Edge-to-vertex detour number of a graph

A. P. Santhakumaran,S. Athisayanathan 장전수학회 2011 Advanced Studies in Contemporary Mathematics Vol.21 No.4

For two vertices u and v in a graph G = (V,E), the detour distance D(u, v)is the length of a longest u–v path in G. A u–v path of length D(u, v) is called a u–v detour. For subsets A and B of V , the detour distance D(A,B)is defined as D(A,B) = min{D(x, y) : x ∈ A, y ∈ B}. A u–v path of length D(A,B) is called an A–B detour joining the sets A, B ⊆ V where u ∈ A and v ∈ B. A vertex x is said to lie on an A–B detour if x is a vertex of an A–B detour. A set S ⊆ E is called an edge-to-vertex detour set if every vertex of G is incident with an edge of S or lies on a detour joining a pair of edges of S. The edge-to-vertex detour number dn_2(G) of G is the minimum order of its edge-to-vertex detour sets and any edge-to-vertex detour set of order dn_2(G) is an edge-to-vertex detour basis of G. Certain general properties of these concepts are studied. The edge-to-vertex detour numbers of certain classes of graphs are determined. Its relationship with the detour diameter is discussed and it is proved that for each triple D, k, q of integers with 2 ≤ k ≤ q − D + 2 and D ≥ 4 there is a connected graph G of order p with detour diameter D and dn_2(G) = k. It is also proved that for any three positive integers a, b, k with k ≥ 2 and a < b ≤ 2a, there is a connected graph with detour radius a, detour diameter b and dn_2(G) = k.

A characterization of normal subgroups via -closed sets

A. Badawi 장전수학회 2012 Advanced Studies in Contemporary Mathematics Vol.22 No.2

Let (G, *) be a semigroup, D ⊆ G, and n ≥ 2 be an integer. We say that (D, *) is an n-closed subset of G if a_1 * ... * a_n ∈ D for every a_1, ..., a_n ∈ D. Hence every closed set is a 2-closed set. The concept of n-closed sets arise in so many natural examples. For example, let D be the set of all odd integers, then (D, +) is a 3-closed subset of (Z, +) that is not a 2-closed subset of (Z, +). If K = {1, 4, 7, 10, ...} , then (K, +) is a 4-closed subset of (Z, +) that is not an n-closed subset of (Z, +) for n = 2, 3. In this paper, we show that if (H, *) is a subgroup of a group (G, *) such that [H : G] = n < ∞,then H is a normal subgroup of G if and only if every left coset of H is an n + 1-closed subset of G.

A형 간염의 자연항체와 예방접종을 통한 항체 생성률의 역가 비교분석

권원현,김경화,조경아,문기춘,김정인,이인원,Kwon, Won Hyun,Kim, Kyung Hwa,Cho, Kyung A,Moon, Ki Choon,Kim, Jung In,Lee, In Won 대한핵의학기술학회 2013 핵의학 기술 Vol.17 No.2

