자연어 음성인식 기술을 이용한 음성 대화 서비스 개발동향

정호영,송화전,강병옥,정의석,정훈,오유리,권오욱,이기영,이윤근,Jung, H.Y.,Song, H.J.,Kang, B.O.,Chung, E.S.,Chung, H.,Oh, Y.R.,Kwon, O.W.,Lee, K.Y.,Lee, Y.K. 한국전자통신연구원 2011 전자통신동향분석 Vol.26 No.5

모바일 혁명과 빅데이터(big data) 시대에 접어들면서 사용자 중심의 자연스러운 인터페이스와 정보검색에 대한 요구가 늘어가고 있다. 모바일 환경에서의 쉽고 자연스러운 검색을 위해 음성인식 기술을 이용한 음성검색 서비스가 대세를 이루고 있으며 대화형 검색 서비스로 발전하게 될 것이다. 음성 대화 서비스의 주요 응용 분야인 음성검색 및 외국어 교육 서비스에서의 자연어 음성인식 기술 역할 및 사용자 경험을 바탕으로 하는 선순환 구조의 인식 성능 개선에 대해 소개한다. 또한 두 응용분야에서의 국내외 개발동향을 소개하고 실제 개발 사례를 통해 무제한급 자연어 음성인식 기술에 기반한 음성 대화 서비스의 가능성을 살펴본다.

육우의 유전적 표식로서 유단백질의 다형현상에 관한 연구

정의용(E . R . Chung),류충현(C . H . Yu),정호영(H . Y . Chung),김지은(J . E . Kim),전기준(K . J . Chun),한상기(S . K . Han),신유철(Y . C . Shin) 한국축산학회 1993 한국축산학회지 Vol.35 No.3

Milk protein polymorphisms of as,-casein (αS₁-CN), β-casein (β-CN), κ-casein (κ-CN) and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) loci as genetic markers for three imported beef cattle breeds (86 Angus, 92 Hereford and 32 Charolais) in Korea were analyzed by electrophoresis. On the basis of the marker genotype and gene frequencies at these polymorphic loci, the genetic structure of each breed population was analyzed, and the genetic variability within population was quantified, then the genetic relationships among breeds were determined. As for the marker gene and genotypes of each milk protein polymorphic locus, three genotypes, BB, BC and CC, controlled by two alleles (αS₁-CN^B and αS₁-CN^C) at αS₁-CN locus, tcn genotypes, A¹A¹, A¹A², A²A², A¹B, A²B, BB, A¹C, A²C. BC and CC, controlled by four alleles (β-CN^(A1), β-CN^(A2), β-CN^B and β-CN^C at β-CN locus, three genotypes. AA, AB and BB, controlled by two alleles (κ-CN^A and κ-CN^B) at κ-CN locus and three genotypes. AA, AB and BB. controlled by two alleles (β-LG^A and β-LG^B) at β-LG locus were identified among breeds. For the αS₁-CN locus the BB was the most common type (over 80%) in all three breeds. In the β-CN locus the prevalent genotypes were A²A²(65.8%) for Angus, A¹A²(35.6%) and A¹A¹(32.2%) for Hereford and A²A²(19. 3%), A¹B(19.3%), A²B(16.1%) and A²C(12.9%) for Charolais. At the κ-CN locus the highest frequency of the AA genotype(61.7 and 78.0% resp.) was observed in Angus and Hereford, whereas the BB genotype was extremely low. However, in Charolais the AB(38.7%) and BB(38.7%) genotypes were much more frequent than the AA genotype(22.6%). The most frequent genotypes at the β-LG locus were BB(63.9%) in Angus, AB(38.3%) and BB(35.1%) in Hereford and AA(50.0%) in Charolais. The most common casein(αS₁-, β- and κ-CN) genotype combinations(haplotype) in Angus, Hereford and Charolais were BB A²A² AA(33.0%), BB A¹A² AA (29.1%) and BB BA¹ AA(16.1%), respectively. In all breeds the frequency of the αS₁-CN^B gene ranging from 0.891 to 0.967 was overwhelmingly higher than that of the αS₁-CN^C gene. The highest gene frequency of β-CN locus was β-CN^(A2)(0.766) in Angus, β-CN^(A1)(0.511) in Hereford and β-CN^(A2)(0.371) and β-CN^B(0.306) in Charolais. Of the two genes in κ-CN locus the κ-CN^A gene(0.759 and 0.879 resp.) dominated in Angus and Hereford, while the κ-CN^B gene(0.581) was the most common in Charolais. In the β-LG locus the β-LG^B (0.797) and β-LG^A(0.641) genes were predominant in Angus and Charolais, respectively, whereas Hereford had an approximately equal distribution of β-LG^A(0.475) and β-LG^B(0.543). Significant differences between breeds were found at the gene frequencies of the β-CN, κ-CN and β-LG loci except for αS₁-CN locus. From the comparison of the data by measuring the average heterozygosity, effective numbers of alleles and gene homogeneity, the genetic variability within breed population was greatest for the Charolais, followed by the Hereford and Angus. In comparison of genetic identity, genetic distance and dendrogram calculated from the marker gene frequencies of milk protein polymorphic loci, the most close relationship was obtained between the Angus and Hereford and the lowest genetic similarity was obtained between the Angus and Charolais. And the Korean native cattle had close relationship with the Angus.

