절망을 넘어서 — 셸리의 「민감한 식물」읽기

이일재 21세기영어영문학회 2024 영어영문학21 Vol.37 No.1

In his poem “The Sensitive Plant,” Shelley uses ‘Lady’ “as a metaphor to convey limitations and also employs ‘The Sensitive Plant,’ unable to transcend those limits, as a metaphor for the poet. Through this, he both denounces a cruel world that tramples desires for a paradise-like existence and critiques the limitations of the poet’s perception. Shelley intensifies his own disillusionment with the society of his time through the death process of the ‘Sensitive Plant.’ The ‘Sensitive Plant’ and the ‘Lady’ succumb to their misfortunes due to their lack of courage to overcome their adversities they face, ultimately yielding to existential submission. This encapsulates Shelley’s despair, asserting that healing the conflicts and injustices within society is beyond the poet’s capacity. However, Shelley renews his commitment to reform by structuring the poem with ‘three narrative sections’ tracing the death of the ‘Sensitive Plant’ and ‘a concluding part’ that objectively examines it. Through the ‘conclusion’, Shelley refines his own determination for reform, conveying the message that the desire for the earthly paradise pursued by the ‘Sensitive Plant’ should persist in both the poet and the readers. In this poem, Shelley hones his will to overcome the harsh limits of relentless existence and emphasizes the continual pursuit of the restoration of the sacred essence of humanity beyond despair.

L2 Indirect Object Relative Clause Productions and Minimalism

이일재 한국응용언어학회 2004 응용 언어학 Vol.20 No.2

The current research studies English indirect object (IO) relative clauses as produced by 23 Korean and Japanese adult L2 learners, involving ø-, that-, and wh-relatives. The empirical findings from a cross-sectional elicited production method are as follows: (1) L2 learners with lower proficiency prefer the NoPrep construction, while the PStrand construction is more often opted for by the learners with higher proficiency; (2) the less economical PPiped construction is the least favored IO relative clause for L2 learners across- the-board; (3) a preferred production order among ø-, that-, and wh-relatives does not exist for L2 learners; (4) L2 learners in all proficiency levels produce the NoPrep construction with a wh-operator; and (5) more advanced learners have a bigger inventory of alternative structures for IO relative clauses. To theoretically delve into the properties of IO relative clauses with respect to operator movement and referential co-indexation, the present paper adopts the interpretive rule [Make OP] proposed by Munn (1994) and the Preference Principle by Chomsky (1992). The findings argue that a stylistic variant can always override a more economical output in the interlanguage of the L2 learners who participated in the research (Chomsky, 1998) even though the principle of economy under the minimalist framework expects that the least costly derivation should always be preferred. Furthermore, the prior occurrence of the NoPrep stage points out that some part of the learners’ interlanguage grammar does preferably start from a more economical, minimal option. The research concludes that, following Gass (1989), innateness does not seem to be a sufficient explanation in L2 acquisition. It seems that the L2 grammar only partly appeals to the minimalist framework of UG, at least when producing IO relative clauses.

Crain, Stephen and Rosalind Thornton, Investigations in Unversal Grammar. A Guide to Experimnents on the Acquisition of Syntax and Semantics

이일재 한국응용언어학회 2004 응용 언어학 Vol.20 No.1

A Look at Relative Clause Equivalents in L2 English

이일재 한국중앙영어영문학회 2008 영어영문학연구 Vol.50 No.4

This article addresses erroneous RCs that are semantically equivalent but syntactically ungrammatical due to omission or incompletion of syntactic movement and copy/deletion operations resulted from inconsistent realizations of immature morphosyntactic functional features while L2 syntax is intact. The interpretive rule [Make OP] proposed in Munn (1994) was adopted to analyze the operations in RCs. The presentational amalgam construction, a SUB RC equivalent, was analyzed to be an accidental deletion of the required operator in Spec-CP during the deletion stages. The DO RC with a resumptive pronoun, a DO RC equivalent, occurred by reason of phonological realizations of remnant morphosyntactic features of the variable which were incompletely deleted, but still delivered to Spell-Out. This article attributes both SUB and DO RC equivalents to the immaturity of operator features in Spec-CP. An IO RC equivalent called the NoPrep construction is analyzed as the result of failure to fully realize the functional features of preposition, resulting in the incorporation of the preposition into the verb for remotely licensing the variable. By and large, this article tacitly adopted the position in which the development of syntax is dissociated from the development of morphology (Lardiere, 1998b; Haznedar, 2003; Herschensohn et al., 2005; Lee, 2006), and stressed out that L2 research should investigate the autonomous nature of L2 grammar without respect to the perspectives in target grammar (Bley-Vroman, 1983).

