ATM ABR의 공평성들을 위한 새로운 스케쥴링 알고리즘

정경택,박준성,박현,전병실,Chung, Kyung-Taek,Park, Jun-Seong,Park, Hyun,Chon, Byoung-Sil 대한전자공학회 2002 電子工學會論文誌-TC (Telecommunications) Vol.39 No.4

The WRR scheduling algorithm is widely used in ATM networks due to its simplicity and the low cost of hardware implementation. It guarantees minimum cell rate according to the weight of each queue. The fairness is a important factor for ABR service. That is, scheduling algorithm allocates network resources fairly to each VC. However, WRR algorithm shows worse performance on bursty traffic. Because it schedules input traffics according to predetermined weight, it can not satisfies fairness criteria, MCR plus equal share and Maximum of MCR or Max-Min share, defined by ATM Forum TM 4.1 specification. The Nabeshima et al algorithm is not adapt to network status rapidly because it is not compensate the weights of unused bandwidth to VCs and assign the unused bandwidth to VCs by RR method. In this paper, we propose a scheduling algorithm for satisfying the two fairness criteria, MCR plus equal share and Maximum of MCR or Max-Min share, among the six criteria defined by ATM Forum TM 4.1 specification. The WRR, Nabeshima et al, and the proposed scheduling algorithms are compared with respect to fairness and convergence time throughout experimental simulation. According to the simulation results, the proposed algorithm shows higher fairness and more rapid convergence than other algorithms. WRR 스케줄링 알고리즘은 계산의 단순성과 저 비용 구현의 장점을 가지고 있어서 고속 패킷 스위칭 네트워크에서 널리 쓰이고 있지만 버스티한 트래픽에 대해서는 입력 트래픽을 일정 비율로 스케쥴링하기 때문에 효율성이 낮다는 문제점이 있다. 또한, WRR 알고리즘은 ABR 서비스 클래스의 공정성 기준인 MCR plus equal share와 Maximum of MCR or Max-Min share 공평성을 만족시키지 못한다. 또한 Nabeshima et al의 기법은 여분 대역에 대한 weight 값을 보정하지 않고 RR 방식으로 각 VC에 할당을 해주기 때문에 네트워크의 변화에 신속하게 적응하지 못할 뿐 만 아니라 대역폭을 효율적으로 이용하지 못한다. 따라서 ABR 서비스를 위한 공평성 기준을 만족시키고 빠르게 적응할 수 있는 스케줄링 알고리즘이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 ABR 서비스를 위한 6가지 공평성 기준들 중 MCR plus equal share와 Maximum of MCR or Max-Min share 두 기준을 만족시키는 스케줄링 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안된 알고리즘이 공평성 기준을 만족시키고, 네트워크 자원을 각 ABR VC들에게 신속하고 공평하게 할당해 주는지를 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통하여 WRR, Nabeshima et al 알고리즘들과 비교, 분석한다.

