의존명사 `듯`의 변천과 어미화 과정

최대희 ( Choi Dae Hee ) 영주어문학회 2017 영주어문 Vol.35 No.-

이 연구는 의존명사 `듯`을 대상으로 형태·통사론적 변천 양상을 파악하고, `듯`의 어미화 과정을 추론하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 내용을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 먼저 `듯`의 형태론적 변천 양상을 살펴보았는데, `듯`은 후행하는 요소로서 영형태소나 파생접사 `-이`가 주로 결합하였고, 18세기 후반에 이르러 보조사 `-도`가 결합하고 있는 양상을 볼 수 있다. 다음으로 `듯`의 통사론적 변천 양상을 살펴보았는데, 선행어 제약은 15세기에서 현대에 이르기까지 `듯`에 선행하는 요소의 통합 제약은 큰 변화가 없었다. 수식어로는 관형절만이 선행하였고, 서술어는 동사, 형용사, 체언+이다가 모두 선행하였으며, 관형사형 어미는 `-ㄴ/-ㄹ`이 모두 선행하고 있음을 확인하였다. 추가적으로 `듯`을 구성하는 전체의 의미는 선행요소나 후행요소보다는 `듯` 자체가 의미를 결정하는 핵이라는 것도 살펴보았다. 후행 서술어의 제약은 차이를 보이고 있다. `듯`과 `듯도`는 서술어로 `하다`만 후행하는데, `듯(이)`는 다양한 서술어가 후행하였다. 마지막으로 의존명사 `듯`의 어미화 과정을 `듯`의 선·후행요소와의 긴밀성과 `듯` 구성에 실현된 의미를 통해 살펴보았다. 긴밀성의 관점으로는 `듯`이 후행하는 요소보다 선행하는 요소와 긴밀성이 높을 때 어미화가 진행되는 것을 확인하였고, 실현된 의미의 관점에서는 [추측]의 의미에서 [비유], [가식] 등의 의미로 확장되었을 때 어미화가 더 진행되는 것을 확인하였다. The purpose of this study is to verify a trnasition of morphologic and syntactic characteristics and ending process of dependent noun `Deut`. The result could be summarized as follows. Firstly confirmed a morphologic transition of `Deut`. The `Deut` combined with derivational suffixcase `-i` and back element ellipsis. And combined `-do` in the 18th century, `ha-da`, etc. Secondly a syntactic transition confirmed a difference of preceding predicate, adnominal ending, following predicate. A preceding element constraints did not change much from the 15th century to modern. A preceding predicate are integrated verbs, adjectives, copula. A adnominal ending are integrated`-n` and `-l`. A following predicate integrated verbs and adjectives, `ha-da`, `sip-da`. But the constraints of the trailing predicate are different. `Deut` and `Deut-do` are only followed `ha-da` but `Deut(i)` is followed various predicates. Finally confirmed a ending process of dependent noun `Deut`. This process has been verified through the compactness of the leading and trailing elements and the meaning realized in the `Deut` composition. The ending process proceeded when dependence nouns were more closely related to the preceding elements than to the trailing elements, and proceeded when expanded to the meaning of [analogy], [affectation].

19세기 국어의 어찌말 매인이름씨 연구

최대희 ( Choi Dae-hee ) 한말연구학회 2018 한말연구 Vol.- No.49

The purpose of this study is to verify the morphologic and syntactic characteristics of adverbial dependent noun in the 19th Korean. The result could be summarized as follows. Firstly, set up the list of adverbial dependent noun in the 19th Korean. The list settings were compared with a list of existing studies and a list of before and after periods. Then, the reviewed list was verified in the 19th century data and a list of adverbial dependent nouns was set up. As a result, set up a list such as ‘김, 듯(듯시), 대로, 듕(중), 만1, 만2, 만큼(만치), 번, 적(제), 죡죡(족 족), 즈음, □ (재), □ (차)’ Secondly, consider that the morphologic and syntactic characteristics of adverbial dependent nouns. In relation to these characteristics, adverbial dependent nouns are classified according to their degree of change possibility. The degree of change possibility was higher with more morphological and syntactic constraints, and lower with less. The adverbial dependent nouns with change possibility were related to the constraints of the adnominal endings and trailing elements.

