Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in the Management of COVID19-Associated Lung Injury: A Review on Publications, Clinical Trials and Patent Landscape

Krishnan Anand,Muthusamy Senthilkumar,Fernandez Francis B.,Kasoju Naresh 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2022 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.19 No.4

The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic situation forced the scientific community to explore all the possibilities from various fields, and so far we have seen a lot of surprises, eureka moments and disappointments. One of the approaches from the cellular therapists was exploiting the immunomodulatory and regenerative potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), more so of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs)—particularly exosomes, in order to alleviate the cytokine storm and regenerate the damaged lung tissues. Unlike MSCs, the EVs are easier to store, deliver, and are previously shown to be as effective as MSCs, yet less immunogenic. These features attracted the attention of many and thus led to a tremendous increase in publications, clinical trials and patent applications. This review presents the current landscape of the field and highlights some interesting findings on MSC-derived EVs in the context of COVID-19, including in silico, in vitro, in vivo and case reports. The data strongly suggests the potential of MSC-derived EVs as a therapeutic regime for the management of acute lung injury and associated complications in COVID-19 and beyond.

Mapping the potential areas for enclosure fish culture in tropical reservoirs: geo-spatial solutions for sustainable aquaculture expansion

Arur Anand,G. Kantharajan,P. Krishnan,K. Abdul Hakeem,K. Sai Santosh,Ch. Srinivasa Rao,Kuldeep K. Lal,S. B. Choudhury,C. Manjulatha,D. E. Babu 대한공간정보학회 2019 Spatial Information Research Vol.27 No.6

Planning aquaculture and fisheries activities in a reservoir requires knowledge of dynamics of water spread. We studied water spread dynamics of three reservoirs in the Godavari river basin, India using multi-temporal satellite imagery for the period 1990–2018 and developed a framework for mapping the spatial extent of water spread area (WSA) having potential for enclosure fish culture. The study showed that WSA of Nizamsagar reservoir in premonsoon season has declined from 108.11 to 99.34 km2 from phase I (1990–2006) to phase II (2007–2018), respectively and a similar trend was seen in Pocharam and Nallavagu reservoirs. For post monsoon seasons of the same time period, an increase in WSA was seen in Nizamsagar (133.75–144.14 km2) and Pocharam reservoirs (14.15-14.67 km2). Based on frequency of water presence during 2007–2018, WSA with potential for cage and pen culture was determined in Nizamsagar (31.04 km2) and Pocharam (2.87 km2) reservoirs. The study showed that both the reservoirs can accommodate maximum allowed number of cages (5000 and 500 cages respectively). We provide a decision matrix for location-specific selection of suitable culture methods and candidate species, which would aid in optimal utilization of the hitherto under-utilized reservoirs, especially in in situ data poor conditions. This study can be scaled up in the entire country with the help of academia/industry to prioritize reservoirs with potential for enclosure fish culture and plan appropriate interventions for reducing their yield gap.

Dynamic smile reanimation in facial nerve palsy

Krishnakumar Krishnan Santha,Subin Joseph,Sameer Latheef,Saju Narayanan,Santhy Mohanachandran Nair,Bibilash Babu,Anand Sivadasan,Srivatsa Manjunath Shet,Rajesh Vardhan Pydi,Ajit Pati,Srikant Aruna Sam 대한구강악안면외과학회 2020 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.46 No.2

Objectives: Long-term facial paralysis results in degeneration of the distal nerve segment and atrophy of the supplied muscles. Options for these patients include free muscle transfer, temporalis myoplasty, and botulinum toxin injections for smile reanimation. In this study we aimed to evaluate the subjective and objective outcomes of these procedures. Materials and Methods: In our study, we retrospectively analyzed smile symmetry in patients with facial palsy (n=8) who underwent facial reanimation procedures. Results: Subjective analysis showed high satisfaction in seven out of eight patients. Objective analysis showed statistically significant improvement postoperatively in both vertical and horizontal smile symmetry at rest and during maximum smile (P<0.001). Conclusion: Choosing the ideal procedure for the patients is the most critical aspect for facial reanimation. Though free muscle transfer is considered gold standard procedure, temporalis myoplasty also gives satisfactory results. Residual synkinesis which can lead to disturbing aesthetic deformity can be effectively treated with botulinum toxin.

