Dimethoate의 뿔가위벌(Osmia pedicornis) 급성 접촉 및 섭식독성평가

전경미(Kyongmi Chon),김주영(Juyeong Kim),김보선(Bo-Seon Kim),윤창영(Chang-Young Yoon),오진아(Jin-A Oh),박홍현(Hong-Hyun Park),윤형주(Hyung-Joo Yoon) 한국농약과학회 2021 농약과학회지 Vol.25 No.4

Honeybee (Apis mellifera) has been used as a protective surrogate in the regulatory risk assessment processes. Recently, EFSA proposed the inclusion of two additional surrogate species (Bombus spp., Osmia spp.) into EU pesticide risk assessment due to the global decline of pollinator populations and bee sensitivity difference. We investigated the acute contact and oral toxicity of dimethoate towards the male Osmia pedicornis based on the test guideline developed by the International Commission of Plant-Pollinator Relationships (ICP-PR) non-Apis group. The following dimethoate doses were used to determine the LD<SUB>50</SUB> for the acute contact toxicity test: 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 μg a.i./bee. Thirty newly emerged male bees per treatment groups were selected for the test and each bee was applied with 2 μL treatment solution on the dorsal side of the thorax. The acute contact toxicity of dimethoate 48 h and 96 h LD<SUB>50</SUB> for male Osmia pedicornis were 0.186 and 0.093 μg a.i./bee, respectively. Five dimethoate doses (0.017, 0.05, 0.15, 0.45, 1.35 μg a.i./bee) were used to determine the LD<SUB>50</SUB> for the acute oral toxicity test. Thirty replicates per treatment were used and each bee was housed individually and provided with 20 μL of aqueous 50% sucrose solution containing the test chemical. The acute oral toxicity of dimethoate 48 h and 96 h LD<SUB>50</SUB> for male Osmia pedicornis were 0.119 and 0.104 μg a.i./bee, respectively. In the near future, this test method could be used to assess the effect of various pesticides including neonicotinoids on Osmia species.

국내 꿀벌 반야외시험법 유효성 검증을 위한 무처리군 및 양성대조군 주요 데이터 분석

전경미(Kyongmi Chon),김주영(Juyeong Kim),김보선(Bo-Seon Kim),이환(Hwan Lee),박홍현(Hong-Hyun Park),오진아(Jin-A Oh),김광수(Kwang-Soo Kim),최용수(Yong-Soo Choi) 한국농약과학회 2021 농약과학회지 Vol.25 No.2

Honeybee semi-field tests were carried out to assess the effect of pesticides from 2016 to 2020 in Korea. The experiments included three treatment groups (control, toxic reference (diflubenzuron or dimethoate), and test chemicals), each with three replicate tunnels. The dimethoate emulsifiable concentrate (EC) 46% (400 g, 600 g dimethoate a.i./ha) and diflubenzuron wettable powder (WP) 25% (600 g, 800 g diflubenzuron a.i./ha) were used as reference chemicals. The mortality of honey bees, flight activity, brood termination rate (BTR), brood index (BI), and compensation index (CI) from 5 year experiments were analyzed for this study. The dimethoate treatment group had a significant impact on the mortality of honeybees and flight activity compared to the control groups, but there were no significant differences in honey bee mortality and foraging activity between the control and the diflubenzuron group, as it is not acutely toxic to adult bees. The mean BTR values ranged from 20.5 to 47.3% in the control groups from 2016 to 2020. The toxic reference treatment with dimethoate or diflubenzuron led to a drastic reduction in the brood development, resulting in mean BTRs ranging from 68.0 to 100.0%. These two chemicals could be appropriate as toxic reference compounds, depending on the study aims, for semi-field tests in Korea. According to the results of the five-year test, it is assumed that BTR ≤ 40% for controls and BTR ≥ 70% for the reference groups could be the appropriate test validity standards. Since the number of available domestic studies (15 repetitions) were very low, and have been conducted only in one place, it is necessary to accumulate more data sets to present reasonable test validity standards by conducting a ring test of semi-field test with other domestic institutions in the near future.

