Irish Mushroom Extracts in RAW264.7 Mouse Macrophage Cells

Yvonne C. O’Callaghan,Nora M. O’Brien,Owen Kenny,Tom Harrington,Nigel Brunton,Thomas J. Smyth 한국식품영양과학회 2015 Journal of medicinal food Vol.18 No.2

Mushrooms and mushroom extracts have traditionally been used as therapies for a wide variety of ailments, including allergy, arthritis, and other inflammatory disorders. However, more evidence is required on the mechanism by which mushrooms exert these effects. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory properties of ethanol and hot water extracts prepared from 27 fungal samples collected between October and November 2011 at various forest locations in the southwest of Ireland were investigated using the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)–stimulated mouse macrophage (RAW264.7 cells) model of inflammation. LPS-stimulated cells were incubated in the presence of mushroom extracts at nontoxic concentrations for 24 h and the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) was quantified by ELISA. Seven ethanolic and one hot water extract that decreased IL-6 production were selected for further study. The extracts were then incubated with LPS-stimulated cells for 24 h and the production of IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nitric oxide (NO) was measured. Ethanolic extracts prepared from Russula mairei, Lactarius blennius, Craterellus tubaeformis, Russula fellea, and Craterellus cornucopioides demonstrated selective anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing the production of NO and IL-6 but not TNF-α in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. These findings support existing evidence of the anti-inflammatory potential of mushroom extracts.

[국문번역문] 추론적 프라이버시와 인공지능 – 새로운 경계선인가?

Joe O’Callaghan,윤혜선(번역자) 서울대학교 공익산업법센터 2018 경제규제와 법 Vol.11 No.2

인공지능(AI)이 정교해지고 그 사용이 확대됨에 따라 개인에 대한 추론적 데이터의 양이 증가하고 있는데 이들 중에는 개인의 프라이버시를 침해할 수 있는 데이터도 포함되어 있다. 이러한 추론적 데이터의 생성은 EU의 개인정보보호규정(GDPR) 등에 의한 기존 규제 모델에 도전을 제기한다. 본고에서는 잉글랜드와 웨일즈에 적용되는 프라이버시 및 개인정보 보호법과 관련 지침을 중심으로 그 내용을 논의한다. 먼저 추론적 데이터의 생성 방식을 살펴보고, 이러한 데이터가 기존 규제에, 특히 공정하고 적법한 처리 원칙, 투명성 원칙, 프라이버시를 고려한 설계 원칙 및 목적 제한원칙에 어떠한 문제를 제기하는지 논한다. 나아가 프라이버시 침해적인 통찰적 정보가 생성된 경우 잉글랜드와 웨일즈법체계 안에서 활용할 수 있는 권리구제수단을 검토하고, 마지막으로 “추론적 프라이버시” 분야가 법 이론과 실무의 관점에서 추가적인 연구가 필요할 만큼 충분히 성숙하였음을 환기한다.

Inferential Privacy and Artificial Intelligence

Joe O’Callaghan 서울대학교 공익산업법센터 2018 경제규제와 법 Vol.11 No.2

The growing use and sophistication of artificial intelligence (AI) permits the generation of increasing volumes of inferential data about individuals, including data that may be privacy invasive. The generation of such data poses challenges to our existing regulatory models, including under EU’s General Data Protection Regulation. This article focuses on privacy and data protection law and associated guidance applicable in England and Wales. It considers how inferential data is generated and describes some relevant regulatory challenges this poses including in relation to the principles of fair and lawful processing, transparency, privacy by design and the purpose limitation. It considers relevant causes of action under the law of England and Wales where intrusive insights are generated and proposes that the field of “inferential privacy” is one that is ripe for further development from an academic and legal perspective.

Merkel cell carcinoma in the community setting: a case report

Callaghan, Cameron M.,Amornmarn, Rumpa The Korean Society for Radiation Oncology 2018 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.36 No.2

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor of the skin initially believed to arise from the Merkel cells. In the community setting a general radiation oncologist may only encounter this pathology in a handful of cases over the course of their career. Due to the low incidence of this malignancy, few prospective randomized controlled trials have ever been conducted and therefore guidelines are based on relatively lower levels of evidence upon which the clinical recommendations are made. We discuss the case of a female in her 90s presenting with a classic MCC primary lesion, as well as satellite lesions proximal to both the primary and the draining regional lymph nodes with no evidence of nodal involvement. Here we discuss the presentation, management, treatment planning, underlying pathology, results and sequelae of treatment. We also review new treatment modalities, and the most current staging systems and guidelines.