카라차이-체르케스 공화국의 민족-언어상황 연구

정경택 ( Chung Kyung Taek ) 한국외국어대학교 러시아연구소 2021 슬라브연구 Vol.37 No.3

The Karachay-Cherkess Republic of North Caucasus is a republic of indigenous ethnic groups, Turkic Karachay and Adyghe Cherkess. Although the two ethnic groups are indigenous, the number of Karachay is about 40%, which is less than half, and the Cherkess is only 12%, the population of the these two ethnic groups is only over half of the total population. In addition, Russians make up 30%, but Nogay and Abazins, who belong to ethnic groups such as Karachay and Cherkess, account for 3% and 7%, respectively. The three ethnic groups are forming a republic. The Adyghe Cherkess of Karachai-Cherkessia is an indigenous ethnic group, but it is a minority, and it is the most disadvantageous situation to preserve and develop the tradition and language of the Adyghe people, compared to the Kabardino-Balkaria. Moreover, like all the ethinc republics of the Russian Federation, the language of so-called “Titular nation”(Титульная нация) is the state language of the republic, but the status of Russian, the state language of the Federation, is solid and the use area is continuously expanding. In addition to these three languages, Russian language will also be stronger because Abazain and Nogay languages have state language of republic. The division of the Adyghe people due to the establishment of artificial ethnic-territorial boundaries in the Soviet period, the appearance of different ethnic names, the coexistence of several ethnic groups with different origins and languages in one republic, and the still superiority of Russian are common phenomenon in the North Caucasian national republics. In the previous study, I researched the differences between the two indigenous republics, Adygea and Kavardino-Balkariya and in this study, I studied that the Soviet Union formed an artificial ethnic names and Karachay people is Titular nation and that the users of Abazin and Nogay languages were also minorities, but they are the people who make up the republic. Karachay, Cherkess, Avazain, Nogay, and Russians show distictive features in their densely populated residences and use their mother tongue in their homes, but young people speak Russian through education and media and in the city, they are bilingual speakers who speak Russian as lingua franca in communication with other minorities, which is found to be in common with the North Caucasus, furthermore, all ethnic republics in the Russian Federation. In addition, the Russian government’s strengthening of Russian language status and expansion of use, and the strengthening of Karachai’s nationalism and the expansion of the Turkic group are in danger of extinction of Cherkess language faster than other Adyghe ethnic republics. But even Karachay language will be later, but it will not be able to escape the Russianization of ethnic-language. Finally, the study the ethnic-language of the Karachai-Cherkessia should be conducted in addition to the two indigenous peoples, as well as the study of the language of Avazin and Nogay.

카자흐스탄에서의 러시아어의 지위 변화

정경택(Chung Kyung Taek) 한국노어노문학회 2003 노어노문학 Vol.15 No.2

리투아니아의 언어 관련법과 러시아어의 상황

정경택 ( Kyung Taek Chung ) 한국외국어대학교 러시아연구소 2014 슬라브연구 Vol.30 No.2

This paper aims to analyze the language policy and Russian language in Lithuania. Lithuania is located in Baltic region like Latvia and Estonia. These Baltic Statesgained independence of nation after 1st World War and were building ethnocentricnation. But in 1940 USSR occupied and absorbed 3 states. From this momentthe Balitic States had been ruled by Moscow controlled, but in the late 1980swith Gorbachev``s Perestroika and Glasnost`` 3 Baltic states gained some autonomy,they made law on languages or states language. Especially the Constitution and Law on Minorities of Lithuania stipulate articlesthat respect and support development of languages and culture of all minoritieswho live in the country. And with independence from Soviet Union, Lithuaniangovernment granted all residences to preserve regardless of the nationalities. But after that time Lithuanian Government continues make laws that attachgreater importance to Lithuanian identity and language than to other minorities. Depending on the situation at home and abroad Government can use articles andprovisions advantageous to itself. The population of Russian native speakers and Russophone minorities inLithuania is much fewer than other 2 Baltic states. It lead to flexible implementof policies on minorities, including Russians and Russian language. Now there occur assimilation of Russians to Lithuanian, also Russian languagehas reduced using sphere. And eventually Russian language may disappear inLithuania. But depending on efforts of Russians and Russophones, supports of RussianFederation and International Organization Russian language may maintain as oneof the most important foreign languages in Lithuania.

히트파이프형 이중진공관 태양열집열기의 배열 방식에 따른 열특성의 실험적 연구

정경택(Chung Kyung-Taek),김병기(Kim Byoung-Gi),장환영(Jang Hwan-Young),서정세(Suh Jeong-Se) 한국태양에너지학회 2006 한국태양에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.- No.-

The thermal performance of solar systems for hot water service usually depends on the solar collectors. Evacuated tube solar collector with heat pipe has been developed to improve the thermal efficiency of solar energy collector. In solar energy system, collector modules should be arranged in series and/or parallel pattern. The experiment is carried out to investigate the thermal performance for the module of solar collector in series and parallel, respectively. The results from this study will be presented as the basic data for the arranging pattern of many solar collectors.