육우의 유전적 표식로서 생화학적 유전형질의 다형현상에 관한 연구 1 . 혈액단백질 및 효소의 유전적 다형현상

정의용(E . R . Chung),정호영(H . Y . Chung),김지은(J . E . Kim),전기준(K . J . Chun),류충현(C . H . Yu),한상기(S . K . Han),신유철(Y . C . Shin) 한국축산학회 1993 한국축산학회지 Vol.35 No.1

Biochemical polymorphic loci of blood protein and enzymes, albumin(Al), trans ferrin(Tf), hemoglobin(Hb), amylase-1(Am-1), carbonic anhydrase(CA) and ceruloplasmin(Cp), as genetic markers for three imported beef cattle breeds (131 Angus, 130 Hereford and 56 Charolais) in Korea were analyzed by using starch gel electrophoresis. The genotype distributions and gene frequencies from the phenotypes were estimated at these loci for each breed. At the A1 locus, gene frequencies of Al^A and Al^B were 1.00 and 0.00 for Angus, 0.99 and 0.11 for Hereford and 0.96 and 0.04 for Charolais, respectively. Gene frequencies of Tf^A, Tf^D1 , Tf^D2 and Tf^E in Tf^E locus were 0.485, 0.111, 0.216 and 0.278 for Angus, 0.422, 0.355, 0.215 and 0.008 for Hereford and 0.232, 0.527, 0.233 and 0.018 for Charolais, respectively. Gene frequencies of Hb^A and Hb^B in Hb locus were estimated to be 1.00 and 0.00 for Angus and Hereford, and 0.837 and 0.163 for Charolais, respectively. Gene frequencies of Am^A, Am^B and Am^C in Am locus were estimated to be 0.035, 0.328 and 0.637 in Angus, 0.070, 0.440 and 0.490 in Hereford and 0.540, 0.491 and 0.455 in Charolais, respectively. In CA locus, the frequencies of gene CAF and CAS were found to be 0.103 and 0.897 for Angus, 0.165 and 0.835 for Hereford and 0.577 and 0.423 for Charolais, respectively. Gene frequencies of Cp^F and Cp^S in Cp locus were 0.637 and 0.363 in Angus, 0.640 and 0.160 in Hereford and 0.938 and 0.062 in Charolais, respectively. In comparing the gene frequencies of each locus among three breeds, significant differencies in the gene frequencies between Angus and Charolais were found in all loci examined. Also, significant differencies in the gene frequencies of the Tf, Am, CA and Cp loci except for Al and Hb loci were recognized between Angus and Hereford and between Hereford and Charolais, respectively. Consequently, it was found that there were marked differences in the genetic constitution between beef cattle breeds.

