애니메이션과 공포

조미라(Cho, Mi-Ra) 한국만화애니메이션학회 2016 만화애니메이션연구 Vol.- No.42

애니메이션에서의 ‘공포’는 영화나 문학처럼 동일한 장르적 기준을 적용하기에는 몇 가지 문제가 따른다. 첫째, 애니메이션에서 신체 절단과 파괴 그리고 괴물이나 유령 등의 등장은 일상적인 표현방식 중의 하나로 반드시 장르 개념으로만 적용되지 않는다는 것. 둘째, 공포의 유발은 공포의 대상이 ‘비현실적인 것’, ‘특별한 것’으로 인식할 수 있는 실체(현실)의 인접성, 즉 3차원 세계라는 배경 안에서 움직일 때 가능한 것인데 애니메이션은 기본적으로 사실주의적 토대를 전제로 하지 않는다는 것이다. 이 논리를 따른다면 애니메이션에서 공포 장르, 혹은 공포의 심미적 체험은 불가능한 것이 된다. 하지만 공포 장르에서 볼 수 있는 가장 강력한 이미지 중 일부가 애니메이션 영역에서 창조되었을 정도로 많은 작가들이 애니메이션의 공포성에 매력을 느껴왔으며 이를 다양한 방식으로 표현해 왔다. 공포란 전통적 가치인 조화, 균형, 질서를 뒤집는 과정이다. 이는 미적 개념만이 아니라 세계를 바라보는 방식도 다르다는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 본 연구는 관객을 무서움과 공포 속으로 몰아넣는 일반적인 장르 개념을 포함하되, ‘괴담(怪談)’, ‘광기(狂氣)’, ‘식인(食人)’ 세 가지 유형을 중심으로 애니메이션에 나타난 공포의 의미를 살펴보고자 한다. 이 과정을 통해 애니메이션의 공포가 단순히 장르로서의 유희적 대상만이 아니라, 우리가 살고 있는 현실의 이면을 섬뜩하지만 냉철한 시선으로 담아내는 공포성의 의미를 고찰할 수 있을 것이라 기대한다. The ‘fear’ in animation has a couple of problems to apply the criteria for identical genre as in movie or literature. First, the mutilation and destruction of one’s body and the appearance of monsters and ghosts are not a normal way of expression and could not apply to one genre. Second, the cause of fear comes from the subject of fear which is a reality that is something ‘unrealistic’ and ‘special’ and is approachable. This is all possible in a three dimensional world, but animation is not founded on realism. According to this logic, the horror genre in animation or the esthetic experience of animation is not possible. However, many of the powerful images you can see from the horror genre are all created from animation. Therefore, many writers are drawn to the horror in animation and tried to express in many different ways. This study will include the general idea of fear which drives the audience to the felling of fear and terror but we will mainly focus on the three types of fear – ghost story, cannibalism, and madness – and discover the meaning of fear used in animation. Through this process, we anticipate that fear in animation is not just for pure amusement, but will be able to investigate the meaning of fear philosophically even if the hidden side of reality is terrifying.