러시아연방과 자치공화국에서의 러시아 어의 위상

정경택(Chung, Kyung Taek) 고려대학교 러시아 CIS연구소 2011 Acta Russiana Vol.3 No.-

Эта статья посвящена статусу русского языка в РФ и Республике Татарстан, которая одна из 21 субъектов(=республик) в стране. Русский язык как единственный и государственный в РФ и 21 субъеках в территории РФ утверждён в Конституции РФ и в Законе “О языках народов Российской Федерации” Но в этой Конституции написаны следующие: Республики вправе устанавливать свои государственные языки. В органах государственной власти, органах местного самоуправления, государственных учреждениях республик они употребляются наряду с государственным языком Российской Федерации. И Российская Федерация гарантирует всем её народам право на сохранение родного языка, создание условий для его изучения и развития. И в законе “о языках народов Российской Федерации”содержано одно и то же. Кроме Конституции РФ и закона “О языках народов Российской Федерации”у каждой республики свои республикансая конституция и закон о государственном языке. Например, у Республики Татарстан тоже своя конституция и в этой утверждается, что татарский язык является государственный язык наряду с русским языком. И в договоре “о разграничении предметов ведения и полномочий между органами государственной власти Российской Федерации и органами государственной власти Республики Татарстан 2007 года”написано следующее содержание: Государственными языками в Республике Татарстан являются русский и татарский языки, статус и порядок использования которых определяются Конституцией Российской Федерации, Конституцией Республики Татарстан, федеральным законом и законом Республики Татарстан. Но такие утверждения ещё не реализируются в Татарстане, потому что многие русские живут в этой республике и они не довольны политикой распространения правительства республики, хотя бы русские признают татарский язык государственным языком республики. А Татары считают, татарский язык как государсьвенный является символом возрождения татарской народной сущности. Эта сложная ситуация, которая исходится из двух государственных языка в республике, не будет изменяться.

카자흐스탄의 지명 변화를 둘러싼 문제 연구

정경택(Chung, Kyung Taek) 동북아시아문화학회 2014 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.41

Kazakhstan has implemented a change of Russian place names (toponyms) into Kazah after its independence in 1991. At that time, a large number of Russian speakers expressed their concerns and criticism, but Kazakh government adopted a law (Zakon "Ob adminictrativnoterritorial"nom ustrojstve Respubliki Kazakhstan 1993) to justify replacing places of residence of the administrative areas. Thus from 1991 to 2005, 12 cities, 53 provinces(rajon), 7 city boroughs(rajon v gorode), 43 train stations, and 957 residences have been renamed, and also other 890 different physical-geographical objects and public names have been changed or created. Until now Kazakh nationalist-patriots argue that Kazakh names are placed on a restricted status when they still see the presence of Russian place names. For example, Petropavlovsk, Pavlodar, Semipalatinsk, and Ust"-Kamenogorsk survived during the massive renaming process in the 1990s. These cities are the symbol of the colonial period of the Soviet dictatorship to Kazakh people. The renaming policy temporarily ceased because the government was afraid of severe resistance and migration outflow of Russians in Kazakhstan. However, after the deadline for the moratorium of rename, Kazakhstan Parliament raised the issue of renaming Petropavlovsk, in order to reduce the use of Russian language and to exclude the Russian speakers. Although the majority of the Russian population in Petropavlovsk and some state legislators and city council (городский совет) opposed the renaming, but if a special law in which the opinions of inhabitants do not need be reflected in the renaming process, is adopted, the process will be inevitable. Now the status of Russian language in Kazakhstan is extremely complex. The concept of Kazakhization(Казахизация) has been publicized throughout the society. Furthermore, the claim of changing their writing system from Cyrillic to Latin came to the fore and thus it is more likely to be forced to comply with Kazakh language norms.

카바르디노-발카르공화국의 카바르다인의 민족-언어상황 연구

정경택 ( Chung Kyung Taek ) 한국외국어대학교 러시아연구소 2020 슬라브연구 Vol.36 No.4

The Kabardino-Balkar Republic of North Caucasus is a republic of indigenous ethnic groups, Kabardians and Balkars. Although the two ethnic groups are indigenous, the number of Kavardians exceeds half, and the Adyghe people show the best preservation of the identity and language of the Adyghe people among the indigenous leading peoples, the Republic of Adygea and the Karachai-Cherkessia. However, like all title nation republics of the Russian Federation, the language of indigenous peoples is the State language of the Republic, but the status of Russian, the State language of the Federation, is solid and the use area is continuously expanding. The division of the Adyghe people due to the artificial boundary setting at the time of the Soviet Union, the birth of different national names, the coexistence of ethnic and language in different nations and a republic, and the overwhelming dominance of Russian is a general phenomenon in the North Caucasus region. In this study, I have found that the national-language situation of Kabarda-Balkaria, which is different from Adygea, is unique to the Republic, which was shown through the process of artificial naming and republic formation during the Soviet Union. Most of the Kabardians live in the provinces and are single-language users of Kabardian, but young people are bilingual users who speak Russian as lingua franca in communication with other minorities through education and media and in cities. Also, it was found that the Russianization of ethnic-language will not be as fast as Adgeya due to the establishment of Russian status and the strengthening of the expansion policy of use by the Russian federal government in the future, but also in Kabarda-Balkaria. Finally, the study of ethnic-language in Kabarda-Balkaria must be done by the study of Balkars, another indigenous ethnic group, because they are in the same ethnic-language situation as the Karachai people of neighboring Karachai-Cherkessia, such as Kabardian, Adygea and Cherkess.

