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해외 정보 - 일본의 플루토늄 문제를 해결하기 위한 현실적 접근
Acton, James M. 한국원자력산업회의 2016 원자력산업 Vol.36 No.1
일본은 사용후연료의 재처리 정책을 진행하고 있으나 고속증식로 계획이 지연됨에 따라 그 처리의 목표가 확실하지 못하다. MOX(Mixed-Oxide Fuel : 혼합 산화물 연료)에 의한 처리가 계획되어 있으나 상당히 어려운 상황이다. 또 2018년에 미 일 원자력협력협정의 갱신이 예정되어 있는데 이 플루토늄의 취급이 문제가 될 예정이다. 미국은 핵무기의 원료나 테러에 사용할지도 모르는 플루토늄의 확산을 경계하고 있기 때문이다.
Acton, Orb,Dubey, Manish,Weidner, Tobias,O’Malley, Kevin M.,Kim, Tae‐,Wook,Ting, Guy G.,Hutchins, Daniel,Baio, J. E.,Lovejoy, Tracy C.,Gage, Alexander H.,Castner, David G.,Ma, Hong,Jen, Alex K.& WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2011 Advanced functional materials Vol.21 No.8
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>An efficient process is developed by spin‐coating a single‐component, self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) to simultaneously modify the bottom‐contact electrode and dielectric surfaces of organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs). This effi cient interface modifi cation is achieved using <I>n</I>‐alkyl phosphonic acid based SAMs to prime silver bottom‐contacts and hafnium oxide (HfO<SUB>2</SUB>) dielectrics in low‐voltage OTFTs. Surface characterization using near edge X‐ray absorption fi ne structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and spectroscopic ellipsometry suggest this process yields structurally well‐defi ned phosphonate SAMs on both metal and oxide surfaces. Rational selection of the alkyl length of the SAM leads to greatly enhanced performance for both <I>n</I>‐channel (C<SUB>60</SUB>) and p‐channel (pentacene) based OTFTs. Specifi cally, SAMs of <I>n</I>‐octylphos‐phonic acid (OPA) provide both low‐contact resistance at the bottom‐contact electrodes and excellent interfacial properties for compact semiconductor grain growth with high carrier mobilities. OTFTs based on OPA modifi ed silver electrode/HfO<SUB>2</SUB> dielectric bottom‐contact structures can be operated using < 3V with low contact resistance (down to 700 Ohm‐cm), low subthreshold swing (as low as 75 mV dec<SUP>−1</SUP>), high on/off current ratios of 107, and charge carrier mobilities as high as 4.6 and 0.8 cm<SUP>2</SUP> V<SUP>−1</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP>, for C60 and pentacene, respectively. These results demonstrate that this is a simple and efficient process for improving the performance of bottom‐contact OTFTs.</P>
The Present and Future of the Non-Proliferation Regime
( James M. Acton ) 국방대학교 안보문제연구소 2008 The Korean Journal of Security Affairs Vol.13 No.2
The non-proliferation regime currently faces an unprecedented challenge: managing growing demands for nuclear disarmament at a time when nuclear energy is expected to spread widely. Although superficially unrelated, the tension between these two objectives is much greater than generally recognized. Specifically, recent cases of non-compliance, North Korea and Iran most notably, have demonstrated serious weaknesses in the existing non-proliferation regime. If new and more robust rules are not enacted to prevent nuclear facilities, materials and knowledge being subverted for military ends, the spread of nuclear weapons will become ever more likely. In turn, nuclear weapon states will become even more reluctant than they currently are to work toward the elimination of their nuclear arsenals. Many non-nuclear weapon states, however, state that they will only assist in strengthening the regime after the weapons states have fulfilled their promise to work in good faith toward disarmament. Breaking this circularity will be a considerable challenge. This paper explores the role that disarmament has to play. A vital component of an effective non-proliferation strategy is to increase the willingness of the vast majority of non-nuclear weapon states-those that are in compliance with their international obligations and not seeking nuclear weapons-to agree to tougher non-proliferation rules. However, many non-nuclear weapon states view such rules as an unnecessary burden and so co-opting them will require a quid pro quo, namely fulfillment of the pledge made in article VI of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty to work in good faith toward the eventual abolition of nuclear weapons. A key issue in pursuing a policy of `disarmament for non-proliferation` is ensuring that the nuclear weapon states do get credit for the disarmament actions they take. They must convince non-nuclear weapon states that their actions are part of a long-term effort aimed at eventually eliminating nuclear weapons. One way of achieving this is for all states to initiate a serious conversation on the challenges of abolishing nuclear weapons and their potential solutions. Such a conversation would also help non-nuclear weapon states to realize the roll that they have to play in creating a security architecture robust enough to enable nuclear weapons to be safely prohibited. Such a conversation would need to include India, Israel and Pakistan and facilitating it will involve creating a new forum-probably on the non-governmental level. The paper concludes by discussing two examples of the challenges with which states will have to engage if they are truly to take disarmament seriously: the role of extended deterrence in preventing proliferation and the future of the civilian nuclear industry.