Merkel cell carcinoma in the community setting: a case report

Cameron M. Callaghan,Rumpa Amornmarn 대한방사선종양학회 2018 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.36 No.2

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor of the skin initially believed to arise from the Merkel cells. In the community setting a general radiation oncologist may only encounter this pathology in a handful of cases over the course of their career. Due to the low incidence of this malignancy, few prospective randomized controlled trials have ever been conducted and therefore guidelines are based on relatively lower levels of evidence upon which the clinical recommendations are made. We discuss the case of a female in her 90s presenting with a classic MCC primary lesion, as well as satellite lesions proximal to both the primary and the draining regional lymph nodes with no evidence of nodal involvement. Here we discuss the presentation, management, treatment planning, underlying pathology, results and sequelae of treatment. We also review new treatment modalities, and the most current staging systems and guidelines.

Taxation and Innovation in the European Union

Andre´osso-O´Callaghan, Bernadette 한국EU학회 2000 EU학연구 Vol.5 No.1

Empirical evidence has shown that taxation regimes do create additional and important incentives (conversely dis-incentives) for research and innovation, and that the fiscal regimes in the EU countries appear to be less conducive to an R&D culture than that of the USA. Since the identification of the EU technological gap' in the 1960s, it became increasingly clear that the integration of the research and innovation policy at EU level was required in order to boost the EU innovative capability and performance. By highlighting the many problems that exist in the EU taxation systems with regard to innovation, this article provides an insight into the efforts made by the EU Commission to redress the fiscal bias in favour of research and innovation. It deals with the complex relationship existing between taxation and innovation, and reveals the rather recent progress made in relation to the design of an all encompassing innovation policy at EU level.

Intelligent Association in Agent-based Ubiquitous Computing Environments

H. Duman,H. Hagras,V. Callaghan,G. Clarke,M. Colley 제어로봇시스템학회 2002 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2002 No.10

Assessing the Feasibility of Monetary Integration in the Former Soviet Republics

Denis Kan,BERNADETTE ANDREOSSO-O’CALLAGHAN,HELENA LENIHAN 한국국제경제학회 2011 International Economic Journal Vol.25 No.1

The disintegration of the USSR brought with it a turbulent period of transition for the newly emerged independent states. This initiated a process of economic decentralisation and a re-allocation of resources. Various regional formations aiming to create a single market or even a common currency area have been proposed amongst the former Soviet states. Despite this, very little in terms of economic integration has been achieved so far. Economies within the CIS are divergent in terms of size and economic structure, with external shocks being more prominent for regional countries. The empirical analysis provided here examines the sustainability of optimum currency area arrangements within the CIS. The results present weak evidence to support monetary arrangements in the region, nonetheless some evidence was found for Russia-Belarus and to some extent Russia-Kazakhstan. Russia remains the dominant, most diversified and advanced economy in the region. In the case of a monetary union with regional countries, the union is likely to happen by absorption. External shocks have divergent effects on regional countries; the differences to a large extent are attributed to the magnitude of responses, further weakening the argument in favour of the OCA in the region.

Energy Cooperation and Emerging Regionalism in North-East Asia: Relative Impact on APEC and ASEM in Terms of Inter-Regionalism

HAE-DU HWANG,BERNADETTE ANDREOSSO-O’CALLAGHAN 한국무역학회 2009 Journal of Korea trade Vol.13 No.1

It may be rather imperative for North-East Asia to reinforce the processes of energy cooperation and economic integration simultaneously if one takes full account of the development trajectory of the ECSC. The EU launched a common energy policy in 2007 as a means of pooling together the capabilities of member nations in order to cope with such complicated issues as energy market liberalization, deregulation, fortified market power of Russia in strategic mineral resources, the increased instability of the Middle East and the impact of energy policy on the environment. It may be also beneficial for China, Japan and Korea to put in place a supra-national institution that would plan, coordinate and implement a common energy policy by analyzing the past experience of the EU. Such a movement towards regionalism in North-East Asia may work as a catalyst for extending cooperation with the EU, thus increasing ASEM’s leverage compared to APEC via cumulative feedbacks between expanding markets and the process of technological innovation.