원가족 규칙이 부부갈등에 미치는 영향에 관한 기술연구

조미라(Cho mi ra) 한국복지실천학회 2016 한국복지실천학회지 Vol.7 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 가족규칙과 부부갈등의 이론적 배경과 선행연구에 대하여 알아보고 부부의 원가족 규칙과 부부갈등과는 어떠한 관계가 있고 그 영향력은 어떠한지를 탐색하고자 하는 것이다. 본 연구의 대상은 경기도에 거주하며 교회, 병원, 학원 등 3개 기관을 임의 표집한 후 이들 기관과 관련된 기혼자 50명중 남자 20명, 여자 30명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구도구는 원가족의 가족규칙을 측정하기 위해 이종원(2002)이 제작한 원가족 가족규칙 척도를 수정하여 사용하였다. 생활규칙 1~3번(3문항), 성역할에 관한 규칙 4~6번(3문항), 위계에 관한 규칙7~8번(2문항), 감정 규칙9~10번(2문항)으로 총 10개 문항을 제시하여 주고 나머지 10개 문항은 빈칸으로 직접 기록하도록 개방형질문지 형태로 구성하였다. 또한 자신에게 해당되는 문항과 자신이 느끼는 배우자에게 해당되는 문항을 기록하도록 구성하였다. 자료수집 및 절차를 위해 본 설문은 2011년 4월 24일부터 5월 3일까지 실시하였다. 조사대상자는 기혼자를 대상으로 교회, 병원, 학원 등을 방문하여 실시하였으며, 총 60부의 설문지를 배포하였으나 그 중 53부, 88.3%만이 회수되었고 이 중 무응답이 많거나 조건에 맞지 않는 설문지 3부를 제외하고 50부만을 분석에 사용하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 남편, 부인이 지각하는 원가족의 가족규칙은 생활규칙, 위계규칙, 도덕적 관념에 관련된 규칙에서 높게 지각하는 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 위계가 강하고 예를 중요시하고 가부장적 문화의 한국사회에서 가족규칙을 더 의식해야 하는 역할에서 기인된 것으로 사료된다. 둘째, 원가족의 가족규칙 중 부부간 갈등을 갖게 한 규칙에서 남편들은 생활규칙에서 부인들은 성과 성역할 규칙에서 크게 기인하고 있는 것으로 서로 다르게 나타났으며, 이는 우리나라 가족구조상 권력우위에 있는 남성들의 영향력에 대한 여성으로서의 인식에서 비롯된 것으로 사료된다. 여성은 부부간에 성역할 고정관념에서 탈피한 양성평등적인 시각을 원하고 있음을 시사해 주는 것을 알 수 있다. 셋째, 자신의 삶과 다른 사람에게 지키도록 강요하고 있는 규칙에서 남편들과 부인들 모두 생활규칙영역에서 높게 지각하고 있었으며, 감정규칙영역과 위계규칙영역에서도 영향을 받고 있었음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통하여 원가족의 가족규칙이 부부갈등에 미치는 영향력이 있음을 보여주고 있다. 어린시절 부모가 요구해서 자연스럽게 받아들인 혹은 원하지 않았지만 받아들일 수 밖에 없었던 가족규칙들이 현재 우리 삶속에 여전히 깊이 잔존해 역동하고 있으며, 서로 다른 환경에서 살아온 부부에게는 부정적인 요인으로 작용함을 보여주고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서 보여주고 있는 현재 우리나라의 가족구조와 가족의식에서 지각하고 있는 원가족의 가족규칙의 과도한 영향으로부터 독립적이며 동시에 친밀한 관계를 유지하여 부부간에 갈등을 극복하고 건강한 가정을 이루어 가야할 필요성이 있다는데 본 연구의 의의를 찾을 수 있다고 생각된다. The purpose of this study is to examine theoretical background and preceding re-searches on the rules from the family of origin and marital conflicts, and to explore what relationship there is between the rules from the married couple's families of ori-gin and their conflicts and what the influences are. The subjects of the study reside in Gyeonggi-do Province, and after random sampling of 3 institutions including a church, a hospital, and a private educational academy, 20 males and 30 females among 50 mar-ried people related to these institutions were investigated. The criterion of the family rules from the family of origin which Jong-Won Lee(2002) produced was modified and employed as a tool of the research to measure the family rules from the family of origin. Life rules question number 1~3(3 questions), gender role rules 4~6(3 questions), hierarchy rules 7~8(2 questions), emotion rules 9~10(2 questions), 10 questions in total were given along with 10 open-ended questions for them to write down on their own. Also, the questions were made up of the ones that are relevant to themselves, and the ones that are relevant to how they think of their spouses. As for profiling and procedure, the survey was conducted from April 24th, 2011 to May 3rd, 2011. The subjects were married people and the survey was done in a church, a hospital, and a private educational academy. The total number of the given out ques-tionnaires was 60 but only 53 of them, 88.3%, were given back, and among those, 3 too many non-responses or incorrect questionnaires were excluded, that is only 50 were used for the analysis. The summary of the research is as in the following: First, the family rules from the family of origin that the husband and wife perceive turned out to be highly perceived on the life rules, the hierarchy rules, and the amoral rules. It seems that it is caused by the roles of people being more conscious of family rules in Korean society, which can be marked by the strong family hierarchy, emphasiz-ing courtesy, and the patriarchal culture. Second, among the family rules from the family of origin, the rules that remarkably cause couples come into a conflict were the life rules for the husbands and the gender role rules for the wives. This is considered to be from the women's thought on men's influences who hold dominant positions in Korean families. This shows that women desire equal-gender point of view shedding the stereotype gender roles. Third, as for the rules that they impose him or herself and others, husbands and wives were both being aware of the life rules. That they were also being influenced by the emotion rules and the hierarchy rules could be seen. Through the study, it shows that the family rules from the family of origin do af-fect married couples' conflicts. The family rules that naturally or oppressively absorbed by the parents during the childhood still exist deeply in people's lives and negatively contribute to the couples who have grown up in different environments. Thus, the meanings of this study can be found on the necessity of being independent from the excessive influences from the family rules from the family of origin that Korean family structures and values perceive, overcoming marital conflicts by maintaining an intimate relation, and having a healthy family.