2008년부터 A형 간염 환자들이 급속히 증가하고 본원에 내원하여 건진을 받는 대부분의 수검자들이 A형 간염(IgG) 항체 생성 유무에 관심이 많아지며 검사 건수가 증가하였다. 그에 따라 항체 검사결과가 cut-off값에 걸리는 검체가 많아져 원인을 분석하였더니 대부분 A형 간염 예방접종을 한 수검자들이었다. 이에 저자들은 건강증진센터에서 설문조사를 통하여 자연면역을 획득한 수검자들 그룹과 본원에서 A형 간염 예방접종(1차, 2차)을 실시한 직원들 그룹으로 나누어 검사를 시행하였고 cut-off값을 기준으로 항체 생성률과 그에 대한 역가를 비교하고 진단검사의학과와 핵의학과에서 사용하는 진단 시약간에 항체 생성률과 그에 대한 역가를 비교해 보고자 했고, 2012년 8월 한 달 동안 건진 수검자 185명을 설문조사하여 자연면역을 획득한 119명과 본원에서 예방 접종을 실시한 직원들을 대상으로 1차 접종자 53명, 2차 접종자 59명으로 대상을 분류했다. 항체 생성률은 cut-off값 1을 기준했을 때 0.90-1.10 (${\pm}$), 0.60-0.89 (1+), 0.30-0.59 (2+), 0.01-0.29 (3+)로 나누어 역가를 비교하고, 같은 기준으로 제조사별 백신 접종 후 항체 생성률에 대한 역가를 비교평가 해 보았다. 그 결과, 건진 수검자 중 자연 면역을 획득한 수검자는 cut-off값 1을 기준했을 때, 0.90-1.10 (${\pm}$)가 0%, 0.60-0.89 (1+)가 0%, 0.30-0.59 (2+)가 4.2%, 0.01-0.29 (3+)가 96%로 역가가 <0.60 ($${\geq_-}2+$$)가 100%였다. 그리고 예방접종을 실시한 직원들의 항체 생성률은 1차 접종자 중 ${\pm}$가 59.1%, 1+가 18.1%, 2+가 18.1%, 3+가 4.6%로 총 45.3%였고, 역가는 $${\geq_-}$$ 0.60 ($${\leq_-}1+$$)가 77.3%였다. 2차 접종자의 항체 생성률은 ${\pm}$가 1.9%, 1+가 15.4%, 2+가 36.54%, 3+가 46.2%로 총 88.1%였고 역가는 <0.60 ($${\geq_-}2+$$) 82.7%가 였다. 또한 제조사별로 비교 하였을 때 1차 접종자의 항체 생성률은 BNIBT 20.8% (${\pm}24.5%$), GB 15.7% (${\pm}7.8%$), RIAKEY 94.3% (${\pm}3.8%$), ROCHE 83% (${\pm}0%$), Abbot 73.1% (${\pm}5.8%$)였고, 2차 접종자의 항체 생성률은 BNIBT 86.4% (${\pm}1.7%$), GB 88.5% (${\pm}1.9%$), RIAKEY 100% (${\pm}0%$), ROCHE 98.3% (${\pm}0%$), Abbot 98.2% (${\pm}0%$)였다. 즉 자연면역 항체가 예방접종에 의한 항체보다 역가가 높다는 것을 알 수 있었고, 1차 접종 후 보다는 2차 접종 후 검사를 시행했을 때 항체 생성률과 역가가 대부분 높아짐을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 결과 보고시 negative, index (${\pm}$), weak positive (1+), positive (2+), strong positive (3+)로 역가를 나누어 보고를 하거나 결과값에 index값을 같이 적어서 결과를 상세히 보고한다면 과거결과와 비교도 가능할 것이다. 또 제조사별 비교 시 1차 예방접종 후의 항체 생성률과 역가에서 시약간에 많은 차이를 보이고 있었고, 매년 예방 접종률이 높아지고 있는 시점에서 이러한 차이를 줄이기 위해서 각 제조사들은 민감도나 재현성에 더 주의를 기울여야 하겠고, 자연면역항체와 예방접종을 통한 항체간에 생길 수 있는 미지의 차이를 감안하여 검사자들이 사용하는 시약을 신뢰할 수 있도록 더 연구하고 개발해야 할 것이다. Purpose: Since 2008, hepatitis A patients was rapidly increasing. So, Most of the health checkup examinees were interested in whether hepatitis A antibody was a lot. thereby The number of tests was increasing. In recent years, Antibody test results in the range of cut-off values were increased. According to the cause analysis, most examinees had a hepatitis A vaccine. This study was conducted to classify hepatitis A antibody as natural antibody and antibody after vaccination and compared the titer for seroconversion rate based on cut-off values. Materials and Methods: For a month in August 2012, First, We surveyed 185 health examinees and classified 119 health examinees who had acquired natural antibody. Second, for employees who were inoculated against hepatitis at our hospital, We classified into 53 primary inoculators and 59 secondary inculators. when the standard of cut-off value was 1, The seroconversion rate was compared the titer divided by 0.90-1.10 (${\pm}$), 0.60-0,89 (1+), 0.30-0.59 (2+), 0.01-0.29 (3+) and we compared the titer for seroconversion rate by each manufacturer after vaccination. Results: When the standard of cut-off value was 1, the titer of 119 health examinees who had acquired natural antibody was 0.90-1.10 (${\pm}$): 0%, 0.60-0.89 (1+): 0%, 0.30-0.59 (2+): 4.2%, 0.01-0.29 (3+): 96% and the titer of <0.60 ($${\geq_-}2+$$) was 100%. The titer of 53 primary inoculators was 0.90-1.10 (${\pm}:59.1%$), 0.60-0.89 (1+): 18.1%, 0.30-0.59 (2+): 18.1%, 0.01-0.29 (3+): 4.6% and the seroconversion rate was 45.3%. The titer of $${\geq_-}0.60$$ ($${\leq_-}1+$$) was 77.3%. The titer of 59 secondary inoculators was 0.90-1.10 (${\pm}:1.9%$), 0.60-0.89 (1+): 15.4%, 0.30-0.59 (2+): 36.54%, 0.01-0.29 (3+): 46.2% and the seroconversion rate was 88.1%. The titer of <0.60 ($${\geq_-}2+$$) was 82.7%. When we compared the titer for seroconversion rate by each manufacturer after vaccination, the seroconversion rate of 53 primary inoculators was BNIBT: 20.8% (${\pm}:24.5%$), GB: 15.7% (${\pm}:7.8%$), RIAKEY: 94.3% (${\pm}:3.8%$), ROCHE: 83% (${\pm}:0%$), ABBOTT: 73.1% (${\pm}:5.8%$) and the seroconversion rate of 59 secondary inoculators was BNIBT : 86.4% (${\pm}:1.7%$), GB: 88.5% (${\pm}:1.9%$), RIAKEY: 100% (${\pm}:0%$), ROCHE: 98.3% (${\pm}:0%$), ABBOTT: 98.2% (${\pm}:0%$). Conclusion: The study show that the titer of natural immune antibodies is higher than the titer of vaccination and the titer of secondary inoculation is mainly higher than the titer of primary inoculation. Consequently, if we know the titer of hepatitis A antibodies, it will help to give resullt reports. And then, when we compared the titer and the seroconversion rate by each manufacturer, There was a very distinct difference. As the test subjects inoculate against hepatitis A (HAV), it is considered BNIBT, GB will occur false negative rate and RIAKEY, ROCHE, ABOTT will occur false positive rate.

