천주사목조여래좌상의 유래와 보존처리

박방룡,김경수 한국고고미술연구소 2011 고고학지 Vol.17 No.-

This paper explored how the seated wooden Buddha statue in Cheonjusa Temple was placed there before its relocation to the Lee Royal Family Museum (now the Deoksugung Art Museum) and examined its recent treatment for conservation by the National fyiuseum of Korea. Records about the relocation of the Buddha statue from Cheonjusa Temple in Gasansanseong Fortress in Chilgok, Gyeongbuk Province to the Lee Royal Family Museum have not been discovered. The reason why the statue was first placed in Jeongsusa Temple in Danseong-myeon, Uiseong-gun, Gyeongbuk Province remains unknown, so there is no choice but to take it as fact that the statue was taken from Cheonjusa Temple before being sold by a Japanese person to the Yi Royal Family Museum, but the whereabouts of the two statues guarding the one in the center or whether it was placed in the main hall of Cheonjusa Temple also remains unknown. Depending on the circumstances, the statue is likely to have been kept in a place other than the main hall or left unattended, whereupon the Japanese found it by chance. The photo of the statue included in a catalog about the collection of the Lee Royal Family Museum shows that eight or nine pieces of curled hair on the forehead and the end of the ring fingers of both hands are broken, meaning that ordinarily it would not have been placed in the main hall of a temple. It is also unbelievable that a Buddha statue kept in the main hall of a temple would ever have been sold as long as that temple existed. Cheonjusa Temple was closed long ago and thus it is meaningless to attach a name to the statue. Moreover, Cheonjusa Temple was not the place where the status was originally placed. As this is the case, it is proper to call it the "Uiseong Jeongsusa Statue" or the "Seated Wooden Buddha Statue of Jeongsusa in Uiseong." The conservation work took about three months, with the focus on recovering its original condition. Photos of it taken during the colonial period helped make it possible to finish the work of recovery more easily, which led us to reflect on the importance of keeping records of historic relics. When the yukgye (a piece of flesh on the top of Buddha's head) and the curled hairs on the forehead were recovered, a spacing layer was formed. Korean traditional glue was used as an adhesive. Removable material was used to enhance reversibility in consideration of the possibility of reprocessing. With the conservation treatment carried out on this occasion, the preservation stability of the statue was heightened and the statue was made presentable for display. 이 글은 흔히 말하는 ‘천주사목조여래좌상’이 이왕가박물관으로 옮겨오기 이전의 최초봉안지 등에 대하여 그 유래를 검토하고 아울러 근년에 이르러 국립중앙박물관에서 보존처리한 과정에 대해 살펴 본 것이다. 이제까지 이 불상이 경북 칠곡 천주사에서 이왕가박물관으로 이전할 당시의 기록이 확인되지 않고 있어서 자세한 전말을 알 수 없었다. 따라서 이 불상이 경북 의성군 단밀면에 있었던 정수사(淨水寺)에 최초 봉안되었음이 간과되어 학계에서는 칠곡 천수사에 봉안되었던 것만으로 알려져 왔다. 물론 일본인이 이왕가박물관으로 매도할 당시 경북 칠곡 가산산성(架山山城) 안에 위치하였던 천수사에서 모셔온 것은 사실로 받아들여야 하겠지만, 좌우보처보살상의 행방, 천주사 불전에 봉안되었던 것인지의 여부 등에 대해서는 전혀 알 수 없는 실정이다. 아마도 이 불상은 여러 가지 정황으로 보아 천주사 불전에 모셨던 것이라기보다 불전이 아닌 공간에 임시로 모셨거나 방치되었던 것을 일본인에 의해 발견되어 입수하였을 가능성이 큰 것으로 보았다. 「이왕가박물관소장품사진첩」의 사진을 보면 전두부(前頭部)의 나발(螺髮) 8개 정도와 우수(右手) 약지 끝 마디가 결손 되어 예배대상으로 부족한 측면이 있다. 일반적으로 사찰이 존속되는 한 본전 내에 모시는 본존불상을 매도한다는 것은 있을 수 없는 일이기 때문이다. 또한 이 불상의 명칭문제에 있어서 ‘천주사’라는 기록상의 사찰은 폐사(廢寺)되었으므로 ‘천주사불상’이라는 이름은 의미가 없으며 최초봉안처가 아니다. 따라서 최초로 조성하여 봉안하였던 ‘의성 정수사 불상’ 즉 ‘의성 정수사목조여래좌상’이라고 부르는 것이 합당하다고 하겠다. 파손된 불상은 순수처리 기간만 약 3개월에 걸쳐 보존처리를 완료할 수 있었다. 처리 중 가장 중점을 둔 부분은 원래 상태를 회복하는 것과 복원된 부분을 다시 되돌릴 수 있도록 하는 가역성이었다. 다행히 처리 중 일제강점기에 촬영된 사진을 입수할 수 있어 원래 상태를 회복하는 것이 가능하였고 기록 자료의 중요함을 다시 한 번 생각하는 계기가 되었다. 육계와 나발 복원 시 본체와 이격층을 형성하고 접착제로 전통 재료인 아교를 선택하고 합성수지이기는 하지만 제거가 가능한 재료를 사용하여 가역성을 높여 재처리가 가능하도록 하였다. 이번 처리로 불상의 보존 안정성을 높이고 전시 가능한 상태가 되었다.