꿀벌 반야외시험법을 활용한 carbaryl 수화제 독성평가

전경미(Kyongmi Chon),김보선(Bo-sun Kim),이환(Hwan Lee),박경훈(Kyung-Hun Park),백민경(Min Kyoung Paik),최용수(Yong-Soo Choi),문병철(Byeong-Cheol Moon) 한국농약과학회 2018 농약과학회지 Vol.22 No.2

Honeybee semi-field tests were carried out to assess the effect of carbaryl wettable powder (WP) 50% from April to May, 2017. The experiment included three treatment groups (control, toxic reference (diflubenzuron WP), and carbaryl WP), each with three replicate tunnels. Mortality, flight activity, brood development, and condition of colonies were assessed during the testing period (28 days). Sever adverse effects of carbaryl WP were detected in the terms of the mortality and flight activity from the days of application to three following days but were observed lasting no more than 4 days. Brood termination rates (BTR) for marked eggs were 29.3%, 77.3%, and 68.8% in the control, toxic reference and carbaryl WP groups, respectively. Even though clear adverse effects on the brood development were observed, no adverse effects on the overall survival of the colonies could be observed in the carbaryl WP treatment.

송사리, 잉어 및 미꾸리에 대한 벼재배용 농약 4종의 혼합독성 평가

전경미(Kyongmi Chon),이환(Hwan Lee),황희철(Hui Cheol Hwang),박경훈(Kyung-Hun Park),백민경(Min Kyoung Paik),오진아(Jin-A Oh),박수진(Sujin Park),하헌영(Huen-Young Ha),문병철(Byeong-Cheol Moon) 한국농약과학회 2017 농약과학회지 Vol.21 No.4

Most famers apply pesticides in mixtures to control pests and diseases of crops. Moreover, the contaminants found in aquatic environment usually occur, instead of single chemicals, as mixtures of compounds. Therefore, the joint toxicity of such combinations of pesticides on aquatic organism has been recognized as an important consideration. In this study, fish acute toxicity tests were conducted to investigate the effects of individual and joint pesticides (tricyclazole 75% wettable powder (WP) (TRI), phenthoate 47.5% emulsifiable concentrate (EC) (PHEN), fenobucarb 50% EC (FENO), and hexaconazole 10% EC (HEXA)) on Oryzias latipes, Cyprinus carpio, and Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. A toxic unit (TU) approach was used to test mixture toxicity and the summation of concentrations of the pesticide mixtures were equivalent to five concentrations: Σ0.5, Σ0.75, Σ0.5, Σ1.0, Σ1.5, Σ2.0. Two binary mixtures of FENO + PHEN, FENO + TRI and ternary mixture of FENO + PHEN + TRI exhibited synergistic effects in 96-h LC<SUB>50</SUB> of Oryzias latipes. Two binary mixtures of FENO + TRI, PHEN + TRI showed synergistic effects in 96-h LC<SUB>50</SUB> of Cyprinus carpio. Only Additive or antagonistic effects were observed in the mixture toxicity tests for Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. The ternary mixtures of FENO + HEXA + PHEN showed antagonistic effect for three fish species and other mixtures exhibited different toxic effects depending on fish species. Toxicity exposure ratios (TERs) of pesticide mixtures for three fish species in agricultural drain were higher than 2, indicating no risk to fish. However, TERs of some pesticide mixtures for each fish species were lower than 2 in rice paddy, indicating mixtures pose a risk to fish. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the mixture toxicity of pesticides when defining standard for risk assessment protocols.

분자량 크기에 따른 자연유기물질 및 하수유기물질의 물리·화학적 특성파악

전강민(Kangmin Chon),조재원(Jaeweon Cho),전경미(Kyongmi Chon),이동진(Dongjin Lee),장암(Am Jang) 대한토목학회 2013 대한토목학회 학술대회 Vol.2013 No.10

Mancozeb와 Pendimethalin에 의한 CHL Cell의 소핵생성과 세포사멸 여부 규명

문지홍 ( Ji-hong Moon ),전경미 ( Kyongmi Chon ),백민경 ( Min-kyoung Paik ),박경훈 ( Kyung-hun Park ) 한국환경농학회 2018 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2018 No.-

