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16세기 독일 아우크스부르크의 푸거라이(Fuggerei) 설립과 운영
홍순민(Hong, Soon Min) 도시사학회 2015 도시연구 Vol.13 No.-
본 논문은 16세기 초 독일 아우크스부르크에 건립된 푸거라이의 건립 배경과 그 목적을 조명하기 위한 시도이다. 푸거라이는 종교적으로 독실하고 근면성실한 아우크스부르크의 가난한 시민을 위해 지어진 주택단지이다. 15세기말 및 16세기 초의 유럽은 사회경제적인 변화를 경험하였다. 사회구조는 소수의 부자와 다수의 빈민으로 나뉘는 추세로 서서히 재편되고 있었으며, 교회 또한 자격요건을 설정하는 선택적인 자선의 방향으로 나아가기 시작하였다. 더불어 빈민의 급격한 증가는 시 당국으로 하여금 새로운 대책을 강구하게 만들었고 이는 빈민에 대한 통제와 관리의 차원으로 나타나게 되었다. 아우크스부르크는 그 대표적인 사례였다. 소수의 부유한 상인과 문벌 가문들은 그들의 특권을 보호하기 위한 특권층의 모임을 조직하였다. 반면 빈민들의 불만은 종교개혁과 함께 1524년 직공과 수공업자의 봉기로 표출되기에 이르렀다. 야콥 푸거는 가난한 이들의 안정적인 삶을 위하여 푸거라이를 건립하였다. 푸거라이의 집세는 1라인 굴덴으로 고정되었으며, 그 구조는 생업과 거주의 기능이 결합된 형태를 지녔다. 푸거 상회에 대한 비판과 푸거 가문의 정통성 또한 푸거라이 건립의 배경이었다. 푸거라이의 규율은 평범한 시민의 일상을 규율하려는 야콥 푸거의 의도를 보여준다. 이러한 노력은 또한 종교개혁 이후 교파화 과정의 한 부분으로 이해될 수 있다. This study attempts to examine the foundational background and the purposes of the Fuggerei built by Jakob Fugger for the Catholic citizens in Augsburg in the 16th century. Europe during the late 15th- and the early 16th- centuries was experiencing social and economic transformations. Social structures began to be reorganized as the confrontation between a small number of the riches and a large number of the poors. And the church began to distinguish the poors who deserved salvation who didn’t. Furthermore, rapid increase of the poors compelled city to resort to new measures. Augsburg was a representative case. A small number of rich merchants and patricians formed an assembly of the notables to protect their privileges. On the other hand, with the Reformation, dissatisfaction of the poors sparked an weaver’s and handicraft worker’s uprising in 1524. Jakob Fugger founded the Fuggerei for the stable living of the poors. The rent was fixed at a price of 1 Rhinegulden, and the housing structure combined residential and occupational areas. Criticisms against the Fugger firm and the legitimacy of the Fugger family were leading to the founding of the Fuggerei. Regulatory of the Fuggerei shows the founder’s intention of disciplining everyday lives of ordinary citizens. These efforts can be understood as part of the post-Reformational Confessionalization trend.
홍순민(Soon-Min Hong) 대한치과의사협회 2007 대한치과의사협회지 Vol.45 No.2
Evidence-based dentistry is a new, worldwide trend in the field of clinical dentistry. Despite this fact, it has been neglected in Korean dental community. Thus, its basic concepts and the 5-step procedures are introduced and described in this 2-part series report. Evidence-based dentistry is a method of clinical practice where the clinicians use the best available research evidence for their own clinical decision making. By using this method, the clinical outcomes can be improved and the clinicians themselves can have the ability to keep watch over their daily practices. To clinically apply the principles of evidence-based dentistry, dental practitioners have to formulate a clear question, find the best available research evidence efficiently, critically appraise the evidence systematically, apply the results of the evidence to their practice, and evaluate the clinical outcomes comprehensively. In building a clinical question, it is essential to categorize questions according to their types followed by their organization using the key elements. Then, literature search must be done. There are many web sites for searching evidence, but PubMed is considered to be the leading site. To efficiently search the literature, search term must be selected appropriately and the search results should be limited.
구강 편평태선 환자에서 steroid와 cyclosporine의 국소 도포 효과
홍순민(Soon-Min Hong),박성진(Sung-Jin Park),박지현(Jee-Hyun Park),윤필영(Pil-Young Yun),명훈(Hoon Myoung),고홍섭(Hong-Seop Kho),정성창(Sung-Chang Chung),이종호(Jong-Ho Lee),김명진(Myung-Jin Kim) 대한구강악안면외과학회 2004 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.30 No.3
The purpose of this study was comparing the effectiveness in the topical applications of cyclosporine with that of steroid, the conventional and standard drug in the treatment of oral lichen planus. 21 patients with oral lichen planus were treated with cyclosporine (n=11) or steroid (n=10) by random allocations. They were recalled 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks after initial treatments. In each recall, the lesion size, clinical symptoms like pain or burning sensation, and side effects were evaluated. The differences of these measurements were compared and the effects of each drug were checked. In reticulation types, steroid showed higher effectivity than cyclosporine and this difference was significant statistically. But in erythema type lesions, either drug showed no significant recovery, statistically. However, the effect of cyclosporine was thought to be more effective. The pain of the lesions was significantly decreased by cyclosporine but not by steroid. The decrease of burning sensation was more dependant upon steroid than cyclosporine, but no statistical relationship could be found. There were no clinical side effects. There was limitation to draw in conclusion due to small pool of this study group. But with the results, this suggestion could be proposed that either drug might be superior to another in effectivity in a specific lesion type or patient symptom, so selection and usage of one drug in a specific case could be better than universal application of one drug in all cases.
홍순민(Soon-Min Hong) 대한치과의사협회 2007 대한치과의사협회지 Vol.45 No.3
In this second part of series report on evidence-based dentistry, the level of evidence and the methods for critical appraisal are discussed. The epidemiologic studies, namely clinical studies have some bias per se, and the degree of bias is somewhat predetermined by the study design. The level of evidence can be defined as the reliability of the clinical study and it is dependent on the degree of bias. Thus, it is important to determine the type of the study and to understand its structure before critically appraising them. Systematic reviews of primary studies, randomized controlled trials, nonrandomized clinical trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and case reports / series constitute the clinical studies and the level of evidence follows the order of the studies listed above. Critical appraisal is the most important procedure in evidence-based dentistry. It is done to determine the credibility of research papers and their usefulness in the clinician s own practice. Critical appraisal is consisted of multiple questions that are helpful for evaluating validity and usefulness of the studies concerning therapy, diagnosis, prognosis, and causation.