염화주석/camphene 슬러리의 동결건조에 의한 방향성 기공구조의 Sn 다공체 제조

방수룡,오승탁,Bang, Su-Ryong,Oh, Sung-Tag 한국재료학회 2015 한국재료학회지 Vol.25 No.1

This paper proposes a novel way of fabricating aligned porous Sn by freeze-drying of camphene slurry with stannic oxide ($SnO_2$) coated Sn powders. The $SnO_2$ coated Sn powders were prepared by surface oxidation of the initial and ball-milled Sn powders, as well as heat treatment of tin chloride coated Cu powders. Camphene slurries with 10 vol% solid powders were prepared by mixing at $50^{\circ}C$ with a small amount of oligomeric polyester dispersant. Freezing the slurry was done in a Teflon cylinder attached to a copper bottom plate cooled at $-25^{\circ}C$. Improved dispersion stability of camphene slurry and the homogeneous frozen body was achieved using the oxidized Sn powder at $670^{\circ}C$ in air after ball milling. The porous Sn specimen, prepared by freeze-drying of the camphene slurry with oxidized Sn powder from the heat-treated Sn/tin chloride mixture and sintering at $1100^{\circ}C$ for 1 h in a hydrogen atmosphere, showed large pores of about $200{\mu}m$, which were aligned parallel to the camphene growth direction, and small pores in their internal walls. However, $100{\mu}m$ spherical particles were observed in the bottom part of the specimen due to the melting of the Sn powder during sintering of the green compact.

Evaluation of a novel tyrosinase inhibitor, (Z)-3-(3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzylidene) thiochroman-4-one (MHY1498) in vitro and in silico

( Eun Jin Bang ),( Sang Gyun Noh ),( Su Gyeong Ha ),( Hee Jin Jung ),( Dae Hyun Kim ),( Dongwan Kang ),( Sanggwon Lee ),( Chaeun Park ),( Hyung Ryong Moon ),( Hae Young Chung ) 한국장기요양학회 2018 한국장기요양학회 추계학술대회자료집 Vol.2018 No.-

Tyrosinase is a key enzyme that catalyzes the initial rate-limiting steps of melanin synthesis. Excessive melanogenesis and hyperpigmentation is the major cause of serious skin disorders that include melasma, senile lentigines, age spots, freckles and more. In order to find effective and safe tyrosinase inhibitors, we rationally designed and synthesized a novel compound (Z)-3-(3-bromo - 4 - h y d r o x y b e n z y l i d e n e) t h i o c h r o m a n - 4 - one (MHY1498) and investigated its tyrosinase inhibitory activity by in silico molecular docking simulation and in vitro experiments. The novel chemical structure of MHY1498 was synthesized as a hybrid structure of previously reported potent tyrosinase inhibitors, (Z)-5-(substituted benzylidene) thiazolidine-2,4-diones and 2-(substituted phenyl) benzo[d]thiazoles as was confirmed in vitro and in vivo. MHY1498 showed potent inhibitory effects on mushroom tyrosinase with significantly less IC50 value of 4.1±0.6 μM, whereas positive control compound Kojic acid was of 22.0±4.7 μM. In silico multi-docking simulation indicated that MHY1498 had greater affinity (-6.6 kcal/mol) to the active enzymatic site of mushroom tyrosinase and mechanistic kinetic study showed that it inhibited competitively. Furthermore, in B16F10 melanoma cells stimulated with α-melanocyte stimulating hormone, MHY1498 inhibited melanin contents and tyrosinase activity. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that MHY1498, a synthesized novel compound, effectively inhibits tyrosinase activity and may be used as a modulating compound for anti-melanogenic agent.

