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張世基 건국대학교 1978 論文集 Vol.8 No.1
Extending from the end of 19th century to the beginning of 20th century, the advanced Western Countries were entering on the stage of monopolistic capitalism. Then, because the domestic market was small and narrow, the capitalistic countries were looking for the break-through at overseas markets. So, the era of capitalism should be expanded for the scramble of neo-colony and the export of capital by such countries. The features of Imperialiam presented the phenomenors that the production and capital were concentrated, the monopoly was formed, the capital of bank should be developed as financial capital because it joined with that of industry, the oligarchical system of all industries was formed, the international monopolitic capital groups deviding the world market for the verseas export of commodities and the export of capital were formed, and moreover, the Great Powers involved the crisis of war as the first world war to redivide the world market. Accordingly, in this manuscript, I studied (I) the background of his times that even the Great Britain could not but be converted to the stage of imperialism, meeting the stage of such as imperialism, (2) competing with Germany, The United States of America, France, Russia, Italy, and other countries, how could the Great Britain do the accumulation of capital? and at the inside phase of the export of capital and commodities to the overseas countries under the International Gold Standard System, and (3) I grasp the true fact that the British Capitalism relatively retreated.
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19世紀 世界經濟의 形成과 貿易成長 : 英國 經濟를 中心으로
張世基 건국대학교 1979 論文集 Vol.9 No.1
The tendency of world economy and British free trade in the early & mid nineteenth century worked as the basis for the formation of simple capitalistic world market. Among other things general industrialization of Western Europe was not carried out in the period of the early nineteenth century down to the golden age of free trade. On the other hand the British had already achieved the industrialization in various fields such as the cotton industry, woolen goods production, the coal industry, the iron & steel industry, the manufacturing industry and several kinds of construction works. Great Britain also had the modernistic banking system for a long time and was financially powerful enough to invest the most plentiful capital for the domestic & oversea investment markets. Besides she, making use of new machinery & technology, had far better industrial productive capacity than any other industrial countries. And her industrial structure centering around the cotton industry attached great importance to the iron & steel industry and also promoted the increase of turnout of coal & iron, bringing on the remarkable growth of world economy. Futhermore people of her seaside districts had traded with the countries in the West Europe and with the outside world. In addition conditions of her seaside districts were so favorable and her shipbuilding industry together with her art of navigation had developed so well for a long time that she gained supremacy over the sea. She was able to secure industrial resources and foodstuffs out of colonies with ease. At the same time she opened the markets for her industrial goods in the colonies and foreign countries. Moreover she had so highly developed governing system, executing Navigation Acts and abolishing Grains Law, that development of free trade could be accelerated and also world trade came to be remarkably expanded. Above all free trade was prevalent between agricultural countries such as Germany and France, centering on industrialized Britain. There after the development of textile industry was promoted in Germany, France and America. Besides the whole Western Europe was gradually industrialized. Therefore Britain played a very big role in the development of world economy. Thus industrialized & agricultural countries based on capitalism & underdeveloped areas followed British industrialization and supported free trade with relation to the trend of world economy. In brief Britain so worked as a leader for the development of world economy that many countries might accomplish their own economic growth.
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張世紀 대구효성가톨릭대학교 교육연구소 1987 가톨릭敎育硏究 Vol.2 No.-
현대 영국이나 미국의 시인들의 작품을 읽는 독자들은 흔히 그 난해성에 당황하게 되나. 이 Gordian Knot를 풀기 위해 많은 학자들에 의해 현대 시인들에 관한 연구 성과가 계속해서 출간되고 있다. 만일 독자들이 열정적인 성의만 있다면, 탁월한 학자들의 노작의 도움을 받아, 현대 영미시를 이해하기가 불가능하지는 않을 것이다. 복잡한 현대사회의 제 문제에 대한 끊임없는 관심과 그 해결책을 구명하려는 열의를 갖고 현대시에 접근해 보려는 노력은 독자들에게 보람 있는 일일 것이다. 현대시를 이해하기 위해 필수불가결한 전제로써 독자들에게 요청되는 것은 과거의 고전시에 대한 깊은 소양일 것이다. 그러나 흔히 우리 주변의 독자들은 이 기본적 조건을 소홀하게 여기고 있는 경우가 많다.
