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키코 계약에 있어 “중대한 사정변경”에 대한 법적 보호
임철현(Lim, Chul Hyun) 한국법학원 2014 저스티스 Vol.- No.145
법률행위 해석의 경우 계약문언상 드러나는 표시의사 뿐만 아니라, 계약의 기초가 되는 객관적 사정 및 계약당사자 간의 공통되는 행위기초까지 제대로 분석하여야만 당사자들의 정의감정에 더욱 근접하는 판단이 내려질 수 있다고 생각된다. 이러한 점에서 익히 알려진 키코 가처분결정들은 특히, 행위기초론, 보충적 해석론의 영역에 있어 중요한 연구가치를 가지는 자료가 되리라 생각되며, 이에 본고에서는 키코 가처분결정들의 전개과정에 맞추어 객관적 사정변경의 원칙, 주관적 행위기초론(주관적 사정변경의 원칙), 보충적 해석론의 내용을 살펴보고, 다소 이질적이기는 하나 M&A계약 내지 대출계약에 흔히 들어 있는 ‘중대한 부정적 변경(Material Adverse Change; MAC)’ 조항도 고찰해 봄으로써, 키코 통화옵션 계약의 규범적 의미를 파악하는 한편, 이를 단서로 금융계약에 있어 중대한 사정변경 발생 시 위험배분을 위한 법적 방안을 고민해 보고자 한다. 특히, 키코 통화옵션계약에서 내재변동성의 급격한 변화, 안정적인 환율변동에 대한 당사자 공통의 기대(근본 관념) 등을 근거로 신의칙에 의한 계약해지를 인정한 서울중앙지방법원 2008카합3816 결정은, 우리 대법원 판례가 인정하고 있는 객관적 사정변경원칙 뿐만 아니라 독일 민법에 반영되어 있는 주관적 행위기초론을 동시에 적용하고 있는 것으로 해석되며, 계약체결 당시 환율의 130%까지만 고객의 손해감수 의사가 인정된다는 한계환율에 관한 가처분결정들(서울중앙지방법원 2009카합728 결정 등)은 보충적 해석에 의하여 당사자의 가정적 의사를 도출한 대표적인 사례로 평가된다. 비록, 서울고등법원의 항고심 결정에서 위와 같은 법리의 사실적 근거가 모두 부인되기는 했으나, 은행의 보호장치로만 작용하였던 키코의 ‘넉아웃(Knock Out)’ 조건에 대응하여, 법원이 고객 보호를 위해 고안하였던 몇 가지 방법론들은 앞으로 우리 법률가들이 더욱 고민하고 넓혀 나아갈 새로운 지경이 되리라 사료된다. In the interpretation of the legal act, it should be considered to analyze not only the explicit expression in the contract but also the objective situation and the basic expectation of the parties. Therefore, the famous KIKO injunctions would be the precious research materials, especially for act basis theory and supplementary interpretation theory. Seoul district Court 2008 kahab 3816 injunction, which allowed the rescission of the KIKO currency option contract for the small-medium sized companies, is the case that was ruled by the principle of the material change of the situation and the act basis theory. And other injunctions, which defined the ceiling currency is the price of dollar at the point of 130% from the foreign currency at the time of signing the KIKO contract, are the examples of the supplementary interpretation theory trying to solve the difficulties of the small-medium sized companies. Although Seoul High Court disapproved the injunctions remarked as above, the ways those judges of the district court tried to make rules for the small-medium sized companies will be the new scope for legal study which should be developed in the future.
