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이영달(Young-Dal Lee),이신규(Shin-Kyuo Lee) 한국관세학회 2016 관세학회지 Vol.17 No.1
This study analyzes general rules of origin, product specific rules and origin implementation procedures, which are included in the areas of rules of origin prescribed in Korea-China FTA. According to the result of the study, rules of origin of Korea-China FTA are not much different from those of other agreements but some articles and individual commodities show distinctive features. One of the characteristics is that the area to determine originating goods is limited to the territory of a Party so that the accumulation of wholly obtained goods is not allowed. Also, more items produced in Kaesung Industrial Complex are recognized as originating goods under Korea-China FTA, compared to other agreements. Therefore, South Korean companies are expected to be benefited from the agreement. In terms of the calculation of regional value content, the build-down method alone is allowed and non-qualifying operation(minimal operations or process) that does not recognize the country of origin adopts positive system to prevent customs administrations from interpreting the rules arbitrarily. The De Minimis rule for textile products which is mostly applied as a quantity standard is widened so that the rule can be applied as a price but the principle of direct transport is strict compared to other agreements. In particular, temporarily stored products in the third country can be stored for only up to 3 months and supporting documents are also required. Under the circumstances, it is expected to be hard to apply preferential tariff treatment to transit shipments via Hong Kong. In the case of product specific rules set up to 5,205 sub-heading of Harmonized System, the standard of wholly obtained goods is applied to basic agricultural and marine products while change in tariff criterion(Chapter, Heading and Sub-Heading) is used for processed or industrial products. Regional value contents(40~60%), alternative rule(CC ․ CTH ․ CTSH or RVC) and combination rule(CTH and RVC) are used for some items. Origin implementation procedures are similar to those prescribed in other FTAs. However, in the case of China, it is necessary to express ones will for preferential tariff application after the acceptance of import declaration. Also, the period of keeping document for import is different: three years in China and five years in Korea. The price of goods that can be exempted from the certificate of origin is 700 dollars, respectively low compared to those in other agreements. However, the establishment of Electronic Origin Data Exchange System between the two countries is prescribed in the agreement. That seems to work to the advantage of ex/importing companies in both countries according to the analysis since if the system is established, the companies can omit the submission of the certificate of origin when preferential tariff is applied
양방향 Buck 컨버터 DCM 구동 시 전류링잉현상 분석에 따른 스위치 및 다이오드 선정
이영달(Young-Dal Lee),최규영(Gyu-Yeong Choe),신승민(Seung-Min Shin),이병국(Byung-Kuk Lee) 전력전자학회 2011 전력전자학술대회 논문집 Vol.2011 No.7
본 논문은 양방향 Buck 컨버터 DCM 구동 시 사용되는 스위치의 전류링잉현상을 상세히 분석하고 이에 따른 스위치 효율과 시스템 전력 효율 차이를 실험을 통해 검증한다. 분석을 통해 얻은 결과를 바탕으로 양방향 Buck 컨버터 설계 시 전력 효율을 높이는 스위치 및 다이오드를 선정하였다.
헬리코박터 파일로리 감염의 일차 치료로써 7일 고용량 Esomeprazole 포함 표준 삼제 요법과 7일 표준 삼제 요법의 제균율 비교 연구
이영달 ( Young Dal Lee ),김성은 ( Sung Eun Kim ),박선자 ( Seun Ja Park ),박무인 ( Moo In Park ),문원 ( Won Moon ),김재현 ( Jae Hyun Kim ),정경원 ( Kyoungwon Jung ),송지윤 ( Jiyun Song ) 대한소화기학회 2020 대한소화기학회지 Vol.76 No.3
Background/Aims: The rates of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication have declined with the use of proton pump inhibitor- amoxicillin-clarithromycin as the first-line triple therapy. On the other hand, several studies have suggested that high gastric pH levels could affect the H. pylori eradication rate by enhancing the efficacy of antimicrobials. This study compared the efficacy of seven-day high-dose esomeprazole-based triple therapy (7-HEAC) for first-line H. pylori eradication with the seven-day standard dose non-esomeprazole-based triple therapy (7-NEAC) to identify the risk factors related to eradication failure. Methods: This study included 223 patients who were diagnosed with a H. pylori infection and received 7-HEAC or 7-NEAC between June 2016 and January 2017. The H. pylori eradication rates, as well as demographic and clinical factors, were investigated retrospectively. H. pylori eradication was confirmed by a 13C-urea breath test or rapid urease test at least 4 weeks after the completion of therapy. Results: The eradication rates were 67.7% (105/155; 95% CI 59.5-74.8%) in the 7-NEAC group and 80.9% (55/68; 95% CI 69.9-89.8%) in the 7-HEAC group (p=0.045). The adverse event rates were 5.8% (9/155) in the 7-NEAC group and 7.4% (5/68) in the 7-HEAC group (p=0.661). Multivariate analysis revealed being female (OR 2.08; 95% CI 1.15-3.76) to be associated with the failure of H. pylori eradication therapy. Conclusions: The eradication rate of the 7-HEAC group was higher than that of the 7-NEAC group. Nevertheless, more effective first-line therapies may be necessary for H. pylori eradication in the near future. (Korean J Gastroenterol 2020;76:142-149)
이영달(Young-Dal Lee),이신규(Shin-Kyuo Lee) 한국관세학회 2015 관세학회지 Vol.16 No.2
Originating goods subject to preferential tariff under Free Trade Agreement should be produced in the territory of a Party. However, some agreements include an exceptional clause that recognizes goods produced outside the territory of a Party as originating goods. The clause is applied to Kaesung Industrial Complex. The outward processing clause has been applied to some products according to FTAs with EFTA, ASEAN, India, Peru, Colombia, China and Vietnam since it was introduced for the first time in FTA between Korea and Singapore. However, the effectiveness of the clause is being questioned as Korean companies have used the clause less than expected. The study compared outward processing regulations by FTAs that Korea has concluded so far and looked into current state of using the clause for Kaesung Industrial Complex products under FTAs. It also analyzed problems in applying the clause. The analysis showed that the outward processing clause is less effective and difficult to be applied under FTAs due to complicated regulations. Also, some products have been mistakenly benefited from preferential tariff scheme due to confusion with other originating products, or highly likely to violate the US safeguard measures against products made in North Korea. The study suggested that the efforts and support of public agencies are required to solve such problems and promote the use of clause under FTAs. It also made a suggestion that more efforts are needed such as expanding specialized origin management programs, enhancing post management for approved exporters, having re-negotiation to adjust the allowable range of products subject to outward processing and developing various business models that utilize FTAs.