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장영석(Jang Youngseog) 한국사회학회 2002 韓國社會學 Vol.36 No.3
본 논문은 국유기업 제도(노동제도 포함) 변화가 노동관계 당사자인 경영자와 노동자의 자원획득 방식과 노동관계 변화에는 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지를 분석했다. 중국 지도부가 점진적인 개혁 전략을 채택했기 때문에 국유기업 개혁의 목표도 점진적으로 달성되었다. 따라서 본 논문은 계획경제 시기, 계획과 시장이 병존한 쌍궤제(雙軌制, dual track system) 시기, 시장화 시기로 나누어 국유기업 개혁에 따른 자원 획득 방식의 변화와 노동관계 변화를 살펴보았다. 이 세 시기의 노동관계의 특징에 대해 본 논문은 다음과 같이 요약하고 있다. 계획경제 체제 하의 노동관계는 폐쇄된 공간 내에서 마찰하고 타협하며, 타협이 이루어지지 않을 때에는 모순이 누적되는 구조 하에 놓여 있었다. 쌍궤제 시기의 노동관계는 이해관계가 분화되는 가운데 공모가 병존하는 성격을 가졌다. 시장화 시기에는 이해관계 분화가 심화되고 권력의 불균형이 확대되는 노동관계가 나타났다. 시장화 개혁이 본격화된 1990년대 중ㆍ후반기 들어 중국은 소유권 구조 개혁을 통해 국유기업의 생산성을 높일 수 있는 새로운 기업 가버넌스 구조를 필요로 하고 있을 뿐만 아니라 나날이 복잡해지고 있는 노동관계를 효과적으로 다룰 수 있는 방법도 필요로 하고 있다. 본 논문의 결론에서 중국 노동관계의 미래에 대해 토론했다. This article discussed the change of Chinese enterprise systems(including labor system) and labor relations that were related each other through three major factors: system, resources, and relations. It paid a close attention to the change of system and ideology that produced an effect on SOE(state owned enterprise) directors and workers’ attainment of resources. Because China has taken the method of gradual reform strategy, the goal of SOE reform has been achieved step by step. So this article analyzed the effects of SOE reform on the change of directors and workers’ attainment of resources and labor relations through three stages: the era of planned economy system, dual track systems, and market system. The most obvious characteristic of the labor relations in the era of planned economy system was that the labor relations were under circumstance of friction and compromise, and as a result the accumulation of contradiction in the closed system. It can be said that the labor relations in the era of dual track system were featured by the coexistence of conspiracy and interest differentiation. And lastly the labor relations in the era of market system is characterized by the coexistence of the interest differentiation and power unbalance between the SOE directors and workers. China needs a new structure of governance of enterprise that will improve productivity through the reform of enterprise ownership, moreover needs to seek effective methods that will handle the complicated labor relations. In conclusions, the future of China SOE labor relations was discussed.
