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ἐϕ ᾧ πάντες ἥμαρτον(로마서 5:12d)
홍인규(In-Gyu Hong) 한국복음주의신약학회 2008 신약연구 Vol.7 No.1
The aim of this article is to investigate the meaning of ἐϕ ᾧ πάντες ἥμαρτον in Romans 5:12d. The words ἐϕ ᾧ can be taken as a phrase introducing a relative clause or as a conjunction. But the context and Paul's uses of the phrase in his other letters(2 Cor. 5:4; Phil. 3:12) demand it to be understood as a conjunction meaning 'because'. To understand the meaning of πάντες ἥμαρτον, we have to raise a question: how did all sin? In other words, what is the relationship between Adam's sin and all human beings' sin? There have been basically three opinions. (1) All sinned like Adam by copying and so repeating Adam's first sin. (2) All sinned in and with Adam by participating in Adam's first sin. (3) All sinned due to the corrupt nature inherited from Adam. In my view, however, all three opinions fail to grasp correctly the meaning of ἁμαρτία which entered into the world through Adam(5:12a) and to explain properly the relationship between ἁμαρτία in 5:12a and πάντες ἥμαρτον in 5:12d. The word ἁμαρτία occurs 46 times in the first half of Romans. Here it mostly used in singular, appearing as a personified power. The ἁμαρτία is the power which makes human beings deny their creatureliness and challenge the sovereign power of God. This ἁμαρτία entered into the world, enslaving all human beings to evil passion. As a result, all human beings actually sinned in their own persons. Thus death spreads to all human beings. The perspective of Paul's thought here is that of Jewish apocalyptic.
홍인규(Hong, In Gyu) 한국복음주의신약학회 2012 신약연구 Vol.11 No.3
The law occupies a central place in Paul's thought. It is a subject which is closely linked with many other themes in his theology and ethics. The subject of the law in Paul is, however, an extremely complicated problem due to the apparent contradiction in Paul's position regarding the law. Thus far an enormous volume of literature has appeared on the topic of Paul and the law, and produced a variety of divergent opinions without reaching consensus. A great number of biblical scholars have long tried to find some consistency in Paul's understanding of the law by bifurcating the concept of the law. Some scholars admit inconsistencies in Paul's statements about the law, but find an evolutional development in Paul's thought. Some perceive internal tensions and inconsistencies in Paul's view of the law, maintaining that Paul is simply inconsistent as a thinker. Others find a clear basic structure that the law is totally abolished and completely superseded by Christ and the Spirit. There is some degree of truth in all of these arguments. But they fail to grasp the complexity of Paul's theology of the law. The best solution is to understand the three different roles of the law which play in the history of redemption of God. They are the obligation of the Sinai covenant, an enslaving power and an expression of God's will. If we take these three functions of the law into consideration, we can properly understand the apparently conflicting statements of Paul about the law. Paul is a coherent thinker.
외과계 감염증에 대한 Sulperazon(Sulbactam/cefoperazone) 및 Cefoperazone의 임상효과 비교연구
박규주,노동영,김상준,권오중,정중기,홍인규 대한화학요법학회 1990 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.8 No.2
Despite recent advances in development of antibiotics and antiseptic techniques, infection still remains to be one of the major problems in the surgical field. Due to development of bacterial resistance to commonly used antibiotics, there is always a need to develop a new antimicrobial agent which would overcome such resistance. Sulperazon (Sulbactam/Cefoperazone) is a combination drug of potent β-lactamase inhigitor, sulbactam, and cefoperazone which has broad antibacterial spectrum, which was developed to combat against β-lactamase producing microorganisms. In an effort to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sulperazone, we have randomly divided 40 patients (12 with perforated appendicitis, 10 with peritionitis, 6 with GB empyema, 6 with periproctal abscess, 3 with wound infection, 1 liver abscess, 1 pancreatic abscess, and 1 acute cholangitis) into 2 groups (20 patients in each group). One group received daily dose of 2 to 3 grams of sulperazon and the other group received daily dose of 2 to 3 grams of cefoperazone. Following results were obtained : 1. Clinical effect of sulperazon was cure in 16 patients (80%), improvement in 3 patients (15%), compaired to cure in 14 patients (70%), improvement in 4 patients (20%) for the cefoperazone group. 2. Using disc diffusion method, sulperazon was sensitive to all of the isolated microorganisms except β-hemolytic streptococci, which was moderately sensitive. Cefoperazone was sensitive to only E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia. 3. Microbiological effect of sulperazon was eradication of offending microorganisms in 16 patients (80%), compared to 14 patients (70%) in Cefoperazone group. 4. Overall clinical efficacy of sulperazon was 95%, compared to 80% for cefoperazone. 5. Adverse effects due to sulperazon was nausea and diarrhea which occurred in 1 patient respectively. 2 patients receiving cefoperazone experienced diarrhea. It can be concluded that sulperazon is a safe and effective antibiotic agent which can be used in surgical infection patients.
혈액투석 환자에서 쌍내강 영구도관(Permcath) 사용의 임상적 고찰
서경석,김상준,이건욱,서준석,정중기,홍인규,권오중 대한혈관외과학회 1995 Vascular Specialist International Vol.11 No.1
Between October 1993 and December 1994, we have inserted 57 dacron cuffed double lumen catheters(Permcath, Quinton, Seattle, WA) in 55 renal failure patients for hemodialysis for a mean duration of 2.2 months (range 17 days to 13 months). 4 cases were inserted by surgical venotomy technique and 53 cases by percutaneous technique. Insertion complications were only local hematoma especially in percutaneous technique. Catheters were intentionally removed in 52 patients and two catheters were removed due to complications (infection one catheter, thrombosis one catheter) and the remaining 3 catheters are still placed to pateints. Minor flow problems occurred in 5 cases(9%) and required urokinase infusion (at least once). Local exit site infection occurred 4 cases (7%) and septicemia (at least once) in 3 case (5%). There is no clinical sign of central venous stenosis or thrombosis, such as arm swelling, prominent cataneous collateral veins or increased venous pressure at dialysis even in 3 casees using catheters more than 10 months. This study confirms the low rate of infection and obstruction of the catheter, so we concluded that Permcath is an acceptable vascualr assess device to acute renal failure patients and end stage renal disease patients for hemodialysis waiting for the maturation of arterio-venous fistula or synthetic graft and in whom it is impossible to create an arterio-venous fistula.