Mancozeb is a widely used broad-spectrum fungicide known to be genotoxic and induces tumors in rodents at various sites. Pendimethalin is a member of family dinitroanaline of herbicides. Pendimethalin are well known to be more or less toxic to all living organisms. In this study, we investigated whether mancozeb and pendimethalin induce micronucleus and apoptosis in CHL (Chinese hamster lung) cells through flow-cytometry analysis for high throughput. We identified mancozeb (20, 40, 80 ug/ml) and pendimethalin (5, 10, 20 ug/ml) mediated micronuclei formation and apoptosis in a dose dependent manner. We evaluated an increase of micronuclei formation and apoptosis by flow-cytometry analysis and microscopy analysis. We identified that MMC (mitomycin) induced micronuclei formation as positive control and negative control (DW) has no effect on CHL cells. We demonstrated that mancozeb and pendimethalin may induce micronuclei formation and apoptosis in CHL cells. We also suggest that flow-cytometry analysis could be efficient high-throughput method for quantifying the formation of micronuclei.

화분에 다빈도 검출되는 농약 성분에 대한 꿀벌 유충의 독성 영향

임정택(Jeongtaek Im),전경미(Kyongmi Chon),박경훈(Kyung-Hun Park),최용수(Yong-Soo Choi),이명렬(Myeong-Lyeol Lee),권혜영(Hyeyoung Kwon),김진(Jin Kim),유성민(Sungmin Ryu),문병철(Byeong Chul Moon),백민경(Min Kyoung Paik) 한국양봉학회 2016 韓國養蜂學會誌 Vol.31 No.4

Residual pesticide levels detected in pollen and honey in hive would be important factor in risk assessment of pesticide exposure for adult and larval honeybee. Herein, we investigated the cumulative mortality of larvae on single exposure of the four most common pesticides detected in pollen, and compared its susceptibility with the lethal dose 50% of adult bees. Four pesticides used in this study were acetamiprid, chlorothalonil, coumaphos, and tau-fluvalinate, which were mixed in artificial diet at the average and maximum residual concentrations reported in pollen. Chlorothalonil and tau-fluvailnate at the average levels induced higher cumulative mortality (respectively 25% and 17%) than other tested pesticides. Mortality occurred more quickly after single exposure in larvae treated with the maximum pesticide levels than the average levels. However, cumulative larval mortality did not increase pesticide-dose dependently in a single exposure test of four all pesticides. Based on the lethal dose 50% of pesticides for adult bees, the larval mortality was greater than bee adult mortality. Therefore, larval stage of honeybee might be much more sensitive to pesticides relative to the adult stage.

Deltamethrin의 경피반복노출에 따른 흰쥐의 3-PBA 배설과의 상관관계

김아름누리(Areumnuri Kim),전경미(Kyongmi Chon),박병준(Byung-Jun Park),문병철(Byeong-Chul Moon),김병석(Byung-Seok Kim),백민경(Min-Kyoung Paik) 한국농약과학회 2018 농약과학회지 Vol.22 No.4

Deltamethrin, one of the Pyrethroids (PYRs) pesticides, has been widely used in agriculture and industry. The study on human metabolism and excretion of deltamethrin is needed since low level of pesticide is exposed repeatedly in agricultural fields. This study is aimed to analyse urinary 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) in male rats following three times of dermal exposure to deltamethrin with interval of 7 days; low (0.0705 mg/kg bw), medium (0.7050 mg/kg bw) and high (7.0500 mg/kg) level of exposure, and then investigate the time courses of urinary 3-PBA and dermal deltamethrin exposure. As a result, the urinary 3-PBA excretion in both concentration and amount were eliminated with increasing dermal exposures in all levels of deltamethrin exposure groups. The low level of deltamethrin groups showed especially significant decrease in urinary 3-PBA. Likely, the more exposure level of deltamethrin, the more urinary 3-PBA excretion showed high correlation between the repeated dermal exposure to deltamethrin and urinary 3-PBA excretion. This result is similar with the results when the number of repetition increases. Base on the results, accumulation of deltamethrin in agricultural workers who generally exposure to low levels of chronic pesticide may be negligible in body. We suggested that urinary 3-PBA excretion may be acute biomarker available to evaluate dermal exposure to deltamethrin.

