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Oh, Jaeseong,Kim, Andrew HyoungJin,Lee, SeungHwan,Cho, Hyunjeong,Kim, Yon Su,Bahng, Mi Young,Yoon, Seo Hyun,Cho, Joox2010,Youn,Jang, Inx2010,Jin,Yu, Kyungx2010,Sang Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2017 DIABETES OBESITY AND METABOLISM Vol.19 No.2
<P>Evogliptin is a novel potent and selective dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitor. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of evogliptin in participants with renal impairment (RI). An open‐label, parallel‐group clinical study was conducted in participants with mild, moderate and severe RI and in matched participants with normal renal function (NRF). A single oral 5‐mg dose of evogliptin was administered and serial blood and urine samples were obtained to assess the PK and PD characteristics of evogliptin. Baseline urine samples were collected to evaluate endogenous CYP3A metabolic markers. The plasma exposure to evogliptin and degree of DPP‐4 activity inhibition increased with decreasing renal function. The mean areas under the concentration–time curves from 0 to 120 hours were increased 1.2‐, 1.8‐ and 1.98‐fold in the mild, moderate and severe RI groups, respectively, compared with the NRF group. The levels of CYP3A metabolic markers were lower in the RI group than in the NRF group. The increase in the plasma concentration of evogliptin is unlikely to result in changes in its efficacy or safety, considering the results of previous clinical studies.</P>
Kang, Eunae,Jung, Yoon Seok,Cavanagh, Andrew S.,Kim, Gix2010,Heon,George, Steven M.,Dillon, Anne C.,Kim, Jin Kon,Lee, Jinwoo WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2011 Advanced Functional Materials Vol.21 No.13
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Fe<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> nanocrystals confined in mesocellular carbon foam (MSU‐F‐C) are synthesized by a <B>“</B>host–guest<B>”</B> approach and tested as an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Briefly, an iron oxide precursor, Fe(NO<SUB>3</SUB>)<SUB>3</SUB>·9H<SUB>2</SUB>O, is impregnated in MSU‐F‐C having uniform cellular pores ∼30 nm in diameter, followed by heat‐treatment at 400 °C for 4 h under Ar. Magnetite Fe<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> nanocrystals with sizes between 13–27 nm are then successfully fabricated inside the pores of the MSU‐F‐C, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and nitrogen sorption isotherms. The presence of the carbon most likely allows for reduction of some of the Fe<SUP>3+</SUP> ions to Fe<SUP>2+</SUP> ions via a carbothermoreduction process. A Fe<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>/MSU‐F‐C nanocomposite with 45 wt% Fe<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> exhibited a first charge capacity of 1007 mA h g<SUP>−1</SUP> (Li<SUP>+</SUP> extraction) at 0.1 A g<SUP>−1</SUP> (∼0.1 C rate) with 111% capacity retention at the 150<SUP>th</SUP> cycle, and retained 37% capacity at 7 A g<SUP>−1</SUP> (∼7 C rate). Because the three dimensionally interconnected open pores are larger than the average nanosized Fe<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> particles, the large volume expansion of Fe<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> upon Li‐insertion is easily accommodated inside the pores, resulting in excellent electrochemical performance as a LIB anode. Furthermore, when an ultrathin Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> layer (<4 Å) was deposited on the composite anode using atomic layer deposition (ALD), the durability, rate capability and undesirable side reactions are significantly improved.</P>
Rapid and Tunable Reductive Degradation of Disulfide‐Labeled Polyesters
Pinnel, Patrick,Mendezx2010,Nelson, Andrew,Noh, Seung Man,Nam, Joon Hyun,Oh, Jung Kwon WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2012 Macromolecular chemistry and physics Vol.213 No.6
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>A new approach for rapid and tunable degradation of reductively degradable polyesters (ssPESs) with multiple disulfides on the polymer backbones is reported. The approach centers on the control of the amount of disulfides in the synthesis of ssPESs by polycondensation of a disulfide‐containing diacid with various single and mixed diols having different molecular weights and disulfides. The disulfide concentration in ssPESs is tuned by incorporation of diols labeled with disulfides or diols with different MWs. The degradation rate is enhanced with increasing ssPES molecular weight. With ssPESs bearing disulfides positioned repeatedly along the backbone, the rapid and controlled degradation is compared with the slow degradation of polyesters with only a single disulfide in the center.</P>
Kaniuk, Natalia A.,Canadien, Veronica,Bagshaw, Richard D.,Bakowski, Malina,Braun, Virginie,Landekic, Marija,Mitra, Shuvadeep,Huang, Ju,Heo, Won Do,Meyer, Tobias,Pelletier, Laurence,Andrews‐,Poly Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Cellular microbiology Vol.13 No.11
<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>The facultative intracellular pathogen <I>Salmonella enterica</I> serovar Typhimurium establishes a replicative niche, the <I>Salmonella</I>‐containing vacuole (SCV), in host cells. Here we demonstrate that these bacteria exploit the function of Arl8B, an Arf family GTPase, during infection. Following infection, Arl8B localized to SCVs and to tubulated endosomes that extended along microtubules in the host cell cytoplasm. Arl8B<SUP>+</SUP> tubules partially colocalized with LAMP1 and SCAMP3. Formation of LAMP1<SUP>+</SUP> tubules (the <I>Salmonella</I>‐induced filaments phenotype; SIFs) required Arl8B expression. SIFs formation is known to require the activity of kinesin‐1. Here we find that Arl8B is required for kinesin‐1 recruitment to SCVs. We have previously shown that SCVs undergo centrifugal movement to the cell periphery at 24 h post infection and undergo cell‐to‐cell transfer to infect neighbouring cells, and that both phenotypes require kinesin‐1 activity. Here we demonstrate that Arl8B is required for migration of the SCV to the cell periphery 24 h after infection and for cell‐to‐cell transfer of bacteria to neighbouring cells. These results reveal a novel host factor co‐opted by <I>S</I>. Typhimurium to manipulate the host endocytic pathway and to promote the spread of infection within a host.</P>