韓ㆍ中[朝鮮族] 〈牽牛織女〉說話와 〈牽牛橋〉說話의 比較 硏究

조미라(Cho Mi-ra) 한국어문교육학회 2008 어문학교육 Vol.36 No.-

The study examined meaning depending on background and outline of Gyeonwoojiknyeo and Gyeonwoogyo, focusing on their texts, and compared the consciousness of transmission group in terms of characteristics of genre, structure and content of the two tales. Gyeonwoojiknyeo tale is closely related with seasonal customs of Korea, which is because the tale has been orally transmitted in agricultural society. Collectively considering the outline and meaning of a representative text Gyeonwoo and Jiknyeo, people were fearful of the heavenly absolute power, which was considered to have a direct effect on agricultural life and expressed their will to overcome disasters caused by such power through tales. With regard to Gyeonwoogyo tale, the study explored the meaning in connection to historical, geographical, and cultural background of Korean-Chinese. After moved to Manchuria, Korean -Chinese promoted consolidation and resistant spirit to survive severe discrimination and exploitation and stirred up national consciousness by means of Mt. Baekdu tale. A crow and a magpie (camakcachi) and baekdusan deer(sasum) in Gyeonwoogyo function to show the consciousness of community that the weak, once united, can do everything how hard it may be. The study compared the consciousness of transmission group and characteristics of genre, structure and content of Gyeonwoojiknyeo tale and Gyeonwoogyo and examined the meaning. According to Basecom’s Folktale Trichotomy, Gyeonwoojiknyeo is a mythical tale because it is developed by heavenly figures in the Galaxy, while Gyeonwoogyo is a legendary tale, as humans lead the story in a specific place, or Cheonji of Mt. Baekdu. Although both tales are developed by different sequential structures, they have in common a ‘parting-hardship-overcoming hardship-reunion’ structure, which implies that wishes of people to overcome hardships and sufferings in reality and lead a happy life are projected in the tales. The study also compared the meaning of content, focusing on characters, events, and backgrounds of these two tales and Woorangjiknyeo. While Gyeonwoo and Jiknyeo in Gyeonwoojiknyeo meet and depart from each other on Ojakgyo Bridge in the Galaxy, Gyeonwoo and Jiknyeo as well as children in Gyeonwoogyo meet and depart at Cheonji of Mt. Baekdu. Uniquely, Gyeonwoogyo uses Baekdusan deer(sasum) to symbolically express unabated vitality and strong will power of Korean-Chinese. Finally, the consciousness of transmission group projected in the two tales was compared. The two tales are rooted in common consciousness such as agriculture-centered idea, view into another world, and influences of Confucianism and Taoism. However, Gyeonwoojiknyeo weighs filial piety and faithfulness, and Gyeonwoogyo delivers notably domestic ethics putting an emphasis on commitment between husband and wife and affection between parents and children as well as the idea that good conduct is surely rewarded. In addition, Gyeonwoogyo appears to be influenced by a Korean national religion Daejonggyo worshiping Mt. Baekdu and emphasizing national consciousness and patriotism. The significance of this paper lies in the fact that it has tackled concretely and collectively previous studies, which discussed the comparison of Korean and Korean-Chinese tales from methodological perspectives only.