국어의 명사 파생법 변화 연구 -국어 어휘집을 대상으로-

최대희 ( Dae Hee Choi ) 한말연구학회 2012 한말연구 Vol.- No.30

The purpose of this paper is to explain a distribution of noun derivative suffix, a morphological characteristics, and a change process on lexicon published since the 15th century, A noun derivative suffix combined with a Noun, Verbs stem, and other in each lexicon, There was difference in union restriction according to type of suffix, Because the ``-이`` is the freest in restriction, everybody could combine, but suffix such as ``-가비`` combines on noun, and suffix such as ``-옴`` combined on verbs stem. In union frequency, the ``-이`` that union is free affix appeared most vigorously in three lexicon, and an affix that restriction is in union appeared each lexicon Similarly. A noun derivative suffix changes divided into a creation, change, extinction. A creation is that it acquires suffix function that was not suffix originally, and A change is a thing which original suffix form changes, or union restriction changes, and union frequency is that change. And a extinction loses function, or has been extinct from its original suffix.

중세국어 ‘-오-’에 대한 쟁점 고찰

최대희 ( Choi Dae-hee ) 백록어문교육학회 2022 백록어문교육 Vol.29 No.0

이 연구는 ‘-오-’의 문법적 기능에 관한 다양한 관점과 그에 따른 쟁점에 대해 고찰한 것이다. 통사론적 관점, 의미화용론적 관점, 새로운 관점으로 나누어 살펴보았다. 여기에서 다룬 내용을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 먼저, 통사론적 관점은 허웅(1958)과 일련의 연구에서 제시한 ‘인칭법’과 ‘주체대상법’을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 인칭법과 관련된 주된 쟁점은 인칭법으로 설명하기 어려운 예가 다수 발견되는 문제와 국어 문법 범주에 인칭법을 설정할 수 있는가의 문제였고, 대상법과 관련된 주된 쟁점도 예외의 처리 문제이다. 이와 관련하여 인칭법에서는 ‘인칭’에 대한 처리 문제 등을 지속적으로 수정하면서 보완하고자 하였고, 대상법에서는 보문절과 일부 관계절에서의 예외를 설명하려는 시도가 진행되었다. 다음으로, 의미화용론적 관점은 이숭녕(1959)과 일련의 연구에서 제시한 ‘의도법’설을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 의도법과 관련된 주된 쟁점은 다양한 분포 환경의 ‘-오-’가 중세국어 시기에는 각각 다른 기능으로 분화되어 있는 듯한데, 이를 동일한 서법형태소로 처리할 수 있는가 문제이다. 이 관점은 동일 형태의 형태소를 동일한 기능을 하는 문법형태소로 처리하였다는 점에서는 의미가 있지만, ‘-오-’의 실현 여부에 따른 의미 차이를 명확히 설명하지 못하고 있다는 점에서는 설명이 더 필요하다고 판단된다. 마지막으로, 새로운 관점은 전정례(1991, 1995)를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 이 관점은 ‘-오-’를 명사구 내포문 표지로 설정하고 있는데, 위의 두 가지 이론을 보완하고 있다는 점에서는 의미가 있지만, 이 관점도 예외에 대한 설명과 ‘절’에 대한 정의가 분명하지 않다는 점에서 비판을 받는 부분이 있다. 이에 대한 수정 보완은 지속적으로 이루어지고 있으나, 아직까지 명확한 결론을 내리지는 못하고 있다. 위의 논의들을 통해서도 알 수 있지만, 아직도 ‘-오-’의 쟁점은 많이 남아 있는 듯하다. 여기서 다루지 못한 ‘-오-’의 이형태 문제, ‘-오-’의 형태소적 분포 환경, ‘-오-’의 변천 과정의 문제 등도 다시 한번 논의가 되어야 할 것이다. This study examines various view and issues related to the grammatical function of ‘-o-’. It was divided into a syntactic view, a semantic pragmatic view, and a new view. The contents are summarized as follows. First, the syntactic view focused on the ‘person mood’ and ‘subject object mood’ presented by Heo Woong (1958) and a series of studies. The main issues related to the ‘person mood’ are the problem that some of the exception sentences are found and whether the person method can be set in the korean grammar category, and the main issue related to the ‘subject object mood’ is the problem of handling exceptions. Next, the semantic and pragmatic view was examined with Lee Sung-nyeong (1959) and the ‘intention mood’ theory presented in a series of studies. The main issue related to ‘intentional mood’ is that ‘-o-’ in various distribution environments seems to have been differentiated into different functions during the Middle Ages Korean period. Finally, a new view was reviewed focusing on Jeon Jeong-rye (1991, 1995). This view sets ‘-o-’ as a ‘noun phrase nesting symbol’. This view is significant in that it complements the above two theories. However, this view is criticized for the problem of exception handling and the unclear explanation of ‘clause’. As can be seen from the above discussions, it seems that there are still many issues of ‘-o-’. The problem of heteromorphism of ‘-o-’, the morphological distribution environment of ‘-o-’, and the problem of the transition process of ‘-o-’, which were not addressed here, should be discussed once again.

