쉐필드의 舊都心 中心地域의 都市景觀 特性에 關한 硏究

이광태 대한건축학회 2005 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.21 No.4

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the visual image and the structure of the integrated cognitive settings recognized in townscape of the central district in Sheffield's old town. The old town has various aspects such as Gothic city in the Middle Ages, steel city and cutlery capital after the Industrial Revolution. And it was reconstructed as modern city after the damage caused by the blitz in 1940. As a result, based on the spatial hierarchy about grouping of buildings and separation of blocks playing an important role as integrated cognitive settings, we could extract the identified visual characteristics and correlations with the spatial organization of the central district, which is composed of historic buildings, streets, squares and landscapes. And we could make sure how such an organization is integrated visually into an identified townscape by use of the factors generating the sense of visual integration.

다목적 홀과 오페라 극장에서의 평면 유형의 결정을 위한 실용적 / 객석수에 관한 연구

이광태 대한건축학회 2001 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.17 No.1

19세기 부하라의 權力構造와 아미르 나스룰라(Nasr Allāh)의 中央集權化

이광태 중앙아시아학회 2009 中央아시아硏究 Vol.14 No.-

Bukharan Amīr Nasr Allāh, or Nasrullah, is know as one of the most notorious Asian monarchs not only in the west and but also in the Soviet historiography. His “brutality” is believed to have been revealed with the event of the “outrageous” execution of two British officers, Arthur Conolly and Charles Stoddart in 1842. However, this bias derived from the euro-centric view without scrutinizing indigenous sources written in Persian. Consequently, the historical significance of Nasr Allāh's centralization is subject to reevaluation. In fact, in order to properly understand Nasr Allāh's policies, the power structure of the Bukharan Khanate, or Emirate, needs to be analyzed as a prerequisite. The Manghitid dynasty was founded by Muhammad Rahīm, a chief of Manghit tribe, who was enthroned in 1756 through the execution of a Chingisid Bukharan khan. However, as one of the Bukharan 92 tribes, the Manghit tribe could not successfully claim their suzerainty over other tribes, who attained their own areas of influence. The Manghitids devised various measures to secure loyalty of other tribes, yet intractable nomadic tribes, including Khitai-Qipchaqs, refused to acknowledge Manghitids' legitimacy. With this political setting, Nasr Allāh was involved in succession struggles triggered by his father, Haidar's death. Unlike other brothers, who primarily found support from Islamic religious group, Ulama, or multi-ethnic Bukharan citizens, his political base was laid on nomadic tribes. With tribal army's support, He eventually defeated competitors and obtained the throne in 1427. Therefore, Nasr Allāh's subsequent political agenda was to consolidate his power at the expense of tribal chieftains' influence, which culminated due to their crucial role in Nasr Allāh's enthronement. In order to fulfill his political aims, Nasr Allāh relied on his chancellor, Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi. The chancellor, who was responsible of administration, encouraged trade with other countries, including Russia, China, Persia and India, and made use of diplomatic tactics to disrupt the hostile alliance among their enemies, which much contributed to releasing fiscal strain caused by a series of expeditions and following rewards bestowed on participating tribal chieftains. Thus, Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi faced tribal chieftains and amirs' opposition, so he endeavored to undermine their power through employing sedentary people. Tadjiks were employed to direct customs office to control tribal dignitaries' trade activities. The standing army, first called “Nizam” and after “Sarbāz”, served as a replacement of tribal armies, which constituted main Bukharan military forces. To conclude, the aim of Nasr Allāh's centralization was to check tribal amirs, and Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi played a leading role for that task. The amir followed Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi's policies even after his death in 1837. Sedentary personalities continued to be mobilized to check amirs. The standing army was enlarged and contributed to conquering Khokand in 1842. Also, vigorous world trade centered on Bukhara, which was peculiar circumstances of the 19th century Bukhara, nurtured the Tadjik merchant class and consequently helped Nasr Allāh's centralization. Bukharan Amīr Nasr Allāh, or Nasrullah, is know as one of the most notorious Asian monarchs not only in the west and but also in the Soviet historiography. His “brutality” is believed to have been revealed with the event of the “outrageous” execution of two British officers, Arthur Conolly and Charles Stoddart in 1842. However, this bias derived from the euro-centric view without scrutinizing indigenous sources written in Persian. Consequently, the historical significance of Nasr Allāh's centralization is subject to reevaluation. In fact, in order to properly understand Nasr Allāh's policies, the power structure of the Bukharan Khanate, or Emirate, needs to be analyzed as a prerequisite. The Manghitid dynasty was founded by Muhammad Rahīm, a chief of Manghit tribe, who was enthroned in 1756 through the execution of a Chingisid Bukharan khan. However, as one of the Bukharan 92 tribes, the Manghit tribe could not successfully claim their suzerainty over other tribes, who attained their own areas of influence. The Manghitids devised various measures to secure loyalty of other tribes, yet intractable nomadic tribes, including Khitai-Qipchaqs, refused to acknowledge Manghitids' legitimacy. With this political setting, Nasr Allāh was involved in succession struggles triggered by his father, Haidar's death. Unlike other brothers, who primarily found support from Islamic religious group, Ulama, or multi-ethnic Bukharan citizens, his political base was laid on nomadic tribes. With tribal army's support, He eventually defeated competitors and obtained the throne in 1427. Therefore, Nasr Allāh's subsequent political agenda was to consolidate his power at the expense of tribal chieftains' influence, which culminated due to their crucial role in Nasr Allāh's enthronement. In order to fulfill his political aims, Nasr Allāh relied on his chancellor, Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi. The chancellor, who was responsible of administration, encouraged trade with other countries, including Russia, China, Persia and India, and made use of diplomatic tactics to disrupt the hostile alliance among their enemies, which much contributed to releasing fiscal strain caused by a series of expeditions and following rewards bestowed on participating tribal chieftains. Thus, Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi faced tribal chieftains and amirs' opposition, so he endeavored to undermine their power through employing sedentary people. Tadjiks were employed to direct customs office to control tribal dignitaries' trade activities. The standing army, first called “Nizam” and after “Sarbāz”, served as a replacement of tribal armies, which constituted main Bukharan military forces. To conclude, the aim of Nasr Allāh's centralization was to check tribal amirs, and Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi played a leading role for that task. The amir followed Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi's policies even after his death in 1837. Sedentary personalities continued to be mobilized to check amirs. The standing army was enlarged and contributed to conquering Khokand in 1842. Also, vigorous world trade centered on Bukhara, which was peculiar circumstances of the 19th century Bukhara, nurtured the Tadjik merchant class and consequently helped Nasr Allāh's centralization.