임철현 ( Chul Hyun Lim ),이화영 ( Hwa Young Lee ),김원철 ( Won Chul Kim ),조성훈 ( Soung Hoon Cho ),정희선 ( Hee Sun Jeong ),전연주 ( Yeon Joo Jeon ),이장은 ( Jang Eun Lee ),김상우 ( Sang Woo Kim ) 대한소화기학회 2011 대한소화기학회지 Vol.58 No.2
Hydrogen peroxide is commonly used as a disinfectant that has been reported to cause chemical colitis. We report a case of 49 year-old man who presented with chemical colitis caused by self-inflicted hydrogen peroxide enema. In the sigmoidoscopic examination, diffuse erythematous and edematous mucosal change with multiple ulcerations and easy touch bleeding was noted from the rectum to the proximal sigmoid colon. Abdominal computed tomography showed diffuse wall thickening of the rectum and the sigmoid colon with inflammatory and reactive change at surrounding. The patient was treated with NPO, intravenous fluid, and antibiotic therapy. On 5th hospital day, abdominal pain and bloody stool disappeared, and the patient started oral feeding. He discharged on 6th hospital day with fully recovered state. (Korean J Gastroenterol 2011;58:100-102)
김원철 ( Won Chul Kim ),김상우 ( Sang Woo Kim ),고병성 ( Byoung Soung Go ),문성진 ( Sung Jin Moon ),조성훈 ( Soung Hoon Cho ),임철현 ( Chul Hyun Lim ),최규용 ( Kyu Young Choi ),정인식 ( In Sik Chung ),강원경 ( Won Kyung Kang ) 대한장연구학회 2012 Intestinal Research Vol.10 No.2
Crohn`s disease can cause intestinal strictures, perforations, fistulas, or abscesses. Although fistulas and abscesses are common complications of Crohn`s disease, a presacral abscess with neuromuscular complications is very unusual. A delayed diagnosis and treatment may increase morbidity. The diagnosis is frequently delayed, because the clinical features of presacral abscess are variable and nonspecific. We experienced a case of a presacral abscess with bilateral sciatica in a 25-year-old male patient. He was diagnosed with Crohn`s disease of the terminal ileum 2 months previously and has been managed with mesalazine. He visited our hospital due to pain in the buttocks and severe neuralgia in both thighs. We confirmed enteric fistulas, resulting in a presacral abscess, which extended symmetrically through both sciatic notches and the gluteus medius muscles. He was managed with antibiotics after a small bowel segmentectomy, right hemicolectomy, fistulectomy, and surgical drainage. The bilateral radicular pain resolved completely within 2 weeks of surgery. The patient has remained in remission and asymptomatic 1 year after surgery. (Intest Res 2012;10:196-200)
권태근 ( Tae Geun Gweon ),임철현 ( Chul Hyun Lim ),변성욱 ( Seoug Wook Byeon ),백명기 ( Myong Ki Baeg ),이종율 ( Jong Yul Lee ),문성진 ( Sung Jin Moon ),김진수 ( Jin Su Kim ),최명규 ( Myung Gyu Choi ) 대한소화기학회 2013 대한소화기학회지 Vol.61 No.6
Celiac disease is a chronic absorptive disorder of the small intestine caused by gluten. The prevalence rate of celiac disease is 1% in Western countries. But, it is rare in Asian countries, and there is no celiac disease reported in Korea. Here, we report a case of celiac disease. An 36-years-old woman complained non-specific abdominal pain and diarrhea. She had anemia and was taking medication for osteoporosis. Colonoscopy showed no abnormality except shallow ulcer at the terminal ileum. Gastroduodenoscopy showed micronodularity at the duodenum 2nd and 3rd portion. Capsule endoscopy and enteroscopy showed villous atrophy and blunting of villi from the duodenum. Small intestinal pathology showed villous atrophy with lymphocyte infiltration. After gluten free diet, diarrhea, abdominal pain, anemia and osteoporosis were improved. And, she felt well-beingsensation. This is a first case of celiac disease in Korea.
전기 기계 심장 모델을 이용한 심장 재 동기화 요법의 환자별 시뮬레이션
박민철(Min-Cheol Park),정의철(EuiCheol Jung),임철현(Chul Hyun Lim),최다솜(Da Som Choi),심은보(Eun Bo Shim),엄재선(Jae Sun Uhm) 대한기계학회 2019 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2019 No.11
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is one of the treatment techniques to prevent cardiac arrest due to abnormal QRS waveform. The purpose of this study is to examine the new technological direction of ventricular resynchronization therapy, to establish a virtual surgical environment through future simulations, and to predict the function and state of the heart according to the shape of the heart after ventricular resynchronization therapy using computer simulation. In order to predict this, we developed an integrated cardiac model that takes into account the cellto-organ unit and will study the electrical conduction and contraction dynamics of patient-specific ventricular model. As a result, the data derived from the electrical conduction model of the patient and the contraction model obtained from the contraction, diastolic blood pressure and ejection fraction were compared and analyzed through three results. We propose a simulation technique that can predict the ventricular condition of patients after the actual procedure.
