Franchising for Global Distribution: A Systematic Review

Nurul Ashykin ABD AZIZ,Mohamad Rohieszan RAMDAN,Khairunnisa ABDUL AZIZ,Hasif Rafidee HASBOLLAH,Noreen Noor ABD AZIZ,Nik Syuhailah NIK HUSSIN,Md Zaki MUHAMAD HASAN 한국유통과학회 2023 유통과학연구 Vol.21 No.10

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore areas that have been studied extensively in previous studies related to franchising as a platform for global distribution. Furthermore, franchising is a strategic distribution method that gives entrepreneurs the opportunity to replicate an established business model. In addition, franchisees benefit from the use of established branding and receive support from the franchisor. Research design, data, and methodology: This study used the Preferred Reporting Items Systematics Review and Meta- Analyses (PRISMA) method to analyse data from 2003 to 2023 in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. Results: A total of 79 articles were identified and analysed to see trends and related themes such as product distribution, business distribution, business strategy, emerging market, and franchising relationship. Also, publication trends by year related to franchises are also presented. Conclusions: Overall, the research trend related to franchising as a global distribution is well seen, and every year, many researchers begin to explore the topic of franchising as a method of distribution that can be explored from various aspects either quantitatively or qualitatively. Lastly, limitations and recommendations are made to provide guidance for future studies related to the topic broadly and deeply in enriching the findings.

Anti-parasitic activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Eimeria tenella in broilers experimentally infected

Sadiya Aziz Anah,Saad Aziz Anah,Khadeeja Abees Hmood Al-Khalidy 대한수의학회 2022 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.62 No.4

In the study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNOPs) at concentrations of 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg were tested for their antimicrobial action against the oocysts of Eimeria tenella. The oocysts of E. tenella were isolated from the feces of broilers received at the veterinary hospital in Diwaniyah Province and initially diagnosed by compound optical microscopy. The oocysts were confirmed molecularly by polymerase chain reaction targeting the ITS1 gene with a molecular weight of 409 bp. The results in the first week showed that ZNOP concentrations of 20 and 40 mg/kg possess various activities against E. tenella, while 60 mg/kg was the most effective in reducing excreted oocysts compared to the positive control and amprolium group, along with the appearance of mild symptoms and a mortality rate of 0.8%. In the second week of infection, excreted oocysts and mortality rates generally decreased in all treated groups. A comparison of all groups showed that the 60 mg/kg ZNOP-treated group had a significantly lower number of excreted oocysts, and all birds in this group recovered during the second week of infection. These findings revealed the prospect of using ZNOPs against E. tenella in challenging situations of the appearance of resistance to anticoccidial agents.

Mutual Consideration as a Principle for Doing Politeness

E. A. Aziz 한국외국어대학교 동남아연구소 2006 東南亞硏究 Vol.15 No.2

Mutual Consideration as a Principle for Doing PolitenessE Aminudin Aziz(Indonesia University of Education) There are various strategies used by people to show politeness in their language exchange, all of which are largely determined by the level of a speaker's perception about the potential risk of losing face resulted from his/her utterance. The provision of responses other than refusals to a request directed to a speaker at times his/her circumstances actually pressure him/her to make a refusal or refusing the request indirectly accompanied by a number of politeness markers can be regarded as examples of the speaker's strong willingness to maintain the (existing) harmony with the requester. In this paper, I will show how indirectness has become the norm for Indonesians when making refusals. This is clearly contrary to the claim made by non-Indonesians which often regard such a behavior as a sign of uncooperativeness and impoliteness. It appears that there are a number of cultural norms and values that govern their linguistic politeness behaviors which I shall formulate in a Principle of Mutual Consideration (PMC). Being a refinement to Grice's (1975) CP and to Leech's (1983) PP, PMC assumes three levels of politeness: pre-communicative politeness, on the spot politeness, and post-communicative politeness.

The Stimulus Factors Influencing Intention to Participate in Shopping during the Distribution of the 12.12 Online Shopping Festivals in Malaysia

MAHMUDDIN Yasmin,ABDULLAH Mazilah,RAMDAN Mohamad Rohieszan,MOHD ANIM Nur Aqilah Hazirah,ABD AZIZ Nurul Ashykin,ABD AZIZ Nurul Aien,YAHAYA Rusliza,ABD AZIZ Noreen Noor 한국유통과학회 2022 유통과학연구 Vol.20 No.8