CuO가 코팅된 Cu 분말을 혼합한 Camphene 슬러리의 동결건조에 의한 Cu 다공체 제조

방수룡,오승탁,Bang, Su-Ryong,Oh, Sung-Tag 한국분말야금학회 2014 한국분말재료학회지 (KPMI) Vol.21 No.3

This study reports a simple way of fabricating the porous Cu with unidirectional pore channels by freeze drying camphene slurry with Cu oxide coated Cu powders. The coated powders were prepared by calcination of ball-milled powder mixture of Cu and Cu-nitrate. Improved dispersion stability of camphene slurry could be achieved using the Cu oxide coated Cu powders instead of pure Cu powders. Pores in the frozen specimen at $-25^{\circ}C$ were generated by sublimation of the camphene during drying in air, and the green bodies were sintered at $750^{\circ}C$ for 1 h in $H_2$ atmosphere. XRD analysis revealed that the coated layer of Cu oxide was completely converted to Cu phase without any reaction phases by hydrogen heat treatment. The porous Cu specimen prepared from pure Cu powders showed partly large pores with unidirectional pore channels, but most of pores were randomly distributed. In contrast, large and aligned parallel pores to the camphene growth direction were clearly observed in the sample using Cu oxide coated Cu powders. Pore formation behavior depending on the initial powders was discussed based on the degree of powder rearrangement and dispersion stability in slurry.

스티렌/노말 부틸 메타크릴레이트와 알루미나의 분산 공중합에 관한 연구

방현수(Hyun Su Bang),조을룡(Ur Ryong Cho) 한국고분자학회 2008 폴리머 Vol.32 No.6

스티렌/노말 부틸 메타크릴레이트와 알루미나의 분산 공중합에서 중합인자에 따른 입경변화 연구

방현수 ( Hyun Su Bang ),조을룡 ( Ur Ryong Cho ) 한국고무학회 2008 엘라스토머 및 콤포지트 Vol.43 No.4

분산중합법에 의해 무기물을 포함하는 고분자 미립자를 합성하기 위해 styrene과 n-butyl methacrylate가 알루미나와 함께 중합되었다. Styrene과 n-butylmethacrylate의 무게 비는 3:1이었고, 입자안정제는 poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidon), 중합 개시제로는 2,2`-azobis(isobutyronitrile)를 사용하여 개시제의 농도, 분산매의 종류, 분산매의 혼합 용해도 상수(δmix), 커플링제의 종류와 농도에 따른 입자경을 조사하였다. 개시제의 농도가 증가함에 따라 입자경이 소폭 상승하였고 분산매의 극성이 증가할수록 입경이 증가하였고, 분산매로서, 이소프로판올과 이온교환수를 조성비에 따라 사용한 경우, [δmix]-4.01 ∝ 평균 입자경과 [δmix]-0.83 ∝ 입경 분포의 관계를 얻을 수 있었다. 커플링제의 종류와 농도변화에 따른 입자경 및 입자경 분포는 뚜렷한 차이가 없었다. In order to synthesize polymer particle containing inorganic material, styrene and n-butylmetacrylate were copolymerized with alumina by dispersion polymerization. The ratio in weight of styrene to n-butyl methacrylate was 3:1. Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidon) and 2,2`-azobis(isobutyronitrile) were added as stabilizer and as initiator, respectively. The change of particle size was investigated with concentration of initiator, the type of medium, the mixed solubility parameter (δmix) of medium, and coupling agent. The enhancement in concentration of initiator resulted in slight increase of particle size. The increase of polarizability in medium also yielded the increase of particle size. In case of changing the ratio of isopropanol to distilled water, we could find relationship of [δmix]-4.01 ∝ particle size and [δmix]-0.83 ∝ particle size distribution(PSD). The type and the concentration of coupling agent showed no effect on the particle size and PSD.

보일러 시스템을 위한 내부식 코팅법에 대한 실험적 분석

방정원 ( Jung Won Bang ),( Minh Dat Nguyen ),안수빈 ( Su-bin Ahn ),김수룡 ( Soo-ryong Kim ),김영희 ( Younghee Kim ),권우택 ( Woo-teck Kwon ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2017 한국폐기물자원순환학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2017 No.-

보일러 시스템에서의 부식 현상은 다양한 산업 분야에서 중대한 문제 중 하나로 인식되어왔다. 부식에 주된 원인으로는 높은 온도와 염소 가스와 같은 부식을 촉진시키는 특정한 가스인자들을 꼽을 수 있다. 많은 연구자들은 부식 현상을 억제하기 위한 재료 개발과 방법들에 대해 주목해서 연구해왔지만 각각의 내부식방법들을 비교 분석한 연구 사례는 흔치 않다. 이번 연구에서 우리는 보일러 시스템 고유의 온도 및 가스 조건을 구현할 수 있는 장치를 고안하여 각각의 내부식 방법들을 평가해보았다. 대부분의 보일러 시스템에서는 보일러 관의 외부(~800℃)와 내부(~500℃)가 내부의 스팀생성으로 인해 온도가 다르게 구현되는 독특한 특징이 있다. 우리가 새롭게 고안된 장치를 이용하면 내부식 방법들(ceramic coating, silica taping, plasma coating, high velocity oxygen fuel coating and overlay Inconel welding)에 대한 평가뿐만 아니라 부식을 유발시키는 염소 가스에 대한 영향도 구분해서 분석할 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 보일러 튜브 표면에서 발생하는 고온 부식의 메커니즘에 대한 분석 및 고찰을 비롯해 각각의 내부식 방법들에 대한 보일러 튜브의 수명연장효과(잔여 수명 분석)을 FE-SEM, EDS, 무게감량법들을 통해 비교·평가할 수 있었다.