꿀벌 유충 반복노출 독성시험법 구축

임정택 ( Jeongtaek Im ),전경미 ( Kyongmi Chon ),백민경 ( Min Kyoung Paik ),박경훈 ( Kyung-hun Park ) 한국환경농학회 2016 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2016 No.-

최근 농약사용이 꿀벌에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 활발해지고 있으며 OECD에서는 꿀벌 유충 독성시험법 및 semi-field에 대한 시험법 등 꿀벌 안전성을 확인하기 위한 다양한 시험법을 구축하고 있다. 국내에서도 농약등록단계의 꿀벌 유충 독성시험법 도입의 필요성 및 타당성을 검토 중에 있으며 시험조건 확립에 대한 연구도 같이 진행하여 유충 단일노출 독성시험법에 대한 연구결과가 발표되기도 하였다. 본 연구에서는 최근 OECD 가이드라인에서 개정된 꿀벌 유충 반복노출 독성시험법에 대해 구축하고자 하였다. 본 시험법의 음성대조군은 증류수와 acetone을 사용하였으며 양성대조물질로는 dimethoate과 fenoxycarb를 사용하였다. 식이에 포함된 dimethoate의 양은 0.054 ㎍/㎕ diet, fenoxycarb의 양은 0.36ng/㎕ diet가 되게 하였다. 각 시험은 48 well plate에 3봉군에서 가져온 유충 1령을 최소 12마리씩 3반복으로 36마리 이상이 되게 하여 이충하였다. 시험 첫날 (D1)에 well plate에 이충용기(grafting cell)를 넣고 유충먹이 A를 20㎕, 시험3일차(D3)에 유충먹이 B에 시험용액을 혼합하여 20㎕ 공급하였고 시험 4-6일차에는 유충먹이 C에 시험용액을 혼합하여 30, 40, 50㎕ 씩 공급하였다. 시험기간 동안 plate를 34~35℃ 상태의 항온인큐베이터에 설치된 밀폐형 desiccator cabinet에 넣어 시험하였다. 유충기간동안(D1-D8) K2SO4 포화용액을 사용하여 95%±5% relative humidity (RH)를 유지하였으며, 용단계(pupation, D8-D15)에서는 NaCl 포화용액을 이용하여 80%±5% RH로 우화단계(emergence, D15-D22)에서는 50% 상대습도를 유지하였다. 우화단계에서는 자당용액을 공급할 수 있는 우화박스에 plate를 옮겨 관찰하였다. D4-D8에서 유충치사율과 D22에서 우화율을 측정하여 음성대조군과 양성대조군이 시험법 기준에 적합한지 확인하였다. OECD guideline에 따르면 음성대조군의 유충 누적치사율은 15% 이하, 우화율은 70% 이상이 되어야 하며 양성대조군 dimethoate의 유충 누적치사율은 50% 이상, fenoxycarb의 우화율은 20% 이하가 되어야 한다.

뒤영벌(Bombus spp.)에 대한 OECD 급성 접촉 및 섭식독성시험법의 국내 확립

김보선(Boseon Kim),김아름누리(Areumnuri Kim),전경미(Kyongmi Chon),이환(Hwan Lee),박연기(Yeon-Ki Park),유아선(Are-Sun You),윤형주(Hyung Joo Yoon) 한국농약과학회 2020 농약과학회지 Vol.24 No.1

Bumblebees are buzz pollinators and have been increasingly used in greenhouse tomato crops. Risk assessment for bees in EU includes bumble bees and solitary bees in addition to honeybees and new test methodologies for bees have been developed. Recently, OECD has published guidelines for bumblebee acute contact (TG 246) and oral toxicity (TG 247). The objective of this study was to establish and validate bumblebee acute toxicity tests using dimethoate for the reference chemical. The mortality of dimethoate 4 μg/ bee treatment was greater than 90% after 24 hr oral exposure. A droplet of 2 μL and 5 μL solution containing dimethoate for each treatment (10, 12, and 15 μg /bumblebee) was applied to the throax of each bumblebee. The mortality of each treatment group with a droplet of 2 μL and 5 μL was greater than 70% after 48 h exposure. There were no difference in mortality between 2 μL and 5 μL of droplets. The acute contact and oral toxicity tests were validated since the mortality of toxic reference group was greater than 50% at the end of the test period. In the near future, this test method could be used to assess the effect of various pesticides on bumblebees