Purpose: Online shopping festivals have quickly become the newest trend in online shopping worldwide due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This has led to marketing distribution channels that traditionally emphasized traditional techniques having turned to electronic commerce platforms. Although the pandemic scenario encourages online purchasing, other factors, such as the influence of participation intention to shop during the Online Shopping Festival, must also be considered. Research design, data and methodology: Multiple linear regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis based on data from 121 respondents who are actively involved with online shopping activities in Klang Valley, Selangor. Results: The results of this study show that promotion categories and the perceived influence of mass participation have a significant influence on participation intention. Meanwhile, the perceived temptation of price promotion and perceived fun promotional activities did not significantly influence participation intention. Conclusions: Theoretically, this study contributes to the literature by using the Theory of Planned Behavior and Stimulus-Response models to explain the factors that drive participation intention for online shopping. In practice, this study attracts and encourages customers to shop during the festival day because various attractive promotions are offered by sellers in Malaysia

Fe/ZSM-5 zeolites for organic-pollutant removal in the gas phase: Effect of the iron source and loading

Aziz, A.,Kim, S.,Kim, K.S. Elsevier B.V 2016 Journal of environmental chemical engineering Vol.4 No.3

In the present work, Fe/ZSM-5 zeolites were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis using two different iron sources as iron precursors: ammonium iron citrate (AIC) and iron chloride. The obtained catalysts were characterized using XRD, BET, SEM, FTIR, ICP and TPD-NH<SUB>3</SUB>. The Fe/ZSM-5 that was synthesized with AIC showed a high BET surface area, eminent dispersion, greater Fe content, better crystallinity and low acidity than that synthesized with iron chloride. The prepared catalysts were tested for the adsorptive degradation of toluene and ethyl benzene in the gas phase. The consequence of different Fe sources of Fe/ZSM-5 on the catalytic removal of organic pollutants was observed in terms of toluene and ethylbenzene reduction. The catalytic tests were conducted in a tedler bag in the batch operation mode at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The effect of the mass ratio of the Fe/Al component on ZSM-5 was also studied by varying the molar ratios of Fe in the starting mixture gel during hydrothermal synthesis. The results in this manuscript show that the nature of the iron source and pollutant and Fe/Al ratio strongly affect the adsorptive catalytic removal capacity of the materials, which affects the formation of ultimate mineralized product CO<SUB>2</SUB>. The optimal molar ratio of Fe<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> in the starting gel was found to be 2mol, which makes it a promising catalyst.

Phenol and ammonium removal by using Fe-ZSM-5 synthesized by ammonium citrate iron source

Aziz, A.,Park, H.,Kim, S.,Kim, K. S. SPRINGER SCIENCE + BUSINESS MEDIA 2016 International journal of environmental science and Vol.13 No.12

<P>Fe-ZSM-5 zeolites are important for many applications, especially for catalysis and volatile organic carbon removal. However, the inclusion of a high content of iron in the ZSM-5 structure is hindered due to the high pH required for hydrothermal synthesis. To overcome this problem, the synthesis of Fe-ZSM-5 zeolites with a novel iron chelate complex as the iron source (ammonium iron citrate) and a common iron source (iron chloride) was investigated. The synthesized materials were characterized by XRD, BET, SEM, FTIR, XPS and ICP. The total iron content was determined by ICP. Fe-ZSM-5 zeolites prepared by the ammonium iron citrate source method contain the highest iron concentration within the framework of a Mobil five structure, which has a high surface area and crystallinity. The prepared materials were used to remove phenol and ammonium. The catalytic results demonstrated that Fe-ZSM-5 prepared with ammonium iron citrate is the best catalyst.</P>

Metadiscourse in the Bank Negara Malaysia Governor's Speech Texts

Aziz, Roslina Abdul,Baharum, Norzie Diana Institute for Corpus Research 2021 Asia pacific journal of corpus research Vol.2 No.2

The study aims to explore the use of metadiscourse in the Bank Negara Malaysia Governor's speeches based on Hyland's Interpersonal Model of Metadiscourse. The corpus data consist of 343 speech texts, which were extracted from the Malaysian Corpus of Financial English (MacFE), amounting to 688,778 tokens. Adopting both quantitative and qualitative approaches to data analysis the study investigates (1) the overall use of metadiscourse in the Bank Negara Governor's speech texts and (2) the functions of the most prominent metadiscourse resources used and their functions in the speech texts. The findings reveal that the Governor's speech texts to be interactional rather than interactive, revealing a rich distribution of interactional metadiscourse resources, namely engagement markers, self-mention, hedges, boosters and attitude markers throughout the texts. The interactional metadiscourse resources function to establish speaker-audience engagement and alignment of views, as well as to express degree of uncertainty and certainty and attitudes. The study concludes that the speech texts are not merely informational or propositional, but rather interpersonal.