구소련 국가들의 주권에 대한 러시아 측 시각과 소비에트 시기 민족공화국의 법적 지위: 러시아 문명주의 역사관에 대한 일고찰

이광태 한국슬라브․유라시아학회 2022 슬라브학보 Vol.37 No.4

러시아 우크라이나 전쟁의 정당화하면서 푸틴 대통령은 우크라이나의 주권을 부정하는 발언을 발표해 왔다. 그러면서 소련 시기 레닌과 스탈린의 민족자결권 인정을 '실수'로 간주한다. 본 연구는 역사 자료 및 소비에트 시기 민족공화국의 법적 지위를 분석하여 민족자결권과 '주권'의 문제를 파악하고자 했다. 레닌과 스탈린 등 볼셰비키 지도부는 10월 혁명과 소비에트 연방의 형성 과정에서 ‘민족자결권’을 존중하고 이를 법제화 및 명문화했다. 민족자결권의 견지는 내전 중 우크라이나나 바시키르 등 지역에서 토착 좌파의 지지를 이끌어냈고, 볼셰비키의 권력 신장에 크게 기여했다. 레닌주의의 확립은 소비에트 연방의 수립과 함께 각 민족공화국은 ‘연방 탈퇴권’과 이후 외교권을 포함한 ‘민족자결권’을 공고히 하는 소련의 전통을 만들어 냈다. 이러한 전통 속에서 1924, 1936, 1977년 소련 헌법을 거쳐 1991년 소련 붕괴에 이르기까지 민족공화국의 법적 지위는 유지되었다. 그리고 마침내 1991년 러시아 소비에트 연방 사회주의 공화국의 ‘주권’ 선포와 소련 탈퇴로 오늘날 러시아 연방이 탄생할 수 있었다. 이러한 역사적 추이를 볼 때 현 러시아는 레닌의 민족자결권과 민족공화국 지위 인정의 산물이자 수혜자라고 할 수 있다.