수술 중 거즈를 이용한 간단한 조직 확장법

이일재,박명철,박동하 大韓成形外科學會 2004 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.31 No.3

Scope-marking strategies in the acquisition of long-distance wh-movement in L2 English by adult Mongolian speakers

이일재 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2017 언어연구 Vol.34 No.3

This study investigates whether more economical derivations predate less economical ones in the acquisition of long-distance (LD) wh-movement in second language (L2) English. Production data of LD wh-movement have been elicited from 97 adult Mongolian speakers in Ulaanbaatar. The participants were at the age between 19 and 23 (female = 94, male = 3, mean age = 20), who were classified into advanced and developing groups. While LD wh-movement was infrequently observed, wh-scope marking predominantly emerged, possibly because it dispenses with Internal Merge of the wh-phrase pied-piping Q across the clausal boundary. On the other hand, the developing group depended more on silent-scope marking, possibly because the wh-expletive might not have been available in their lexicon. Moreover, the advanced group initially displaced the least possible elements containing the wh-phrase when attempting to derive LD wh-movement, while the developing group could not even displace any elements but spelled-out the wh-phrase in situ. Overall, economy conditions in language acquisition turns out to govern the Mongolian-English interlanguage; hence, more economical derivations emerge at the onset as long as they are admissible, not necessarily grammatical.

Head-Internal Relative Clauses Prerequisite for Head-External Relative Clauses

이일재,김홍기 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2016 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.73

This paper reviewed second language (L2) studies on the acquisition of SOV relative clauses (RCs) in Korean and Japanese as produced by English and Chinese speakers. While acquiring SOV RCs, the learners manifest head errors and reversal errors. The filler-gap dependency claims that the structural distance between the head noun (filler) and the variable (gap) plays a crucial role (Kanno 2007). Therefore, learners must be sensitive to the distance, and must immediately attempt to minimize the distance between filler and gap. This paper argues that such a filler-gap dependency does not exist for direct syntactic relationships. Head errors and reversal errors are rather the failure of the last part of deletion operation during the composite operation of move, copy, and deletion.

시인의 정체성 —「몽블랑」과 「초감각적인 미에 대한 찬가」 연구

이일재 대한영어영문학회 2018 영어영문학연구 Vol.44 No.3

Shelley identifies the poet is both “the creature of age” and “the creator of age.” It is true that the poet cannot but be affected by the ideology of his/her society, because he/she lives in the society. Meanwhile, the poet finds the future in the present. The thing which distinguishes the poet from common people is ‘imagination.’ ‘Imagination’ is the active capability of the mind that understands all the entities which can’t be identified with human being’s sensory perception. It is also the sympathetic power that relates to morality. So it serves as the power to love others. Shelley found the way that raised objection against the leading cognitive structure at that time from David Hume’s causal theory. By adding his own theory of imagination into it, he forms his identity as the poet who creates his own age in “Mont Blanc” and “Hymn to Intellectual Beauty.”

The Acquisition of Null Prep Constructions and the Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis

이일재 한국중앙영어영문학회 2007 영어영문학연구 Vol.49 No.2

The Acquisition of Null Prep Constructionsand the Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis

국면침투와 L2 한국어 관계절: 구조거리가설에 대한 비판

이일재,이다미 한국중앙영어영문학회 2007 영어영문학연구 Vol.49 No.4

This article brings up theoretical shortcomings of the Structural Distance Hypothesis (SDH), claimed in O'Grady et al. (2003). The SDH alleges that there exists a syntactic dependency between the head noun (filler) of relative clause (RC) and the Case position (gap) of the operator (OP) in L2 RC. This dependency accounts for the processing difficulty captured within the RCs of the NPAH (Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy, Keenan & Comrie, 1977). This article, however, submits the arguments against the SDH: (i) The role of filler seems to be pointless because the position of gap is sufficient to calculate processing difficulty. (ii) The gaps in SUB RCs and DO RCs have different syntactic properties for fair comparison. (iii) The role of OP is crucial during relativization, but it is completely overlooked in the SDH. And, (iv) the SDH cannot predict processing difficulties for homogeneous RCs. In contrast, the phase analysis under the minimalist framework (Chomsky, 1998, 1999, 2001) provides an alternative account for determining the processing difficulty for SUB RCs and DO RCs as well as for other RCs on the lower end of the NPAH. The alternative account hinges on the occurrences of phase penetration by the target features, as being probed and agreed by C and T and merged into Spec-C and Spec-T. By restricting the processing difficulty within the conditions of phase penetration, L2 acquisition studies can be shed light on with a more principled insight into anticipating the UG-constrained developmental order in RCs.