캅카스 지역의 압하스어 상황 연구

정경택 ( Kyung Taek Chung ) 한국외국어대학교 러시아연구소 2017 슬라브연구 Vol.33 No.1

Georgia established a goal of building a mono-ethnic nation, becoming a sovereign country through the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. However, the establishment and implementation of the goal made it difficult for this multinational state to deal with domestic and foreign situations. In particular, Abkhazia (an autonomous republic at the time of the independence of Georgia) and South Ossetia (an autonomous province) led armed resistance against the Georgian declaration of independence and development of Georgian language programs. Both Abkhazia and South Ossetia were recognized as de-facto autonomous states thereafter. Abkhaz is the state language in Abkhazia, but Russian is the most extensively used language and lingua franca which functions for communication between ethnic groups in the multinational country. Abkhaz is an official state language stipulated in the Constitution of Abkhazia in 1994, even though its current status is in serious danger. Although there exist Abkhazian kindergartens, schools, lectures in universities, and media outlets, Russian is the most commonly spoken language due to their pro-Russian attitudes as well as underpopulation. The influence of Russian in Abkhazia is enormous and dominant in the streets and markets. And Russian is the language of the bureaucrats, administrations, parliament, schools, business, and in many cases Abkhazian urban families. The bilingualism of Abkhaz and Russian would be ideal, but it is clear that Abkhazia is steadily moving toward a society where Russian is mainly spoken. In other words, if the Abkhazian government does not take a decisive and appropriate position for Abkhaz, the language must be endangered after several generations. The Abkhazians did not have an independent status in Georgia during the Russian Empire and Soviet era. In addition, they underwent the process of assimilation into Georgia. The status of Abkhaz also declined and its use also decreased. Although Abkhazia achieved the independence from Georgia, it needs to be dependent on Russian Federation due to geopolitical factors. This study shows that Abkhazia is devoid of the great influence of Georgian people and language, but it is entirely under the influence of Russian people and language.

캅카스 3개국 언어정책과 러시아어 상황 연구

정경택 ( Kyung Taek Chung ) 한국외국어대학교 러시아연구소 2016 슬라브연구 Vol.32 No.2

The three Caucasian countries, Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan, develop their own language policies for the sake of their titular languages, even though they established them in common such as indigenization of the titular languages and prohibition of using Russian language. The differences in the language policies of the three Caucasian countries can be found based on various ethnic, linguistic, geopolitical reasons. Armenia established strong de-Russification policies from the beginning of its independence, applying the ideology of an ethnically homogeneous country, because Armenia was the least populous state of Russian people among the Post-Soviet countries. However, they started enforcing a pro-Russian policy after the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, and thus Russian language has been taught obligatorily in Armenian schools since 1999. On the other hand, Azerbaijan becomes gradually de-Russified as opposed to their flexible stance toward Russian language in the early 1990s. It is caused by their pro-Western policies resisting the pro-Armenian attitudes of the Russian government after the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Furthermore, Latinization was introduced for the first time among the post-Soviet countries and the language rights of ethnic Russians were highly infringed. Finally, Georgia established a monolingual policy against ethnic minorities. Abkhazian and Ossetian minorities who are bilingual in Russian and their ethnic language expressed their complaints against the ethnic and language policies of the Georgian government. In 2008, Abkhazia and South Ossetia became recognized as independent nations, and Russian remains as their de-facto official language. The Caucasus region is a unique area in that it contains three language families and more than 40 language communities. The influx of Russians during the Soviet Union was not massive, but Russian language kept its status as a stable medium of communication. The difference in the language policies of the three countries are directly attributable to those linguistic and geopolitical reasons.