중세국어 어찌말 매인이름씨 연구

최대희 ( Choi Dae-hee ) 한말연구학회 2017 한말연구 Vol.- No.45

The purpose of this study is to verify the morphologic and syntactic characteristics of adverbial dependent noun in Middle Korean. The result could be summarized as follows. Firstly, set up the list of adverbial dependent noun in Middle Korean. The list setting is listed in the existing study which first classified dependent nouns by function. And then, were verified a dependent nouns functioning mainly as adjectives in this list. Secondly, consider that the morphologic and syntactic characteristics of adverbial dependent nouns are related to the changes, and examined syntactic characteristics of adverbial dependent nouns. The adverbial dependent nouns showed that the more the morphologic and syntactic constraints, the higher the degree of change. From the middle to modern times, the adverbial dependent noun had many changes, such as binding constraints, integration constraints, extinction and creation of forms, as compared to the two types of dependent noun. In order to discuss the pattern of this change, have examined morphologic and syntactic characteristics of adverbial dependent noun. However, the debate on the cause of the transition has not been made in depth. Future discussions will go in the direction of complementing this point.

관형화 구성에서의 ‘-오-’의 실현

최대희(Choi. Dae-Hee) 강원대학교 인문과학연구소 2015 인문과학연구 Vol.0 No.44

본 연구는 15세기 국어의 관형화 구성에 실현되는 ‘-오-’의 분포 환경을 확인하고, 실현 양상을 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 먼저 관형화 구성에 대한 개념을 정리하였다. 관형화 구성은 명사구내포문의 하위 유형으로 하위문과 내포문 명사가 함께 명사구를 구성하는 것을 말한다. 기저에서 하위문 안의 어떤 명사구와 내포문 명사사이에 동일 지시가 이루어지면 관계화 구성이고, 동일지시가 이루어지지 않으면 보문화 구성이다. 다음으로 ‘-오-’의 실현 환경을 검증하였다. 이러한 검증을 위해 몇 가지 예외처럼 보이는 구문을 설명하였다. 먼저 ‘-오-’가 실현되지 않을 것 같은 환경인데 ‘-오-’가 실현되는 환경이다. 여기에서는 주어(주체)가 표면상 나타나지 않는 예문을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 다음으로, ‘-오-’가 실현되는 환경인 ‘절’을 이루는 것처럼 보이지만 ‘절’을 이루지 못해 ‘-오-’가 실현되지 않는 환경이다. 여기에서는 격 조사가 생략된 경우, 이중 주어를 가진 경우, 협주문인 경우 등을 살펴보았다. 마지막으로 관형화 구성을 관계화 구성과 보문화 구성으로 나눈 후, 일반명사 구문과 의존명사 구문에서 ‘-오-’의 실현을 양상을 살펴보았다. 관계화 구성과 보문화 구성에서 주어-서술어 관계의 관형절을 형성하는 자립명사 구문과 의존명사 구문에서는 ‘-오-’가 거의 예외 없이 실현되지만, 주어-서술어 관계를 형성하지 못하여 관형구를 이루게 되거나, 보문화 구성에서 명사적 특성이 약한 의존명사 구문에서도 ‘-오-’의 실현이 불규칙적임을 확인하였다. The purpose of this paper is to determine a distribution environment and appearance aspect of ‘-o-’ in the adnominal composition shown in the 15th century. The discussion can be summarized as follows. First, confirmed