Centella asiatica Fraction-3 Suppresses the Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Anti-Oxidant Pathway and Enhances Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Cell Death in Cancerous Lung A549 Cells

Dhaneshree Bestinee Naidoo,Alisa Phulukdaree,Krishnan Anand,Vikash Sewram,Anil Amichund Chuturgoon 한국식품영양과학회 2017 Journal of medicinal food Vol.20 No.10

Centella asiatica is a tropical medicinal plant that is commonly used in traditional medicine. Medicinal properties of C. asiatica include anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activity. We investigated the anti-oxidant and anti-proliferative/cytotoxic effects of a semi-purified fraction of C. asiatica ethanolic leaf extract (C3) in cancerous lung A549 cells. C3 was obtained by silica column fractionation and identified by using thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Cytotoxicity of C3 in A549 cells was evaluated (cell viability assay-WST-1; 24 h; [0.2–3 mg/mL]) to determine an inhibitory concentration (IC50). Intracellular reactive oxygen species (IROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (flow cytometry), malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (spectrophotometry), glutathione (GSH), GSSG, adenosine triphosphate levels, caspase activity (luminometry), and DNA damage (comet assay) were evaluated. Protein expression (Nrf-2, p53, Bax, Bcl-2, and HSP-70) and gene expression (Nrf-2, GPx, SOD, CAT, c-myc, and OGG-1) were quantified by western blotting and qPCR, respectively. C3 dose dependently decreased A549 cell viability. The IC50 of C3 increased MDA, IROS, mitochondrial depolarization, LDH, caspase (-8, -9, -3/7) activity, DNA damage, GSH levels, Nrf-2 protein expression, HSP-70 protein expression, and OGG-1 gene expression (P < .05). GSSG levels, anti-oxidant (Nrf-2, GPx, SOD) gene expression, p53, Bax, and Bcl-2 protein expression were decreased by C3 (P < .02). C3 diminished the anti-oxidant gene expression and induced anti-proliferative/cytotoxic effects in A549 cells.

Centella asiatica Modulates Nrf-2 Antioxidant Mechanisms and Enhances Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Apoptotic Cell Death in Leukemic (THP-1) Cells

Dhaneshree Bestinee Naidoo,Alisa Phulukdaree,Anand Krishnan,Anil Amichund Chuturgoon,Vikash Sewram 한국식품영양과학회 2022 Journal of medicinal food Vol.25 No.7

Centella asiatica is commonly used in traditional medicine owing to its many therapeutic properties including but not limited to antioxidant and antitumor potential. This study examined the antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of its crude (C) and fractionated (C3) ethanolic leaf extracts in THP-1 cells. In THP-1 cells, C and C3 cytotoxicity was evaluated (WST-1 viability assay; 24 h; [0.2–3 mg/mL]) and half maximal inhibitory concentration was obtained. Malondialdehyde (MDA; spectrophotometry), mitochondrial depolarization (Δψm), intracellular reactive oxygen species (IROS; flow cytometry), glutathione (GSH), oxidized GSH (GSSG) concentrations, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, caspase activities (luminometry) and DNA fragmentation (single cell gel electrophoresis assay) were evaluated. Protein expression and gene expression was quantified by Western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. THP-1 cell viability was dose-dependently reduced by C and C3. MDA, IROS, GSH, and Δψm were increased and ATP was decreased by C and C3 (P < .01). Antioxidant gene expression, Nrf-2 protein expression, and GSSG levels (P < .01) were increased by C, but were decreased by C3. C and C3 elevated caspase activity and DNA damage (P < .0001), whereas they decreased glutathione peroxidase and Bcl-2 protein expressions (P < .003). c-PARP protein expression and c-myc gene expression was decreased by C, whereas they were increased by C3 (P < .002). C3 reduced OGG-1 gene expression (P < .0003). Antioxidant responses were increased by C, whereas they were decreased by C3. Both C and C3 exerted antiproliferative effects in THP-1 cells by enhancing apoptosis. Of note, C3 more effectively induced apoptosis.