최근 10년간 Clostridium difficile 대장염의 임상 양상 변화
이윤정 ( Yune Jeong Lee ),최명규 ( Myung Gyu Choi ),임철현 ( Chul Hyun Lim ),정웅룡 ( Woong Ryong Jung ),조현선 ( Hyun Sun Cho ),성혜영 ( Hye Young Sung ),남관우 ( Kwan Woo Nam ),장재혁 ( Jae Hyuck Chang ),조유경 ( Yu Kyung Cho 대한소화기학회 2010 대한소화기학회지 Vol.55 No.3
목적: 최근 수년간의 임상 경험과 최근 발표들은 Clostridium difficile 대장염(CDC)이 더욱 흔해지고 병인성이 강해짐을 시사한다. 이 연구의 목적은 한국에서 입원 환자의 CDC의 역학적인 특징 변화를 조사하는 것이다. 대상 및 방법: 1998년 1월부터 2007년 12월까지 강남성모병원에서 CDC로 진단받은 환자를 전향 조사했다. Clostridium difficile 세포독성검사에서 양성이거나 내시경 또는 병리 증거가 존재할 경우 CDC로 정의했다. 결과: 연구 기간 동안 총 189명(남자 73명, 여자 116명)이 CDC로 진단되었다. 평균 연령은 63.3세였다. 65세 초과 환자는 103명(54.4%)이었다. 1998년부터 2007년까지 CDC의 유병률은 유의하게 증가했다. CDC의 유병률은 1997-1998년 입원환자 10,000명당 1.9명에서 2006-2007년 입원환자 10,000명당 8.82명으로 증가했다. 163건(86.2%)에서 진단 2개월 이내에 항생제 사용을 확인했다. 사용한 항생제는 평균 2.1종류였고 항생제 사용 기간은 평균 18.8일(1-240일)이었다. Cephalosporin이 가장 많은 131명(80.4%)에서 투여되었고, 다음으로 aminoglycoside는 85명(52.1%), fluoroquinolone은 24명(14.7%), macrolide는 20명(12.3%) 순으로 사용되었다. 가장 많은 항생제 사용 원인으로 수술 전후 예방적 투여(33.3%)와 폐렴(23.3%)이었다. CDC에 대한 초기 항생제 치료 반응률은 82.7% (153/184)였다. Metronidazole에 대한 반응률은 84.3%(145/172)였다. Metronidazole 초치료에 실패한 모든 환자는 vancomycin으로 성공적으로 치료되었다. Vancomycin으로 1차 치료 시 반응률은 80%(4/5)였다. 3명의 환자가 metronidazole과 vancomycin복합 치료에도 불구하고 CDC와 관련하여 사망했다. 결론: 1998년부터 2007년까지 한국에서 입원 환자의 CDC 유병률이 유의하게 증가했다. Background/Aims: Our clinical experience and recent published literatures suggest that Clostridium difficile colitis (CDC) has become more common and potentially more pathogenic in recent years. The aim of study was to evaluate changes in the epidemiological features of CDC in hospitalized patients in Korea. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all patients of CDC diagnosed at Kangnam St. Mary Hospital from 1998 to 2007. CDC was defined as having a positive C. difficile cytotoxicity assay, or endoscopic or pathologic evidence of CDC. Results: A total of 189 cases (male 73, female 116, mean age 63.3 years) of CDC were diagnosed during the study period. The prevalence of CDC increased from 1.9/10,000 patient admissions in 1998-1999 to 8.82/10,000 patient admissions in 2006-2007. One hundred sixty three indication for cases (86.2%) of patients identified a prior use of antibiotics in the 2 months preceding diagnosis. The most common antibiotic use was prophylactic use during perioperational period (33.3%) followed by pneumonia (23.3%). The overall response rate to initial antibiotics was 82.7%. One hundred seventy two (91%) patients were initially treated with metronidazole. The response rate was 84.3%. All patients with initial failure to metronidazole were successfully treated by vancomycin. The response rate of vancomycin as first treatment was 80%. Three deaths were associated with CDC despite the use of combination of metronidazole and vancomycin. Conclusions: The prevalence of CDC in hospitalized patients in Korea significantly increased from 1998 to 2007. (Korean J Gastroenterol 2010;55:169-174)