A rationally designed small molecule for identifying an <i>in vivo</i> link between metal–amyloid-β complexes and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease

Beck, Michael W.,Oh, Shin Bi,Kerr, Richard A.,Lee, Hyuck Jin,Kim, So Hee,Kim, Sujeong,Jang, Milim,Ruotolo, Brandon T.,Lee, Joo-Yong,Lim, Mi Hee Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Chemical Science Vol.6 No.3

<▼1><P>An <I>in vivo</I> chemical tool designed to target metal–Aβ complexes and modulate their activity was applied to the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) demonstrating the involvement of metal–Aβ in AD pathology.</P></▼1><▼2><P>Multiple factors, including amyloid-β (Aβ), metals, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), are involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Metal ions can interact with Aβ species generating toxic oligomers and ROS <I>in vitro</I>; however, the involvement of metal–Aβ complexes in AD pathology <I>in vivo</I> remains unclear. To solve this uncertainty, we have developed a chemical tool (<B>L2-b</B>) that specifically targets metal–Aβ complexes and modulates their reactivity (<I>i.e.</I>, metal–Aβ aggregation, toxic oligomer formation, and ROS production). Through the studies presented herein, we demonstrate that <B>L2-b</B> is able to specifically interact with metal–Aβ complexes over metal-free Aβ analogues, redirect metal–Aβ aggregation into off-pathway, nontoxic less structured Aβ aggregates, and diminish metal–Aβ-induced ROS production, overall mitigating metal–Aβ-triggered toxicity, confirmed by multidisciplinary approaches. <B>L2-b</B> is also verified to enter the brain <I>in vivo</I> with relative metabolic stability. Most importantly, upon treatment of 5XFAD AD mice with <B>L2-b</B>, (i) metal–Aβ complexes are targeted and modulated in the brain; (ii) amyloid pathology is reduced; and (iii) cognition deficits are significantly improved. To the best of our knowledge, by employing an <I>in vivo</I> chemical tool specifically prepared for investigating metal–Aβ complexes, we report for the first time experimental evidence that metal–Aβ complexes are related directly to AD pathogenesis.</P></▼2>

Effect of Mandatory Radiology Consultation on Inpatient Imaging Use : A Randomized Controlled Trial

Bree, Robert L.,Kazerooni, Ella A.,Katz, Steven J. MediMedia Korea 1997 JAMA-Korea Vol.12 No.2