육우의 유전적 표식로서 생화학적 유전형질의 다형현상에 관한 연구 2 . 품종간 유전적 변이성 및 유연관계 (類緣關係)

정의용(E . R . Chung),정호영(H . Y . Chung),김지은(J . E . Kim),전기준(K . J . Chun),류충현(C . H . Yu),한상기(S . K . Han),신유철(Y . C . Shin) 한국축산학회 1993 한국축산학회지 Vol.35 No.1

By using gene frequency data on the six biochemical polymorphic loci(Hb, Al, Tf, Am, CA and Cp) of blood protein and enzymes of three imported beef cattle breeds(Angus, Hereford and Charolais) raised in Korea, the genetic variability within breeds was quantified by the expected average heterozygosity, effective number of alleles and gene homogeneity index. The phylogenetic relationships among three breeds were estimated by the genetic distance. In addition, the efficacy of the genetic marker in solving problems of questionable parentage and in identifying individuals was investigated. From comparision of genetic variability between breeds, it was observed that Charolais showed somewhat higher than the other two breeds. The genetic variability of Angus was similar to that of Hereford. In comparision of genetic identity and standard genetic distance among three breeds, the most close relationship was observed between Angus and Hereford and the lowest genetic similarity was recognized between Angus and Charolais. The combined probability of excluding wrong parentage by the six blood marker loci in the three breeds was estimated to be 61-68%. The probability of distinguishing individuals over all the 6 loci was estimated to be 97.6-98.4%. Accordingly, it was proved that parentage control could be carried out practically by using the six polymorphic loci and these loci were considerably useful as genetic markers for application to the pedigree registry of beef cattle breeds.

절제 가능한 진행위암에서 수술 후 조기 복강 내 화학요법의 예후인자로서의 가치

유완식,정호영,Yu Wansik,Chung Ho Young,Sugarbaker Paul H. 대한위암학회 2001 대한위암학회지 Vol.1 No.4

Purpose: There are variants of gastric cancer assoclated with predominantly peritoneal spread of with haematogenous metastases. Perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery is considered as a rational therapeutic modality to prevent peritoneal spread. We evaluated the influence of early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy on the prognosis of resectable advanced gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: From 1990 to 1995, 246 patients with biopsy proven advanced gastric cancer were enrolled in the study. Among them 123 patients received early postoperative intraperitoneal mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil. The survival rate was calculated using by the Kaplan-Meier method and was compared using the log-rank test according to 13 clinico-pathologic factors. Multivariate analysis was performed with the Coxproportional hazards model. Results: Gastric resection plusearly postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy showed an improved survival rate as compared to surgery alone ($54.1\%\;versus\;40.3\%;$ P=0.0325). Depth of tumor invasion, degree of regional lymph vode metastasis, distant metastasis, tumor size, tumor location, extent of gastric resection, and curability of surgery significantly influenced survival. When a multivariate analysis was performed, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy, curability of surgery, and extent of gastric resection emerged as the statistically significant and independent prognostic factors. Conlusion: Early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy is one of the independent prognostic indicators of resectable advanced gastric cancer.

연집 오류 채널에 효율적인 CPM 적응복호 방식

정종문(J. M. Chung),김대중(D. J. Kim),정호영(H. Y. Jung),홍대식(D. S. Hong),강창언(C. E. Kang) 한국통신학회 1993 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.1993 No.11

생화학적 다형 표지를 이용한 한국재래닭의 유전적 특성에 관한 연구

정의룡(E . R . Chung),한상기(S . K . Han),김지은(J . E . Kim),정호영(H . Y . Chung),이승배(S . B . Lee),임태진(T . J . Rhim) 한국축산학회 1994 한국축산학회지 Vol.36 No.6