Synthesis of <i>Oldenlandia umbellata</i> stabilized silver nanoparticles and their antioxidant effect, antibacterial activity, and bio-compatibility using human lung fibroblast cell line WI-38

Subramanian, Palanisamy,Ravichandran, Anjali,Manoharan, Vinosha,Muthukaruppan, Reka,Somasundaram, Selvakumar,Pandi, Boomi,Krishnan, Anand,Marimuthu, Prabhu Narayanasamy,Somasundaram, Selliah Swamy Nat Elsevier 2019 Process biochemistry Vol.86 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In the past few years, green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of predominantly used materials in therapeutics and clinical practices. In this study, AgNPs were synthesized from aqueous extract of <I>Oldenlandia umbellata</I> and investigated their pharmaceutical properties. UV–vis spectroscopy of <I>O. umbellata</I> mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs@OUa) showed a peak at 423 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and phytochemical screening explained the contribution of biomolecules in AgNPs@OUa synthesis. Field emission scanning electron microscope and high-resolution transmission electron microscope examination revealed that small monodispersed spherical nanoparticles had an average size of 22.7 nm. Antioxidant assays were used to examine antioxidant properties of AgNPs@OUa in comparison with <SMALL>L-</SMALL>ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) as a standard antioxidant. AgNPs@OUa showed dose-dependent antioxidant activities. Antibacterial activities of AgNPs@OUa exhibited the highest zone of inhibition against <I>Streptococcus mutans</I> and <I>Escherichia coli</I> were 16.03 ± 0.35 mm and 19.76 ± 0.25 mm, respectively, at concentration of 1.0 mg L<SUP>−1</SUP>. Biocompatibility of AgNPs@OUa against human lung fibroblast (WI-38) cell line was also tested. Even though, the cells treated with the uppermost concentration (100 μg/mL) of AgNPs@OUa, it enhances the cell viability (∼90%), suggesting that AgNPs@OUa had no toxicity with excellent biocompatibility.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> First report on the bio synthesis of AgNPs using <I>O. umbellata</I> aqueous extract. </LI> <LI> The AgNPs@OUa were characterized by spectral and microscopy analysis. </LI> <LI> AgNPs@OUa were act as a significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities. </LI> <LI> AgNPs@OUa showed excellent biocompatibility against WI-38 cell lines. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Prevalence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Community Based Study From Northern India

( Govind K Makharia ),( Anil K Verma ),( Ritvik Amarchand ),( Anil Goswami ),( Prashant Singh ),( Abhishek Agnihotri ),( Faizul Suhail ),( Anand Krishnan ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회(구 대한소화관운동학회) 2011 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.17 No.1

Background/Aims The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) varies from 4% to 20% in different Asian nations. Prevalence of IBS in native North Indian community is not known. Methods Between November 2008 to December 2009, we estimated the prevalence of IBS in a rural community of Ballabgarh block, located in Haryana state. A structured questionnaire based on Rome Ⅲ module was used to collect symptoms related to IBS from all the participants in a door to door survey. A Rome Ⅲ criterion was used for diagnosis of IBS. IBS was further classified based on predominance of symptoms as constipation predominant, diarrhea predominant, mixed and unspecified based on Rome Ⅲ module. Results There were 4,767 participants (mean age 34.6±10.8, males 50%). Overall, 555 (11.6%; 95% CI, 10.7-12.5) had constipation, 542 (11.4%; 95% CI, 10.5-12.3) diarrhea and 823 (17.3%; 95% CI, 16.2-18.4) abdominal pain. The overall prevalence of IBS was 4% (95% CI, 3.5-4.6). The prevalence of constipation predominant IBS was 0.3% (95% CI, 0.16-0.49), diarrhea predominant IBS 1.5% (95% CI, 1.18-1.90), mixed IBS 1.7% (95% CI, 1.35-2.11) and unsubtyped IBS 0.5% (95% CI, 0.32-0.75). The prevalence of IBS was significantly higher in females compared with males (4.8% vs 3.2%, P=0.008). However, there was no significant difference between males and females in the prevalence of different subtypes of IBS. The prevalence increased with age. Conclusions The prevalence of IBS in a North Indian community is 4%. IBS poses a significant burden on the rural adults. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011;17:82-87)