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Wear and Chattering Characteristics of Rail Materials by Ultrasonic Nanocrystal Surface Modification
장세기,편영식,AMANOVAUEZHAN 한국정밀공학회 2015 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol. No.
Stick-slip wear, sliding wear, rolling contact wear, fatigue failure and chattering are persistent problems of a wheel-rail interface, especially at corner track. Generally, high strength alloy and heat-treated rail were used at corner track in order to improve the service life and chattering level, but these targets still remain as unceasing challenge subject. Ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) was applied to rail materials with the aim of replacing with heat treatment and/or improving the service life of rails. In this study, the mechanical and wear properties of the untreated and UNSM-treated specimens which were prepared from normal and heat treated rails. Friction and wear tests were performed to measure the friction coefficient and the amount of wear. Results revealed that the wear performance of the UNSM-treated specimens was improved due to the increased hardness and induced compressive residual stress after UNSM treatment. The wear mechanism of the UNSM-treated specimens was explained with the changes in surface properties of rail materials.
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Robert Burns의 Songs攷 : 그 詩的 側面에 대한 考察
張世紀 효성여자대학교 영문학회 1973 Muse Vol.3 No.-
Robert Burns의 시인적 명성은 주로 300여 편을 헤아릴 수 있는 그 Songs에 달려 있다 할 수 있겠다. 그의 Songs의 가치를 일즉이 인정해서 최대의 찬사를 아끼지 않았던 문호는 Goethe였다. Goethe는 Burns의 Songs의 탁월성에 대해 일류급의 서정시인이라 격찬했다. 명저 Hero & Heroworship에서 Burns를 숭앙하기를 주저하지 않았던 Thomas Carlyle은 그의 탁론 Burns에서 확신 있게 다음 같이 말했다. 「가장 탁월하고 가장 세련되었고, 어김없이 영감적인 Burns의 시편들을 이론의 여지없이 그의 songs에서 우리는 찾게 된다.」 Burns의 시의 장점은 농부로서의 실생활에서 자연스럽게 시가 우러나온 곳에 있으며 살기 위한 생활 속의 쓰라린 체험이 그의 시에 신선한 매력을 주게 되었던 것이다. 1786년 그가 생활상 필요에 의해 출판하게 되어 획기적 성공을 거둔 작품은 그의 처녀시집 Kilmarnock Edition이었다. 이 시집의 여러 소재들은 그 소박한 시제가 알기 쉽게 말해주고 있다. 필부필부들의 생활체험과 밀착된 정서를 읊은 이 시집은, 시가 많은 독자층을 차지할 수 있느냐 하는 다년간의 의문에 명쾌한 긍정적 해답을 제공했다.
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D.H. Lawrence의 'Wonder' : Lawrence의 詩人的 側面
張世紀 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1984 연구논문집 Vol.28 No.1
매 순간마다 생의 환희를 느끼며 산다는 것은 대단히 중요하다. 사명감을 갖고 주변 사람들에게, 생이 행복하다는 것을 깨우쳐준다는 것은 무척 어려운 일이다. D.H. Law-rence는 이 어려운 일을 자신있게 수행할 수 있는 천부적 소질을 갖고 있었다. 어려서부터 황홀한 정신적 세계를 발견해서 자기자신의 향상 뿐 아니라, 그가 대하게 되는 모든 사람들에게 생의 의의를 깨우쳐준 그는 시인 작가이기에 앞서 생의 교사이었다. 일찌기 시인 Wordsworhs는 위대한 시인은 교사이며, 자기자신이 인생의 교사가 되기를 갈망한다고 말했고 그렇지 않으면 무가치한 존재라고 했다.
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