the concept of adnominal composition. The adnominal composition is a subtype of NP-embedding sentence. and it means to construct a sub-sentence combine with embedding noun. The adnominal composition can be divided into relativisation composition and complementation composition. Second, verified the appearance environment of ‘-o-’. In this part, verified the necessary case in connection with appearance of ‘-o-’. It was as follows, a case of subject missing, a case of subject case particle missing, a case of double subject, a case of inserted notes, and a case of apposition composition. As a result, the ‘-o-’ appeared only in case of forming a clause and not appeared in case of forming a phrase. third, confirmed a appearance aspect of ‘-o-’. If the subject-predicate is established, the ‘-o-’ appeared in the free noun construction and dependent noun construction. But If the subject-predicate is not established, the ‘-o-’ not appered.

혁명 전 모스크바 섬유공장 여성노동자의 일상세계(1900-1917)

최대희 ( Dae Hee Choi ) 한국외국어대학교 러시아연구소 2005 슬라브연구 Vol.21 No.2

국어의 이름마디 변천 연구

최대희 ( Dae Hee Choi ) 한말연구학회 2014 한말연구 Vol.- No.34

The purpose of this paper is to confirm a transition of noun clause, focused on noun clause, from the 15th century to the modern korean. For this purpose, confirmed a frequency of component through the centuries, then confirmed a morphologic and syntactic characteristics. The results are summarized as follows. First, a ‘ㅁ noun clause’ had functioned stably in the 15th century. But, since the 16th century, A gradual extinction of ‘-o-’ has caused the instability of ‘ㅁ noun clause’ and it led to both a activation of ‘기 noun clause’ and a frequent appearance of ‘ㄴ 것 noun clause’. Second, a ‘ㅁ noun clause’ had appeared a tense and honorific. A tense had appeared ‘present’ and ‘past’ from the 15th century to modern. A honorific had appeared ‘subject honorific’ and ‘object honorific’ in the 15-16th century. But, since the 17th century, had only appeared ‘subject honorific’. A ‘기 noun clause’ also had appeared a tense and honorific. A tense had appeared ‘present’ and ‘past’, ‘undecided’ and A honorific had appeared ‘subject honorific’ and ‘object honorific’ third, since the 15th century to modern, a ‘ㅁ noun clause’ had functioned stably as subject, object, adverb and predicates without significant change. A ‘기 noun clause’ had also functioned stably as subject, object, adverb, predicates without significant change.