Gong, Yu,Cho, Hanx2010,Gook,Andrews, Lester Wiley-VCH 2015 European journal of inorganic chemistry Vol.2015 No.18
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Reactions of laser‐ablated U atoms with HCN produce HUNC, which is identified from its argon matrix infrared spectrum of strong N–C and U–H stretching modes at 2028 and 1417 cm<SUP>–1</SUP>. B3LYP calculations show that the unobserved HUCN isomer has a 6.3 kcal/mol higher energy, and its C–N stretching mode is about 125 cm<SUP>–1</SUP> higher with more than an order of magnitude weaker intensity. Complementary experiments were done with thorium and group 4 metal atoms to form the analogous HMNC species for comparison and to demonstrate metal dependence for these new metal‐bearing product absorptions.</P>
On the Fragile Relationship Between El Niño and California Rainfall
Lee, Sangx2010,Ki,Lopez, Hosmay,Chung, Euix2010,Seok,DiNezio, Pedro,Yeh, Sangx2010,Wook,Wittenberg, Andrew T. American Geophysical Union 2018 Geophysical Research Letters Vol.45 No.2
<P>The failed influence of the 2015-2016 El Nino on California rainfall has renewed interest in the relationship between El Nino and U.S. rainfall variability. Here we perform statistical data analyses and simple model experiments to show that sufficiently warm and persistent sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the far eastern equatorial Pacific are required to excite an anomalous cyclone in the North Pacific that extends to the east across the U.S. West Coast and thus increases rainfall over California. Among the four most frequently recurring El Nino patterns considered in this study, only the persistent El Nino, which is often characterized by the warm SSTAs in the far eastern equatorial Pacific persisting throughout the winter and spring, is linked to such extratropical teleconnection patterns and significantly increased rainfall over the entire state of California. During the last 69 years, only three of the 25 El Nino events (i.e., 1957-1958, 1982-1983, and 1997-1998) are clearly identified as the persistent El Nino. In addition, the monthly rainfall variance explained by El Nino is less than half that caused by internal variability during the 25 El Nino. Therefore, the rarity of persistent El Nino events combined with the large influence of internal variability effectively explains the fragile relationship between El Nino and California rainfall.</P>
Uncertainty in the ENSO amplitude change from the past to the future
Watanabe, Masahiro,Kug, Jongx2010,Seong,Jin, Feix2010,Fei,Collins, Mat,Ohba, Masamichi,Wittenberg, Andrew T. American Geophysical Union 2012 Geophysical research letters Vol.39 No.20
<P>Due to errors in complex coupled feedbacks that compensate differently in different global climate models, as well as nonlinear nature of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), there remain difficulties in detecting and evaluating the reason for the past and future changes in the ENSO amplitude,σnino. Here we use physics parameter ensembles, in which error compensation was eliminated by perturbing model parameters, to explore relationships between mean climate and variability. With four such ensembles we find a strong relationship between σniño and the mean precipitation over the eastern equatorial Pacific ( urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl29646:grl29646-math-0001). This involves a two?way interaction, in which the wetter mean state with greater urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl29646:grl29646-math-0001acts to increase the ENSO amplitude by strengthening positive coupled feedbacks. Such a relationship is also identified in 11 single?model historical climate simulations in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 despite mean precipitation biases apparently masking the relationship in the multi?model ensemble (MME). Taking changes inσniño and urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl29646:grl29646-math-0001between pre-industrial and recent periods eliminates the bias, and therefore results in a robustσnino-urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl29646:grl29646-math-0001connection in MME, which suggests a 10-15% increase in the ENSO amplitude since pre-industrial era mainly due to changing mean state. However, theσniño– urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl29646:grl29646-math-0001 connection is less clear for their future changes, which are still greatly uncertain.</P>
Tripathi, Om P.,Baldwin, Mark,Charltonx2010,Perez, Andrew,Charron, Martin,Eckermann, Stephen D.,Gerber, Edwin,Harrison, R. Giles,Jackson, David R.,Kim, Baekx2010,Min,Kuroda, Yuhji,Lang, Andrea,Mah John WileySons, Ltd 2015 Quarterly journal of the Royal Meteorological Soci Vol.141 No.689
<P>Extreme variability of the winter‐ and spring‐time stratospheric polar vortex has been shown to affect extratropical tropospheric weather. Therefore, reducing stratospheric forecast error may be one way to improve the skill of tropospheric weather forecasts. In this review, the basis for this idea is examined. A range of studies of different stratospheric extreme vortex events shows that they can be skilfully forecasted beyond 5 days and into the sub‐seasonal range (0–30 days) in some cases. Separate studies show that typical errors in forecasting a stratospheric extreme vortex event can alter tropospheric forecast skill by 5–7% in the extratropics on sub‐seasonal time‐scales. Thus understanding what limits stratospheric predictability is of significant interest to operational forecasting centres. Both limitations in forecasting tropospheric planetary waves and stratospheric model biases have been shown to be important in this context.</P>