Logistics Capability, Logistics Outsourcing and Firm Performance in Manufacturing Companies in Pakistan

AZIZ, Abdul,MEMON, Javed Ahmed,ALI, Shuaib Korea Distribution Science Association 2020 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.7 No.8

This study investigates the role of logistics capability and logistics outsourcing on the performance of manufacturing companies in Pakistan. It examines how logistics capability affects firm's performance, why outsourcing is essential and how firms benefited if they outsource the service rather than establishing their own logistics capability. This research is based on a survey using structured a questionnaire to collect the primary data. The target population is logistics specialists of manufacturing companies in Pakistan with head offices based on Karachi, that have their own logistics or outsource their logistics. The questionnaire has been distributed to 500 respondents in 113 manufacturing companies in Pakistan. Confirmatory factor analysis has been used as statistical techniques to check the factor loading of the components, and SEM (Structural Equation Model) is used to check the impact of logistics capability on firm's performance as well as the role of logistics outsourcing as a mediator. The findings of the research suggest logistics capability has positive impact on the performance of the manufacturing companies in Pakistan, and logistics capability has also an impact on logistics outsourcing. On the other hand, the study found that logistics outsourcing has no significant impact on the manufacturing companies in Pakistan.

Do Islamic Stock Markets Diversify the Financial Uncertainty Risk? Evidence from Selected Islamic Countries

AZIZ, Tariq,MARWAT, Jahanzeb,ZEESHAN, Asma,PARACHA, Yaser,AL-HADDAD, Lara Korea Distribution Science Association 2021 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.8 No.3

The study investigates the diversification behavior of Islamic stocks against US financial uncertainty. Considering limitations found in the literature, a comprehensive index of financial uncertainty (FU) is used, developed by Jurado, Ludvigson, and Ng (2015). The empirical analysis uses monthly data from four Islamic markets - Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Turkey - for the period from January 2010 to September 2019. Results of the bivariate EGARCH models show that Islamic stocks can be used for diversification purpose against the financial uncertainty of the US because the volatility of US uncertainty does not propagate in the Islamic stock markets. Moreover, findings show that the spillover effect of financial uncertainty varies with the FU forecast horizon. The spillover effect of FU increases with an increase in the FU forecast horizon and becomes significant over 3-month and 12-month periods in the case of Saudi Arabia. The current volatility of Islamic stock returns is independent of the size of shocks in past volatility. The leverage effect and asymmetry have been found in Saudi Arabia and Malaysia. The findings validate the arguments of the literature that Islamic markets are resilient facing uncertainties and perform well during crisis periods. The findings are important for investors in making better portfolio decisions.

The epoxy resin system: function and role of curing agents

Aziz Tariq,Haq Fazal,Farid Arshad,Cheng Li,Chuah Lai Fatt,Bokhari Awais,Mubashir Muhammad,Tang Doris Ying Ying,Show Pau Loke 한국탄소학회 2024 Carbon Letters Vol.34 No.1

Curing agents are critical components of aqueous epoxy resin systems. Unfortunately, its uses and applications are restricted because of its low emulsifying yields. Epoxy resins are frequently used in electrical devices, castings, packaging, adhesive, corrosion resistance, and dip coating. In the presence of curing agents, epoxy resins become rigid and infusible. Eco-friendliness and mechanical functionality have emerged as vulcanization properties. Curing agents are used for surface modification, thermodynamic properties, functional approaches to therapeutic procedures, and recent advances in a variety of fields such as commercial and industrial levels. The curing agent has superior construction and mechanical properties when compared to the commercial one, which suggests that it has the potential for use as the architectural and industrial coatings. The thermal stability of cured products is good due to the presence of the imide group and the hydrogenated phenanthrene ring structure. Over the course of the projection period, it is anticipated that the global market for curing agents will continue to expand at a steady rate. The growth of the market is mainly driven by its expanding range in future applications such as adhesives, composites, construction, electrical, electronics, and wind energy. This review focused on the most recent advancements in curing techniques, emphasizing their thermal and mechanical properties. The review also presents a critical discussion of key aspects and bottleneck or research gap of the application of curing agents in the industrial areas. Similar content being viewed by others Curing agents are critical components of aqueous epoxy resin systems. Unfortunately, its uses and applications are restricted because of its low emulsifying yields. Epoxy resins are frequently used in electrical devices, castings, packaging, adhesive, corrosion resistance, and dip coating. In the presence of curing agents, epoxy resins become rigid and infusible. Eco-friendliness and mechanical functionality have emerged as vulcanization properties. Curing agents are used for surface modification, thermodynamic properties, functional approaches to therapeutic procedures, and recent advances in a variety of fields such as commercial and industrial levels. The curing agent has superior construction and mechanical properties when compared to the commercial one, which suggests that it has the potential for use as the architectural and industrial coatings. The thermal stability of cured products is good due to the presence of the imide group and the hydrogenated phenanthrene ring structure. Over the course of the projection period, it is anticipated that the global market for curing agents will continue to expand at a steady rate. The growth of the market is mainly driven by its expanding range in future applications such as adhesives, composites, construction, electrical, electronics, and wind energy. This review focused on the most recent advancements in curing techniques, emphasizing their thermal and mechanical properties. The review also presents a critical discussion of key aspects and bottleneck or research gap of the application of curing agents in the industrial areas. Similar content being viewed by others