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이창신,김용준,박천영,고진석,Lee, Chang Shin,Kim, Yong Jun,Park, Cheon Yong,Ko, Chin Surk 대한자원환경지질학회 1993 자원환경지질 Vol.26 No.2
Gold-silver deposits in the Kwangyang-Seungju area are emplaced along $N4^{\circ}{\sim}10^{\circ}W$ to $N40^{\circ}{\sim}60^{\circ}W$ trending fissures and fault in Pre-cambrian Jirisan gneiss complex or Cretaceous diorite. Mineral constituents of the ore from above deposits are composed mainly of pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, magnetite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena and minor amount of electrum, tetrahedrite, miargyrite, stannite, covellite and goethite. The gangue minerals are predominantly quartz and calcite. Gold minerals consist mostly of electrum with a 56.19~79.24 wt% Au and closely associated with pyrite, chalcopyrite, miargyrite and galena. K-Ar analysis of the altered sericite from the Beonjeong mine yielded a date of $94.2{\pm}2.4\;Ma$ (Lee, 1992). This indicates a likely genetic tie between ore mineralization and intrusion of the middle Cretaceous diorite ($108{\pm}4\;Ma$). The ${\delta}^{34}S$ values ranged from +1.0 to 8.3‰ with an average of +4.4‰ suggest that the sulfur in the sulfides may be magmatic origin. The temperatures of mineralization by the sulfur isotopic composition with coexisting pyrite-galena and pyrite-chalcopyrite from Beonjeong and Jeungheung mines were $343^{\circ}C$ and $375^{\circ}C$ respectively. This temperature is in reasonable agreement with the homogenization temperature of primary fluid inclusion quartz ($330^{\circ}C$ to $390^{\circ}C$; Park.1989). Four samples of quartz from ore veins have ${\delta}^{18}O$ values of +6.9~+10.6‰ (mean=8.9‰) and three whole rock samples have ${\delta}^{18}O$ values of +7.4~+10.2‰ with an average of 7.4‰. These values are similar with those of the Cretaceous Bulgugsa granite in South Korea (mean=8.3‰; Kim et al. 1991). The calculated ${\delta}^{18}O_{water}$ in the ore-forming fluid using fractionation factors of Bulgugsa et al. (1973) range from -1.3 to -2.3‰. These values suggest that the fluid was dominated by progressive meteoric water inundation through mineralization.
이창신 청주대학교 학술연구소 2018 淸大學術論集 Vol.31 No.-
Sijochang(old Korean narrative song), which literally means tunes of times(Sinjo and Sijeolga), is traditional popular vocal music and has such varieties as Pyeongsijo, Jireumsijo, Saseolsijo and Saseoljireumsijo. Like dialects, Sijochang varies from one region to another; for the Seoul and Gyeonggi region, the Gyeongje variety developed, and for other regions, the Hyangje variety developed, such as Naepoje(for the Chungcheong region),Wanje(for the Honam region), and Yeongje(for the Gyeongsang region). The Naepoje Sijochang sung by Han U-seop(born in 1934, in Haksan-myeon, Yeongdong-gun, Chungbuk) was recorded, and the characteristics of Sijochang sung and inherited in the Chungbuk region were examined. Four tunes were compared, such as Han U-seop's Pyeongsijochang(titled Cheongsani), Ha Gyu-il's Gyeongje Pyeongsijo(titled Ganghoe), and Yi Ju-hwan's Pyeongsijochang(titled Dongchangi). Han U-seop, who lives in Haksan-myeon, Yeongdong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, took lessons on the Naepoje Sijochang for 9 years since 26 years of age(1959) from Jeong Gu-ik, the disciple of Yun Jong-seon. The 5 varieties of Sijochang that Ha U-seop inherited included Pyeongsijo (Cheongsani), Saseolsijo (Changoesamgyeong), Yeochangjireumsijo (Gireogi meaning seagulls), Namchangjireumsijo (Barama meaning winds), and Yeokkeumjireumsijo (Haktago). Naepo in Naepoje means the inlet which indicated waterways connecting with the West Sea, referring to all the regions where ships departed from and at which ships arrived. Thus, Naepoje was the Sijochangje that was sung in the Naepo region. Naepo covered Mount Gaya, and its ten surrounding eup(counties), such as Gyeongseong, Haemi, Anmyeondo, Taean, Seosan, Ocheon, Dangjin, and Hongju, Deoksan, and Daeheung. This region, which constituted remote areas, was able to avoid being affected by ancient Japanese and Chinese invasions into the Korean Peninsula, was adjacent with the inlets, and had plains; thus, it had an ample supply of goods, and had many noblemen living for generations, giving it good economic and geographical conditions for Sijochang to prosper. Each tune has four types of beats, such as 55, 54, 51, and 50. The varieties of beats of Naepoje that Han U-seop inherited include ‘20·19·12’(51 beats, 81 rhythms), which is identical with the 49 beats(Gyeongje) which has no accompaniment of instruments, and is different from Wanje and Yeongje with 49 beats(Hyangje) and 48 beats, respectively. Chungbuk's Naepoje and Gyeongje have the same number of beats, because the two regions were geographically close, and historically related with each other, having similar customs. The Napoje Sijochang that Han U-seop leads has the following melodic characteristics. 1) It involves Ha Gyu-il Sijochang's not-fast rhythms‘♪♩’and a repetition of same sounds. The vocalization method involving taking time to breathe like with a quarter rest changed into Yi Ju-hwan's‘♩’, a repetition of same sounds, and short breathing. Considering this, Ha Gyu-il's vocalization method is seen as an old type. Han U-seop's Naepoje has some similarity to Ha Gyu-il's vocalization method, and thus is seen as having some of the Gyeongje ancient vocalization method. 2) Ha Gyu-il's and Yi Ju-hwan's(Gyeongje) Sijo have high sounds at the middle and end parts. However, the Naepoje Sijochang does not have high sounds, but has lengthened sounds, uses more leisurely‘♪♩’rhythms as in <Example 4> , and has single lengthened sounds. 3) A decorative note‘♬’, which produces the effect of sliding sounds lightly, is frequently used across the Pyeongsijo. 4) Diphthongs are not divided as in the Saseol Jangsaeng, and Baekgu's Danggwi and Punggyeong, making the Naepoje Sijochang different from the Gyeongje Sijochang where diphthongs are divided and songs are sung. Also, when singing Sijosi where the number of lyrics' characters is different, the Pyeongsijochang resolves that difference by dividing diphthongs, dividing rhythms, and repeating vowels, but without changing melodies. With such melodic characteristics, Naepoje expresses the feeling of "taking time" and "being relaxed" and this is related to the generosity and good-heartedness of the Chungcheong people. In the Chungcheung region, mountains are low and gentle and rivers run peacefully and slowly, although the scenic beauty is not superb, forming the Chungcheong people's character into a comfortable and generous one. Likewise, the Naepoje Sijo does not enjoy high sounds and has no great change in rhythms, but has single lengthened sounds.