Brassica 種들의 花뢰크기에 의한 小胞子 發育段階 및 胚發生 比較
장영석(Young Seok Jang),민경수(Kyung Soo Min),오용비(Yong Bee Oh),정동희(Dong Hee Chung) 한국육종학회 1997 한국육종학회지 Vol.29 No.4
The purpose of this study is to search for the identifing method that could separate buds with embryogenic potential from collected buds for increasing the efficiency of embryogenesis by microspore culture in Brassica species. It was investigated developmental stage of microspore by bud-size and ratio of petal/anther length and compared to amount of embryogenesis through isolated microspore culture from the buds with late-uninucleate stage. In Brasica napus, Lisandra of spring type showed bud-size of 3.2~4.1mm which belongs to late-uninucleate stage as embryogenic microspores and their range of petal/ anther length ratio were 1/2~3/4. Hallayuchae of winter type rapeseed showed bud-size of 3.1~3.6mm which belongs to late-uninucleate stage as embryogenic microspores and their range of petal/anther length ratio were 1/3~1/2. Two genotypes of B juncea had the same petal/anther length ratio as range of 1/2~3/4 with embryogenic microspores but their bud-size were some difference as bud-size of Young-sanpohwanggyeja were 2.9~4.0mm and bud-size of Hwanggyeja were 2.9~4.1mm. Also, two genotypes of B. campestris had the same petal/anther length ratio as range of 2/3~3/4 with embryogenic microspores but bud-sizes were some difference as bud-size of Hyakusai were 2.9~3.4mm and bud-size of Sosongchae were 2.9~3.2mm. In B. oleracea, the petal/anther length ratio with embryogenic microspores according to bud-size were showed range of 1/2~2/3 in all of two genotypes and bud-size of Broccoli were 2.4~3.2mm and bud-size of Cauliflower were 2.9~3.7mm. In the embryo yield per 100,000 microspores by isolated microspore culture from the buds with embryogenic microspores, Young-sanpohwanggyeja of B. juncea were 47 embryos and Hwanggyeja of B. juncea were 23 embryos, B. campestris of Hyakusai were 367 and Sosongchae were 123, B. oleracea of Broccoli were 678 and Cauliflower were 562. However in B. napus was showed much differences by the growth habit, the spring type of Lisandra were producted 7,047 embryos of which higher about 9.2 times than those of winter type Hallayuchae.
노동자 집단적 저항의 일상화와 중국의 노동정책 변화: 광둥성을 중심으로
장영석 ( Jang Young-seog ),백승욱 ( Baek Seung-wook ) 한국산업노동학회 2017 산업노동연구 Vol.23 No.2
최근 몇 년 동안 중국의 노동 영역에서는 `건국 이후 최초`라는 수식어가 붙는 다양한 노동문제와 노동쟁의가 발생하고 있으며, 이는 특히 개혁개방의 전초기지인 광둥성에 집중되어 나타났다. 주목되는 점은 중국의 농민공이 점차 노동자의 정체성을 획득해 가면서 이익추구형 협상모델이 자리를 잡아가고 있다는 점이다. 중국 정부는 `안정유지`를 기조로 삼지만 노동쟁의를 제도화된 틀로 끌어들여 해결가기 위한 새로운 시도를 추진하고 있다. 중앙정부는 2015년 <조화로운 노동관계 확립에 관한 중국공산당 중앙 및 국무원 의견>을 발표해 구체적 방침들을 지시하였다. 광둥성은 이런 기조를 수용하면서 한 걸음 더 나아가 <단체협약조례>를 제정해 단체협상을 통해 노동-자본 갈등을 제도화하고자 한다. 그런데 이런 정책 방침이 실효성을 얻으려면 공회(노동조합)가 제대로 기능을 하여야 하며, 이를 위해 이주노동자가 집중된 광둥성에서는 공회가 외부 전문 인력을 채용해 기층 조직 간부로 활용하는 `사회화간부`모델을 실험 중이다. Chinese society faces increasing outbreaks of labor disputes, may of which are usually characterized as `the highest level since the establishment of PRC`. Guangdong Province is the hottest place for increasing labor disputes as well as for flexible responses by the local government and labor agencies. Interest-pursuit bargaining model becomes one of the outstanding characteristics for recent labor disputes in Guangdong Province. Chinese central government promulgated well-managed policy package for labor dispute settlement in 2015. Guangdong Province government went one step further by introducing < Guangdong Province Regulation for Collective Contract > to institutionalize labor dispute settlement. To channel labor dispute conflicts into manageable direction, reliability and capacity of bottom level trade unions become much more essential for the authorities than before. Guangdong Confederation of Trade Unions leads some important experiments of trade union reforms. Employment of `social cadres` of trade unions by local trade union organizations is the most outstanding experiment to satisfy increasing needs from bottom level ordinary workers who don`t have efficient union organizations. It needs to be seen whether changing labor policies go beyond the limits of `security priority principle`.