Photocatalytic abatement of phenol on amorphous TiO2-BiOBr-bentonite heterostructures under visible light irradiation

Menelisi C. Dlamini,Mbongiseni L. Dlamini,Pumza Mente,Boitumelo Tlhaole,Rudolph Erasmus,Manoko S. Maubane-Nkadimeng,John A. Moma 한국공업화학회 2022 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.111 No.-

A simplistic solvothermal process to fabricate novel amorphous TiO2-BiOBr-Bentonite (A-TiO2-BiOBr-Bt)multidimensional photocatalysts in this work is a practical and economically feasible technique for thefabrication of the reported photocatalysts as it is a one-pot process. The stickiness of the A-TiO2-BiOBr-Bt wet cake and the low drying temperature make A-TiO2-BiOBr-Bt a feasible platform compositefor the fabrication of the photoreactive inner coating of water treatment containers for photocatalytictreatment of drinking water. The A-TiO2-BiOBr-Bt photocatalyst with an A-TiO2:BiOBr:Bt mass ratio of1:1:2 (Ti1Bi1Bt2) displayed the highest BET surface area of 124.8 m2/g, a low bandgap of 2.86 eV, and sufficientlylow electron-hole recombination rate. The high number of A-TiO2-BiOBr p-n heterojunctions,and the Ti-O-Si and Bi-O-Si bonds between A-TiO2-BiOBr and Bt in Ti1Bi1Bt2 lowered its electron-holerecombination rate with enhanced visible light-harvesting ability. Within 70 min of visible light irradiation,150 mg of Ti1Bi1Bt2 gave 100% conversion of 100 mL of 20 ppm phenol with a pseudo-first-order rateconstant of 0.0322 min1 at pH 4.0. Scavenging experiments showed superoxide radicals (O2) and electrons(e) being the most dominant reactive oxidation species (ROS) responsible for the phenol photodegradationprocess while holes (h+) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) also exerted appreciableparticipation.

화이트헤드의 유기체 철학과 쿼크

임진아 ( Jin A Yim ) 한국화이트헤드학회 2013 화이트헤드 연구 Vol.26 No.-

궁극적 물질은 무엇이며, 그 물질의 성질에 대해 연구하는 분야는 물리학 중에서도 소립자물리학의 연구영역이다. 소립자물리학이 궁극적 요소에 대한 사유에는 궁극적 요소는 물질이며, 파동이 아닌 입자적 특성을 가진 그 무엇이 아니겠는가 하는 가정이 전제되어 있다. 20세기 초반, 플랑크의 에너지 양자가설로 인해 촉발된 물리학의 혁명은 물리학이 연구하는 대상인 물질 그 자체에 대한 관점의 전환을 요구했다. 파동과 입자는 양립할 수 없는 물질의 양태이다. 그러나 물질의 이중성으로 잘 알려져 있듯이 파동은 입자의 성질을, 입자는 파동의 성질을 가지고 있다는 것이 드러났다. 또한 극미의 세계에서는 매우 많은 숫자의 소립자가 발견되었으나, 현재 물리학자들은 양성자와 중성자와 같은 핵자를 만드는 근본적인 물질로 간주하는 쿼크 및 전자를 이 세계를 구성하는 가장 근원적인 입자들로 생각 한다.이 글은 두 가지의 목적을 가지고 있다. 첫 번째, 20세기에 양자역학에서 시작된 물질의 이중성으로부터 쿼크가 가진 성질을 통해 전통적인 물질관에 대해 비판하고자 한다. 두 번째, 현재까지도 명쾌한 해답이 제시되지 않고 있는 물질의 이중성 및 쿼크의 실체성에 대한 의문을 화이트헤드의 유기체철학의 관점으로 고찰해보고자 한다. The ultimate matter is what , and an field to study for the property of the material is study are of the particle physics. The ultimate element is matter in the reason for the ultimate element particle physics, And it is to a prerequisite a home doing whether it is the what with the property of the particle that is not wave motion. The prompted physical revolution required the change over of the point of view for material itself which was the object which physics studied(grand prix) by Energy Quantum hypothesis of initial, Planck in the 20th century. Wave motion and a particle are appearance of the materials which they cannot balance. However, it appeared in the wave motion that the particle had a nature of the wave motion with the nature of the particle to be known for the duality of the material well. In addition, the elementary particle of a great many numbers was discovered in the particle physical world, but current physicists think about quark to consider to be a basic material making the nuclear particle which seems to be a neutron with a positive child and an electron with root-like particles to frame this world. This essay consider as two kinds of purposes. It thinks first to think to criticize it for outlook on traditional material through the nature that quark has from the duality of the material which began in quantum mechanics in the 20th century. It thinks to consider a shrug for the second, duality of the material that the answer that is clear to date is not shown and substantiality of the quark at a point of view of the organized body philosophy of A. N. Whitehead.

