Morphological and Anatomical Evaluation of Grafted Pinus

Arida Susilowati,Apri Heri Imam Wahyudi,Supriyanto,Iskandar Z Siregar 한국목재공학회 2016 목재공학 Vol.44 No.6

Morphological and anatomical evaluation of grafted P. merkusii have been undertaken to obtain the information about compatible and incompatible symptoms of 18 years old grafts based on morphological observation and microscopic analysis. Samples of compatible and incompatible grafts were obtained from previous research conducted by the Silviculture Departement Team in 1994. Result showed that compatible grafts have normal stem form and secondary growth (diameter growth), but some abnormality symptoms like undulated pattern of annual growth rings, phloem thickening and abnormality resin ducts in inner and middle parts of the union area occurred. Incompatible ones showed abnormality of the stem form, cortex-bark necrosis and swelling in the union area. Microscopic observation showed abnormality of all parts of the union, undulated pattern of annual growth rings, phloem thickening, abnormal resin ducts, low numbers and discontinuity of vascular elements in the union area.

Ensuring Consumer Safety: Molecular Authentication of Eurycoma longifolia Derivative Products in the Wood Science and Technology Industry

Arida Susilowati,Henti Hendalastuti RACHMAT,Kusumadewi Sri YULITA,Asep HIDAYAT,Susila SUSILA,Nawwall ARROFAHA,Irsyad KAMAL,Fifi Gus DWIYANTI 한국목재공학회 2024 목재공학 Vol.52 No.4

Eurycoma longifolia (pasak bumi) is a popular medicinal plant in Indonesia and is widely used in various products. Its high economic value has caused illegal harvesting and product falsification. Using molecular techniques, the authentication and traceability of E. longifolia derivatives can be controlled to ensure consumer safety. Therefore, this study aimed to authenticate the products and derivatives of E. longifolia (pasak bumi) produced, marketed, and consumed in Indonesia using molecular identification techniques. Genomic DNA from 37 leaf samples collected from the Sumatran mainland and the Riau Islands and six E. longifolia products were amplified and sequenced using trnL-trnF and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. The results revealed that all leaf samples were indeed E. longifolia based on the markers used, with the six products, only the herbal tea product (sample code TCPB) was most likely derived from E. longifolia based on the two regions, suggesting that not all products labelled as E. longifolia in the market are authentic. The results also indicated that several other plants species are used as substitutes or adulterants, including Simaba spp., Simarouba spp., Homalolepis spp., Vernonia gigantea, Elephantopus scaber, Gymnanthemum amygdalinum, Cyanthillium spp., Potentilla lineata, Ailanthus altissima, Geijera paniculata, Hannoa chlorantha, and Dalbergia spp. Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria were also identified in this study on the outer wooden cup of E. longifolia products. Therefore, this molecular approach is effective in identifying the authenticity of E. longifolia products, with trnL-trnF and ITS as the recommended DNA markers.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Local Styrax Woods from North Tapanuli in Indonesia

Apri Heri Iswanto,Arida Susilowati,Irawati Azhar,Riswan,Supriyanto,Joel Elpinta Tarigan,Widya Fatriasari 한국목재공학회 2016 목재공학 Vol.44 No.4

The objective of this research was to evaluate physical and mechanical properties of three species of Styrax woods from North Tapanuli in Indonesia. The woods were more than 15 years old. Physical properties such as specific gravity, green moisture content, and volume shrinkage were determined by the procedures based on BS-373 standard for small clear specimen. Furthermore, mechanical properties, including modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, compression parallel to grain and hardness were also tested according to the standard. Along the stem direction, the edge section had better properties compared with those near the pith section. And the base section had also better properties than upper section. Based on the specific gravity, all of the Styrax woods in this research were classified into III-IV strength classes. A good dimensional stability was demonstrated by the value of the tangential and radial ratio which reached one. With the consideration of the mechanical properties, Styrax woods were suitable use for raw materials of light construction, furniture and handy craft.