Structural Size Effects of Intermetallic Compounds on the Mechanical Properties of Mo-Si-B Alloy: An Experimental Investigation

Jong Min Byun,Su-Ryong Bang,Chun Woong Park,석명진,김영도 대한금속·재료학회 2016 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.22 No.1

In general, size, shape and dispersion of phases in alloys significantly affect mechanical properties. In this study, the mechanical properties of Mo-Si-B alloys were experimentally investigated with regards to the refinement of intermetallic compound. To confirm the size effect of the intermetallic compound phases on mechanical properties, two differently sized intermetallic compound powders consisting Mo5SiB2 and Mo3Si were fabricated by mechano-chemical process and high-energy ball milling. A modified powder metallurgy method was used with core-shell intermetallic powders where the intermetallic compound particles were the core and nano-sized Mo particles which formed by the hydrogen reduction of Mo oxide were the shells, leading to the microstructures with uniformly distributed intermetallic compound phases within a continuous Mo matrix phase. Vickers hardness and fracture toughness were measured to examine the mechanical properties of sintered bodies. Vickers hardness was 472 Hv for the fine intermetallic compound powder and 415 Hv for the coarse intermetallic compound powder. The fracture toughness was 12.4 MPa·√m for the fine IMC powders and 13.5 MPa·√m for the coarse intermetallic compound powder.

Synthesis and Consolidation of Nano-Sized Cu Coated SiC Powders by a Chemical Method and Spark Plasma Sintering

Jeong, Young-Keun,Bang, Su-Ryong,Oh, Sung-Tag American Scientific Publishers 2016 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Vol.16 No.2

<P>Cu-70 vol% SiC composites with dense microstructure and sound interface between Cu and SiC grains were fabricated by solution chemistry route and spark plasma sintering. Two methods for developing powder mixtures of Cu and uncoated or pre-coated SiC were compared on the basis of the resulting microstructures. The pre -coating of Si(A1)OC onto SiC powders was prepared by curing and pyrolysis of Al-modified polycarbosilane. SiC/Cu composites were obtained by hydrogen reduction and densified using spark plasma sintering of pre-coated SiC and Cu-nitrate powder mixtures. The powder mixture showed a homogenous dispersion of nano-sized Cu particles on the surface of SiC powers. Microstructural observation revealed that the sintered composite using powder mixture with pre -coating of Al-PCS onto SiC powders showed dense microstructure and good contact between Cu and SiC grains due to the improved wettability by barrier coating. The results suggested that the SiC/Cu composite with required microstructural characteristics can be fabricated by using Al-PCS coated SiC powder mixture, more effectively.</P>

Effect of heat treatment on corrosion resistance and adhesion property in Zn-Mg-Zn multi-layer coated steel prepared by PVD process

Byun, Jong Min,Bang, Su-Ryong,Kim, Hyun Woo,Kim, Tae-Yeob,Hong, Suk-Jun,Kim, Young Do Elsevier 2017 Surface & coatings technology Vol.309 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this study, as the alternatives to the depletion of Zn resources, the Zn-Mg alloy was deposited on a steel substrate by a PVD process. Considering the difference of vapor pressure between Zn and Mg in vacuum condition, Zn, Mg and Zn were sequentially coated by PVD process to form a uniform coating layer, and a heat treatment was separately conducted at 200°C under vacuum condition. As the heating time increased, the volume fraction of the intermetallic compound phases (Mg<SUB>2</SUB>Zn<SUB>11</SUB> and MgZn<SUB>2</SUB>) gradually increased up to the heat-treated sample for 360s. From the 0T-bending test, delamination of the coating layer was observed from heat-treated sample for 240s which is composed of over 85% of the intermetallic compound phases. And from the salt spray test, it is confirmed that the red rust generation time was 624h in heat-treated sample for 360s which was composed entirely of Zn-Mg intermetallic compound phases.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The Zn, Mg and Zn were sequentially coated on steel sheet by PVD method. </LI> <LI> The effect of heat treatment on the phase transition, corrosion resistance, and adhesion property was investigated. </LI> <LI> As heat treatment time increased for 360s, the coating layer was entirely composed of intermetallics (Mg<SUB>2</SUB>Zn<SUB>11</SUB> and MgZn<SUB>2</SUB>). </LI> <LI> The red rust generation time was 624h in heat-treated sample for 360s. </LI> <LI> The delamination of coating layer was observed from heat-treated sample for 240s which were composed of 85% intermetallics. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>