충격반향기법의 신뢰성 향상을 위한 탄성파 파동전파 특성의 연구

조미라(Mi-Ra Cho) 한국콘크리트학회 2002 콘크리트학회논문집 Vol.14 No.2

한국 장편 애니메이션의 서사 연구 - 1990년 이후 장편 애니메이션을 중심으로-

조미라 ( Cho Mi-ra ) 한국문화예술교육학회 2011 모드니 예술 Vol.4 No.-

This dissertation is a study on narrative of Korean feature animation. Its goal is to 1. establish animation's narrative aesthetic 2. bring out a progress to narrative through inquiry on narrative's transition of animations made during 1990s. 3. raise the quality of narrative study through narrative analysis based on each work's characteristics. Therefore, the dissertator divided Korean animations into three different genres-folk story, fantasy, and SF-and tried narrative analysis according to the genres. Korean animations have emphasized more on visual amusements and techniques so importance of narrative, most basic thing in creation and determining factor of the work's world view, has been overlooked. The writer pointed that as the biggest problem of Korean feature animations and examined their narrative characteristics as well as what they are needed to improve their narratives. After analyzing the narratives of feature animations according to the genres, the characteristics of the Korean feature animations made since 1990 are as follows. First, the narratives of Korean animations start from animation-like imagination, but their “fantastic” stories differ from the reality. Although another world in animations is the independent world that is free from the rules of the reality it is controlled by the entire narrative flow and works only when it's given a meaning by the narratives. Second, the animations based on folk stories only took the “stories” and didn't really create the new versions. Making animations with folk stories doesn't mean that they have to use the stories exactly the same. To recombine folk stories' each structure and motif have to be done in creative ways. Therefore, the narratives of Korean animations have to evolve from episode arrangement to episode construction because a story and its topic change depend on who tells it and how to tell it. Therefore, a good story doesn't have to be about “victory of good” or educational enlightenment. However, Korean animations' topics have been hero's victory against evil or friendship for the most part since they have targeted children as the main audience. Korean animations will have to learn to present good stories and well-written stories at the same time. Even a good and philosophical story cannot be delivered well if the storytelling was poor. Therefore, Korean feature animations will have to concentrate more on narrative's inner functions, which will, in turn, draw more interests from the audience.

해외건설서적소개

조미라(Cho Mi Ra) 대한토목학회 2008 대한토목학회지 Vol.56 No.8

애니메이션 「마리 이야기」의 성과와 과제

조미라(Mi-Ra Cho),이승하(Seung-ha Yi) 중앙대학교 문화콘텐츠기술연구원 2002 다문화콘텐츠연구 Vol.1 No.-

애니메이션의 변신(變身) 모티프 연구

조미라(Cho Mi-Ra) 한국만화애니메이션학회 2007 만화애니메이션연구 Vol.- No.11

본 논문은 인간이 동물로 흑은 동물이 인간으로 변신한 작품을 중심으로 애니메이션의 변신 모티프에 내재된 사상적 토대는 무엇인지, 그리고 변신 모티프가 서사에 어떤 의미와 기능을 부여하는지를 살펴보았다. 변신 모티프를 중심으로 한 애니메이션 텍스트 분석의 결과 〈브라더 베어〉는 동물로의 변신이 징벌의 개념으로 작용하고 있으며 동물이란 인간이 돌봐야 할 대상, 즉 정복과 극복의 대상으로 보는 인간 중심적 관점이 강하게 작용하고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 반면 〈곰이 되고 싶어요〉는 소년이 곰이 되어가는 과정을 통해 자연(동물)을 정복의 대상이 아니라 대자연의 순리를 겸허한 시선으로 바라봄으로써 삶과 자연, 자연과 인간에 대한 깊은 성찰을, 〈천년여우 여우비〉는 금지된 것에 대한 경계를 넘고자 하는 주체적 존재에 대한 시선을 견지하는 등 각 작품마다 인간과 자연(동물)의 관계를 다양한 관점으로 표현하고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. This paper examined the immanent ideological bases in the transformation motif of animations, focusing on several leading animation works in which a human gets transformed into an animal, or vice versa, and also took a look at what meaning and function this transformation motif adds to their narrative. As a result of analyzing the animation texts centered on the transformation motif, transforming into an animal in 〈Brother Bear〉 is applied as a means for punishment. It shows the notion that the animals need men's care, that is, the anthropocentric point of view that the animals need to be overcome and conquered had a strong influence upon this work. However, in 〈The Boy Who Wanted To Be A Bear〉, a boy realizes that the animals (nature) are not the targets to conquer and learns to appreciate the principle of Mother Nature through the process of becoming a bear. By this description, this work shows deep reflection on nature and human being. Lastly, 〈Yeoubi the Thousand-Year Old Fox〉 shows a desire to overpass the border to forbidden things, and describes the relationship between men and animals (nature) in a variety of perspectives. Furthermore, this study examined how the variety of attitudes toward the transformation targets is formed in each work.