An overview of the basic properties of several wood species from North Sumatra

Apri Heri Iswanto,Atmawi Darwis,Arida Susilowati,Widya Fatriasari,Saharman Gea,Luthfi Hakim,Tito Sucipto,Jajang Sutiawan,Syahidah,Niken Subekti,Wahyu Hidayat,Nam Hun Kim 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2022 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 학술대회 Vol.2022 No.10

North Sumatra is one of Indonesia's provinces with the largest forest area. This area is a place for growing several plants such as incense toba (Styrax sumatrana), durame (Styrax benzoin Dryan), bulu (Styrax benzoine var. Hiliferum), raru dahanon (Cotylelobium lanceolatum), pulut (Cotylelobium melanoxylon), songal (Vatica pauciflora), and simalambuo (Loppopethalum beccarianum Pierre). The distribution of all species studied covers the areas of North Tapanuli (for frankincense plant), Central Tapanuli (for raru plant), and Nias Island (for simalambuo plant) of North Sumatra Province. This study shows the characteristics of the wood's basic properties, including physical, mechanical, chemical, and durability properties. The results of the study showed that three types of frankincense wood had specific gravity values (0.43-0.62), MOE (77,685-85,900 kg/cm2), MOR (637-770 kg/cm2), and hardness (391-599 kg/cm2). Based on the strength and durability class, the three types of frankincense wood are in categories III-IV and V. Furthermore, three types of raru wood were identified as having specific gravity values (0.84-0.90), MOE (245,619-308,319 kg/cm2) and MOR (754-1979 kg/cm2). Meanwhile, the content of cellulose, lignin, and extractives ranged from 41.88-42.95%, 19.39-23.24%, 24.76-30.11%, and 10.58-28.60%. Next, simalambuo wood has a specific gravity value (0.44), MOE (152,829 kg/cm2), MOR (391 kg/cm2), and hardness (237 kg/cm2). Meanwhile, the content of cellulose, lignin, and extractives ranged from 42.11%, 45.52%, and 3.35%, respectively.

Wood Chemical Compositions of Raru Species Originating from Central Tapanuli, North Sumatra, Indonesia: Effect of Differences in Wood Species and Log Positions

( Apri Heri Iswanto ),( Fazilla Oktaviani Tarigan ),( Arida Susilowati ),( Atmawi Darwis ),( Widya Fatriasari ) 한국목재공학회 2021 목재공학 Vol.49 No.5

Raru is a lesser-known plant species originating from North Sumatra, Indonesia. Information on the characteristics is still limited, especially its chemical component. Therefore, this study aims to examine the chemical composition information of Cotylelobium lanceolatum, Cotylelobium melanoxylon, and Vatica pauciflora woods based on their axial log positions (bottom, middle, and top). The wood chemical analysis was performed in terms of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) method. Furthermore, the analysis measured holocellulose, α-cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin content, alcohol benzene extractive content, the extractive substance in hot and water, and solubility in NaOH 1%. The results indicated that the species and their log axial positions affected different chemical components, which included α-cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of C. lanceolatum amounting to 41.88%, 19.39%, and 28.68% respectively. Meanwhile, for C. Melanoxylon, they were 42.01%, 21.11%, and 24.76% respectively; and for V. pauciflora wood, they were 42.95%, 23.24%, and 30.11% respectively. The average values of the extractive contents including the solubility in 1: 2 ethanol benzene, NaOH, and hot water for C. lanceolatum, C. melanoxylon, and V. pauciflora wood were (10.58%, 27.62%, 8.13%), (14.54%, 28.22%, 7.82%), and (10.95%, 28.60%, 7.57%) respectively. The wood species had a significant effect on chemical components including lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, and extractive solubility in cold water. Furthermore, the axial log position had a significant effect on all the parameters of the chemical composition of the wood being tested.

Radical Scavenging Activity of Kemenyan Resin Produced by an Indonesian Native Plant, Styrax sumatrana

( Asep Hidayat ),( Apri Heri Iswanto ),( Arida Susilowati ),( Henti Hendalastuti Rachmat ) 한국목재공학회 2018 목재공학 Vol.46 No.4

Kemenyan resin from Styrax sumatrana is a unique non-timber forest product (NTFP) native from Sumatera Island, Indonesia. It possesses a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical, perfume, and cosmetics industries. In this paper, six kemenyan resin samples were investigated to evaluate their free radical scavenging activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reagent. The kemenyan resin samples, which originated from North Tapanuli, Pakpak Bharat, and Humbang Hasundutan, showed high antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ < 16 mg/L. The antioxidant activity of common kemenyan resin constituents, i.e., cinnamic acid, ethyl cinnamate, gallic acid, and vanillin was also investigated as positive control, although they exhibited lower antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ < 1000 mg/L), except for gallic acid (IC₅₀ = 5,23 mg/L). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC) for all samples were 44-66 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g sample and 143-160 mg quarcetin equivalents (QE)/g sample. The results revealed that kemenyan resin has high potency as an antioxidant and could be used as a natural antioxidant resource.