A search for doubly charged Higgs production in Z<sup>0</sup> decays
OPAL Collaboration,Acton, P.D.,Alexander, G.,Allison, J.,Allport, P.P.,Anderson, K.J.,Arcelli, S.,Astbury, A.,Axen, D.,Azuelos, G.,Bahan, G.A.,Baines, J.T.M.,Ball, A.H.,Banks, J.,Barlow, R.J.,Barnett, North-Holland Pub. Co 1992 Physics letters. Section B Vol.295 No.3
A search for the decay of the Z<SUP>0</SUP> into doubly charged Higgs bosons (H<SUP>+/-+/-</SUP>) decaying to same-sign lepton pairs is presented using data collected with the OPAL detector at LEP, with an integrated luminosity of 6.8 pb<SUP>-</SUP>. Four-track final states from prompt decays, and events with at least one highly ionizing track from long-lived H<SUP>+/-+/-</SUP> were sought. H<SUP>+/-+/-</SUP> are excluded in the mass range from zero to 45.6 GeV/c<SUP>2</SUP> and for a coupling constant range that extends down to zero.
Zhang, Yong,Zou, Jingyu,Yip, Hin-Lap,Sun, Ying,Davies, Josh A.,Chen, Kung-Shih,Acton, Orb,Jen, Alex K.-Y. Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.21 No.11
<P>A series of low band-gap conjugated polymers (PDTC, PDTSi and PDTP) containing electron-rich C-, Si-, and N-bridged bithiophene and electron-deficient thienopyrroledione units were synthesized <I>via</I> Stille coupling polymerization. All these polymers possess a low-lying energy level for the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) (as low as −5.44 eV). As a result, photovoltaic devices derived from these polymers show high open circuit voltage (<I>V</I><SUB>oc</SUB> as high as 0.91 V). These rigid polymers also possess respectable hole mobilities of 1.50 × 10<SUP>−3</SUP>, 6.0 × 10<SUP>−4</SUP>, and 3.9 × 10<SUP>−4</SUP> cm<SUP>2</SUP> V<SUP>−1</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP> for PDTC, PDTSi, and PDTP, respectively. The combined high <I>V</I><SUB>oc</SUB> and good hole mobility enable bulk hetero-junction photovoltaic cells to be fabricated with relatively high power conversion efficiency (PCE as high as 3.74% for the PDTC-based device).</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Conjugated polymers of thienopyrroledione and bridged-dithiophene units were synthesized and show high open circuit voltage and good hole mobility. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c0jm03927f'> </P>
A Cenozoic record of the equatorial Pacific carbonate compensation depth
P채like, Heiko,Lyle, Mitchell W.,Nishi, Hiroshi,Raffi, Isabella,Ridgwell, Andy,Gamage, Kusali,Klaus, Adam,Acton, Gary,Anderson, Louise,Backman, Jan,Baldauf, Jack,Beltran, Catherine,Bohaty, Steven M.,Bo Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2012 Nature Vol.488 No.7413
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and climate are regulated on geological timescales by the balance between carbon input from volcanic and metamorphic outgassing and its removal by weathering feedbacks; these feedbacks involve the erosion of silicate rocks and organic-carbon-bearing rocks. The integrated effect of these processes is reflected in the calcium carbonate compensation depth, which is the oceanic depth at which calcium carbonate is dissolved. Here we present a carbonate accumulation record that covers the past 53 million years from a depth transect in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. The carbonate compensation depth tracks long-term ocean cooling, deepening from 3.0??3.5??kilometres during the early Cenozoic (approximately 55??million years ago) to 4.6 kilometres at present, consistent with an overall Cenozoic increase in weathering. We find large superimposed fluctuations in carbonate compensation depth during the middle and late Eocene. Using Earth system models, we identify changes in weathering and the mode of organic-carbon delivery as two key processes to explain these large-scale Eocene fluctuations of the carbonate compensation depth.