여성 섬유근육통 환자에서 adenosine triphosphate 정맥주사요법이 통증과 피로 개선에 미치는 효과

조미라(Mi-Ra Cho),박진경(Jin-Kyoung Park),조아라(A-Ra Cho),최원준(Won-Jun Choi),이용제(Yong-Jae Lee) 대한기능의학회 2018 Journal of Korean Institute for Functional Medicin Vol.1 No.1

배경: 섬유근육통은 전신의 근골격계 통증과 다양한 신체적, 정신적 복합 증상을 동반하는 만성 질환이다. 섬유근육통은 발병 원인이 뚜렷하지 않고, 임상적으로 만성적인 경과를 거치므로 근치적 치료보다는 대증적 치료가 주를 이루고 있다. 이 연구에서는 섬유근육통 환자에서 아데노 신삼인산(adenosine triphosphate, ATP) 정맥 투여 전 후를 비교하여 ATP 정맥주사요법이 섬유근육통 환자에서 통 증과 피로 개선에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 한다. 방법: 2017년 6월 1일부터 2017년 7월 30일까지 연구가 수행되는 동안 강남세브란스병원의 가정의학과에 내원하여 섬유근육통이 진단되고 연구 참여에 동의한 19세 이상 65세 미만의 여성 환자 24명을 대상으로 매주 1회씩, 총 2회의 ATP 정맥주사요법을 시행하였다. 정맥주사요법 시행 전과 1회, 2회 시행 후 통증 및 피로도 개선 여부는 ATP 정맥주사요법 전후의 숫자통증강도척도(numeric pain intensity scale, NPS), 섬유근육통영향척도(fibromyalgia impact questionnaire, FIQ), 전신통증지수(widespread pain index, WPI), 증상중증도척도(symptom severity scale, SS), 피로감중증도점수(fatigue severity score, FSS)를 반복측정분산분석으로 분석하였다. 결과: 연구 참가자의 평균 연령은 49.29세였다. 중도 탈락자는 없었으며, 24명을 최종 대상으로 결과를 분석하였다. 5개의 통증 및 피로도 척도 중에서 전신통증지수(WPI)를 제외한 숫자통증강도척도(NPS), 섬유근육통영향척도(FIQ), 증상중증도(SS), 피로감중증도점수(FSS) 4개 항목의 점수가 감소하였다. 특히, 통증, 수면장애, 기분, 삶의 질을 포괄하는 섬유근육통영향척도(FIQ)는 63.08±15.03에서 47.92±17.84로 호전되었다(P=0.004). 결론: 섬유근육통 여성 환자에게 ATP 정맥주사를 투여 후 통증 및 피로도 척도가 호전되었다. Background: Fibromyalgia is characterized by chronic, widespread, musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, psychiatric symptoms and multiple somatic symptoms. Treatments for fibromyalgia include various pharmacological and non-pharmacologic therapies to minimize symptoms and improving general health. This study aimed to investigate the effect of intravenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) injection on pain and fatigue in female patients with fibromyalgia. Methods: This study included 24 females who visited the department of family medicine at Gangnam Severance Hospital in Seoul, Korea from June 1, 2017 to July 30, 2017. The participants received ATP injection twice a week apart and they conducted questionnaire survey concerning the severity of pain and fatigue scores such as numeric pain intensity scale (NPS), fibromyalgia impact questionnaire (FIQ), widespread pain index (WPI), symptom severity scale (SS), fatigue severity score (FSS) at the initial (0 week), 1st (1 week), and final (2 weeks) visits. The changes of five symptom scores were compared with repeated measures analysis of variance test. Results: The average age of patients was 49.29±8.52 years. Compared with the symptom scores before ATP injection, most of the pain and fatigue scores except WPI were significantly decreased after ATP injection (All P-values<0.05). In particular, FIQ, which is a comprehensive questionnaire to assess pain, sleep disturbance, mood and quality of life of fibromyalgia, was remarkably decreased from 63.08±15.03 to 47.92±17.84 (P=0.004). Conclusion: Our results suggest that ATP injection may be helpful to improve the severity of pain and fatigue scores pain in female patients with fibromyalgia.

원주형 공시체의 전단탄성계수 측정을 위한 OSR 기법의 이론적 고찰

조미라(Cho Mi-Ra),조성호(Joh Sung-Ho),강태호(Kang Tae-Ho) 대한토목학회 2007 대한토목학회 학술대회 Vol.2007 No.10