< 구두-D-02 > Chemical Characteristic of Styrax sumatrana Wood from North Sumatra

( Apri Heri Iswanto ),( Yenni Suhaida Siregar ),( Arida Susilowati ),( Widya Fatriasari ) 한국목재공학회 2018 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2018 No.1

The objective of this research was to analize chemical component of Styrax sumatrana wood from North Tapanuli and Pakpak Bharat according to stem vertical orientation. Samples for analysis divided into three part of stem (based, middle, and tip). Wood chemical component analysis consited of hollocelulose, α-cellulose, hemicellulose, Acid Soluble Lignin (ASL), Acid Insoluble Lignin (AIL), and non structural component (extractive content in ethanol benzene 1:2 and ash content) were observed. Result showed that growth location influence wood chemical component. The wood chemical component from North Tapanuli and Pak Pak Bharat were 52.72 and 69.80% (hollocelulose), 25.94 and 39.87% (α-cellulose), 26,78 and 29.92% (hemicellulose), 5.49 and 4.33% (Acid Soluble Lignin), 34.37 and 20.43% (Acid Insoluble Lignin), 10.95 and 2.42% (extractive content), and for ash content is 1.37 and 0.8%. Based on stem vertical orientation observation, generally the base position has the highest value of all observed parameters.

Combination of UF/MDI mixed adhesive as a particleboard binder

Apri Heri Iswanto,Atmawi Darwis,Nam Hun Kim,Arida Susilowati 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2021 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10

The objective of this research was to analyze the effect of hot-pressing temperature and Urea Formaldehyde (UF) and Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) ratio on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. The first experiment was focused on pressing temperature treatment included 130, 140, 150, and 160oC. Particle is bonded using a combination of UF and MDI resin at a ratio of 70/30 (%w/w). Furthermore, the second experiment was focused on UF/MDI ratio treatment included of 100/0, 85/15, 70/30, 55/45 (% w/w). The particle was pressed at 140oC temperature. All of the particleboard in this research was produced in size of 25x25 cm2 using 12% resin content which target thickness and density were 1 cm and 0.75 g/cm3 respectively. Pressing time was determined to 10 minutes. Before the tests, the board was conditioned for 7 days. Good dimensional stability and mechanical properties were resulted by boards treated in 140oC temperature. The best ratio of UF/MDI was 55/45. The increase in the MDI adhesive ratio had an effect on the increase in MOE and MOR, however, the internal bond was in the contrary.

Effect of Several Exterior Adhesive Types on Dimensional Stability of Bamboo Oriented Particleboard

Iswanto, Apri Heri,Munthe, Rensus,Darwis, Atmawi,Azhar, Irawati,Susilowati, Arida,Prabuningrum, Dita Sari,Fatriasari, Widya Materials Research Society of Korea 2019 한국재료학회지 Vol.29 No.5

The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of adhesive types on dimensional stability of bamboo-oriented particleboard. The materials used in this research are bamboo tali(Gigantochloa apus J.A & J.H. Schult. Kurz), UF/MDI(8, 10, 12 % level), and MF, MDI, and PF at 7 % level. Particle and adhesive are mixed using a blending machine; then, mat forming and hot pressing processes are performed using adhesive-suitable temperature and time references. MDI resin is set at $160^{\circ}C$ temperature for 5 minutes. PF resin and MF resin are pressed at $170^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes, and $140^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes, respectively, while UF/MDI sets at temperature of $140^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes. The results show that particleboard using PF resin produces the lowest thickness swelling value. The particleboard using UF/MDI resin also produces good response for thickness swelling value. Interesting things happen in that UF/MDI adhesive produces a thickness swelling value better than that of MDI resin. FTIR analysis on particleboard bonded by UF/MDI resin combination shows the presence of carbonyl group C=O vibration on multi substitution of urea at wave number of around $1,700cm^{-1}$.

Characterization of Tapped Styrax sumatrana Wood Anatomy

( Atmawi Darwis ),( Byantara Darsan Purusatama ),( Apri Heri Iswanto ),( Nam Hun Kim ),( Rudi Hartono ),( Arida Susilowati ) 한국목재공학회 2024 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2024 No.1