매인이름씨 `것, 줄, 바`의 형태·통어·의미적 특성 연구

최대희 ( Choi Dae-hee ) 국제어문학회 2014 국제어문 Vol.60 No.-

이 연구는 16세기 국어의 매인이름씨 `것, 줄, 바`의 형태·통어·의미적 특성을 파악하는 것이 목적이다. 형태론적 특성은 `것, 줄, 바`에 선·후행하는 결합 요소들을 확인하였는데, `것, 줄`이 `바`보다 결합제약이 좀 더 자유로워 많은 선·후행 요소들과 결합하였다. 통어론적 특성은 `것, 줄, 바`의 선행어 제약, 후행하는 상위문 풀이씨의 분포, `것, 줄, 바`를 포함하는 구성의 문장에서의 기능을 확인하였다. `것`은 여러 선행어들과 통합하였으며, 임자말, 부림말, 방편말, 견줌말, 풀이말 등으로 기능하였다. `줄, 바`는 선행어로 매김마디만 통합하였고, 임자말, 부림말, 방편말, 위치말로 기능하였다. 의미론적 특성은 매인이름씨의 고유의미를 설정한 후, 선·후행요소와의 형태·통어론적 환경을 고려하여 살펴보았다. `것`은 `사물의 대용, 사실, 확신, 단정, 추측`의 의미로, `줄`은 `사실, 능력, 방법`, `바`는 `일이나 사실, 그리된 형편`의 의미로 분석되었다. The purpose of this study is to verify the morphologic and syntactic and semantic characteristics of dependent noun(것, 줄, 바) focused on the 16th century korean. It is summarized as follows the contents. A morphologic characteristics of dependent noun confirmed the constraints of the front and back element. `것, 줄` was combined with some elements of case marker, auxiliary marker, copula, suffix etc. However, `줄` was combound case marker, auxiliary marker, copula because `줄` is less free than the `것, 바`. A syntactic characteristics of dependent noun confirmed the predicate distribution and preceding elements constraints of `것, 줄, 바` and confirmed the sentence function of `것, 줄, 바` structure. because `것` is no restriction of the preceding element, It is possible to come `substantives, substantives+marker, substantives+ㅅ, unconjugation adjective, adnominal clause` and functioned as subject, object, adverb, predicate in sentense. A `줄, 바` is possible to come `-ㄴ, ㄹ`, but, only precedes adnomianl clause. and only seen a functioned example as subject, object. A semantic characteristics of dependent noun were grasped by considering the constraints relationship between a front elements and back elements. `것` was analyzed `possession, fact, things, conviction, correctness, conjecture`, and `줄` was analyzed `things, ability, method`, and `바` was analyzed `incident or thing`.

러시아 부르주아지와 1917년 러시아혁명

최대희(Choi Dae-Hee) 부산경남사학회 2005 역사와 경계 Vol.55 No.-

The serf-entrepreneurs are one of Russia's most interesting phenomena. From their ranks rose the leading industrial dynasties of the textile sector in the Moscow area. Bad were their relations with those entrepreneurs whose main base of operations was in St. Petersburg. The latter ones were active in heavy industry and in banking, and their members were recruited mainly from the civil service or from banking. This had political consequences as well: the heavy industry received state subsidies while the textile industry was much less favored. The owners of textile mills therefore clamored for changes in the national economic policy. They insisted that consumer demand be encouraged and the regime be liberalized. The greater part of these owners did not see themselves as an anti-autocratic opposition. <br/> The developments in the Russian bourgeoisie after the 1905 Revolution indicate that the individual sections and lobbies came into closer contact, despite these continuing conflicts. The “Moscow” entrepreneurs gradually infiltrated the traditional provinces of the “Petersburg” entrepreneurs. The tendency toward economic homogeneity can be noticed from the World War I. But an economic homogeneity did not necessarily mean a political homogeneity. The “Moscow” bourgeoisie still belonged to the hard core of liberal opposition and formed the Progressive Bloc in 1915. As the tsarist government showed in 1915 the greatest weakness since 1905, the “Moscow” and “Petersburg” bourgeoisie could not be reconciled and agree on a common concept. Especially opinions on the Worker-Group in the War-Industries Committees remained to differ. Petersburg bourgeoisie was afraid particularly that a weakening of the government might cause a revolution from below and that it would destroy not only the autocratic state but also himself. As a result, the Russian bourgeoisie could not prove itself an alternative power for the collapsing state.