Gao, Yan,Yip, Hin‐,Lap,Chen, Kung‐,Shih,O’Malley, Kevin M.,Acton, Orb,Sun, Ying,Ting, Guy,Chen, Hongzheng,Jen, Alex K.‐,Y. WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2011 Advanced Materials Vol.23 No.16
<P><B>Surface doping of conjugated polymers</B> is realized by depositing a thin layer of graphene oxide (GO) on top of the polymers. The high proton density and the unique 2D structure of GO facilitate the protonic surface doping of conjugated polymers to achieve high conductivities. This finding represents a new strategy for improving charge transport across the metal/conjugated polymer interface to achieve much improved performance in organic solar cells. </P>
Drilling to Gabbro in Intact Ocean Crust
Wilson, Douglas S.,Teagle, Damon A. H.,Alt, Jeffrey C.,Banerjee, Neil R.,Umino, Susumu,Miyashita, Sumio,Acton, Gary D.,Anma, Ryo,Barr, Samantha R.,Belghoul, Akram,Carlut, Julie,Christie, David M.,Cogg American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2006 Science Vol.312 No.5776
<P>Sampling an intact sequence of oceanic crust through lavas, dikes, and gabbros is necessary to advance the understanding of the formation and evolution of crust formed at mid-ocean ridges, but it has been an elusive goal of scientific ocean drilling for decades. Recent drilling in the eastern Pacific Ocean in Hole 1256D reached gabbro within seismic layer 2, 1157 meters into crust formed at a superfast spreading rate. The gabbros are the crystallized melt lenses that formed beneath a mid-ocean ridge. The depth at which gabbro was reached confirms predictions extrapolated from seismic experiments at modern mid-ocean ridges: Melt lenses occur at shallower depths at faster spreading rates. The gabbros intrude metamorphosed sheeted dikes and have compositions similar to the overlying lavas, precluding formation of the cumulate lower oceanic crust from melt lenses so far penetrated by Hole 1256D.</P>
Influence of different silica gelling agents on the performance of aqueous gel electrolytes
Changyu Lu,Tuan K.A. Hoang,The Nam Long Doan,The Nam Long Doan,Matthew Acton,WEISHENG GUAN,P. Chen 한국공업화학회 2016 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.42 No.-
In this study, gel electrolytes are prepared from silica gelling agents and aqueous electrolyte forapplication in the rechargeable hybrid aqueous battery for the first time. The required quantities of silicamaterials are in the range of 4–15 wt.%. The gelling time is in the magnitude of minutes and the ionicconductivities of gel electrolytes are in the range of 50.6–60.6 mS cm 1. These batteries using these gelelectrolytes exhibit higher rate capability, slower self-discharge (ca.15% after 24 h), and up to 10–12%higher cyclability compared with the performance of the batteries using the conventional liquidelectrolyte.