Second preduals of tridual von Neumann algebras are geometrically unique

A. I. Shtern 장전수학회 2008 Advanced Studies in Contemporary Mathematics Vol.17 No.1

The main result of the note claims that, if a von Neumann algebra Ais the third dual to some Banach space and thus, as is known, is the bidual of somevon Neumann algebra A, then the natural homomorphic projection of A onto theweakly closed two-sided ideal in A isomorphic to A (the kernel of this homomorphismcoincides with that of the canonical projection of A onto A dual to the canonicalembedding of the predual of A in the predual of A) is dened uniquely by A. Thus,the von Neumann algebra A, the image of the above projection, is not only uniquelydened (up to isomorphism) by its enveloping von Neumann algebra A but also theimage of the \canonical normal embedding" of A in A (onto the image of the aboveprojection) is uniquely dened, i.e., this weakly closed two-sided ideal in A isomorphicto A is uniquely dened geometrically. This enables us to rene some known resultson predual spaces of von Neumann algebras.

A novel mode of TRPML3 regulation by extracytosolic pH absent in the varitint-waddler phenotype

Kim, Hyun Jin,Li, Qin,Tjon-Kon-Sang, Sandra,So, Insuk,Kiselyov, Kirill,Soyombo, Abigail A,Muallem, Shmuel Wiley (John WileySons) 2008 The EMBO journal Vol.27 No.8

<P>TRPML3 belongs to the TRPML subfamily of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. The A419P mutation in TRPML3 causes the varitint-waddler phenotype as a result of gain-of-function mutation (GOF). Regulation of the channels and the mechanism by which the A419P mutation leads to GOF are not known. We report here that TRPML3 is a Ca(2+)-permeable channel with a unique form of regulation by extracytosolic (luminal) H(+) (H(+)(e-cyto)). Regulation by H(+)(e-cyto) is mediated by a string of three histidines (H252, H273, H283) in the large extracytosolic loop between transmembrane domains (TMD) 1 and 2. Each of the histidines has a unique role, whereby H252 and H273 retard access of H(+)(e-cyto) to the inhibitory H283. Notably, the H283A mutation has the same phenotype as A419P and locks the channel in an open state, whereas the H283R mutation inactivates the channel. Accordingly, A419P eliminates regulation of TRPML3 by H(+)(e-cyto), and confers full activation to TRPML3(H283R). Activation of TRPML3 and regulation by H(+)(e-cyto) are altered by both the alpha-helix-destabilizing A419G and the alpha-helix-favouring A419M and A419K. These findings suggest that regulation of TRPML3 by H(+)(e-cyto) is due to an effect of the large extracytosolic loop on the orientation of fifth TMD and thus pore opening and show that the GOF of TRPML3(A419P) is due to disruption of this communication.</P>

On the edge -to -vertex detour number of a graph

A.P. Santhakumaran 장전수학회 2014 Advanced Studies in Contemporary Mathematics Vol.24 No.3

For two vertices u and v in a graph G=(V,E), The detour distance D(u,v) s the length of a longest, u-v path in G. A u-v path of length D(u,v) is called a u-v detour. For subsets A and B of V, the detour distance D(A,B) is defined as D(A,B)=(formula). A u-v path of length D(A,B) is called an A-B detour joining the sets A, B⊆V where u∈B. A vertex x is said to lie on an A-B detour is a vertex of A-B detour. A set S⊆E is called an detour joining a pair of edges of S. The edge-to-vertex detour number dn2(G) OF G is the minimum order of its edge-to-vertex detour sets and any edge-to-vertex detour set of order dn2(G) is an edge-to-vertex detour basis of G. Graphs G of size q for which dn2(G) = q or dn2(G) = q-1 or dn2(G) = q-2 are characterized.