카자흐스탄과 우즈베키스탄의 중견국 외교 :‘지역 강국’과 ‘지정학적 중간국’ 사이에서

이광태 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 2023 중소연구 Vol.47 No.1

This paper examines the middle power diplomacy of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the so-called Commonwealth of Independent States, which include five countries in Central Asia, namely Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, has shaped the perception of the region as a part of the Russian Federation’s sphere of influence. However, those newly independent Central Asian countries have pursued their own paths of development, seeking to increase their own voice in international politics. Especially, with robust economic developments and population growths as well as relatively superior military capabilities, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan prove regional powers although they are also situated in the geopolitical fault line between the great powers. Following the middle power theories, this paper argues that Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan should be counted as middle powers from the perspectives of their identity as regional power, their orientation toward multilateralism, and niche diplomacy. The two countries’ pursuit of middle power position enters a new phase, gaining relevance with the breakout of the Russo-Ukraine war. As the middlepowership suggests the willingness to form a coalition with like-minded countries, South Korea, which also claims to be a middle power country, should consider strengthening solidarity with the two Central Asian countries and establishing a common ground for further diplomatic cooperation. 중앙아시아 지역은 구소련 독립국의 관점에서 러시아의 영향권 아래에 놓인 국가로 인식되는 경향이 크다. 그러나 중앙아시아 국가들은 1991년 소련 붕괴 이후 국제 사회에서 자국의 입지를 강화하기 위해 다양한 외교를 추구해왔다. 특히 카자흐스탄과 우즈베키스탄은 지속적인 인구의 증가와 경제 발전에 힘입어 ‘지역 강국’으로서의 입지를 다져왔다. 또한 양국은 이른바 ‘지정학적 중간국’으로 러시아, 중국, 미국 등 강대국 사이에서 운신의 폭을 넓히고자 노력해왔다. 이러한 상황에서 카자흐스탄 및 우즈베키스탄은 다자주의와 틈새 외교를 추구하며 중견국 외교에 해당하는 특징을 보인다. 2022년 러시아와 우크라이나 전쟁 이후 러시아의 공격적인 대외정책을 우려하며, 양국은 중앙아시아 지역협력을 포함한 다양한 형태의 다자주의 외교에 더욱 힘쓰고 있다. 향후 북방 지역에 대한 외교 정책을 형성할 때 이러한 중견국 이론을 적용하여 카자흐스탄과 우즈베키스탄의 외교 정책을 바라볼 필요가 있다.

1865~1866년 러시아-부하라 외교 교섭과 이에 대한 러시아 측의 평가 ― 러시아 오리엔탈리즘적 관점을 중심으로 ―

이광태 중앙아시아학회 2023 中央아시아硏究 Vol.28 No.2

The Great Game theory and Orientalism of the British and Russian empires developed and fed each other during the mid-19th century. Russia’s adoption of its own “civilizing mission” toward Central Asia in the 1860s accelerated such a trend. Tsarist Russia sought to expand its boundary, arguing for the necessity of establishing a stable borderline with the Khoqand khanate. After the Russian conquest of Tashkent, General Cherniaev made diplomatic contacts with the Bukhara Manghit dynasty, which had been holding a regional hegemony in the region. However, the Russian delegation dispatched from Tashkent was detained for seven months by Bukhara’s ruler Amīr Muẓaffar. Although detaining diplomatic envoys was not uncommon in Central Asia, Russians took advantage of this event and claimed that this proved the character of Central Asia as savage and uncivilized society. In addition, the Russian generals exploited the detention as the pretext for their use of military force. The knowledge created by the Russian envoys who returned from the delegation contributed to Russia’s Orientalist argumentation. Interestingly, their description reveals an important feature inherent in Russian Orientalism: the multiple layers of dichotomy derived from Russia’s circumstances straddling both Europe and Asia.

불연속 음향 반사판의 반사음장 예측에 관한 연구

이광태 경남대학교 신소재연구소 1995 論文集 Vol.5 No.-

본 연구는 실음장 공간 자체를 직접적으로 순수파동 음향학에 기저하여, 불연속 음향반사판의 형상과 배열이 다양해짐에 따라 음향적으로 복잡하여지고 있는 폐공간의 음장예측에 보다 적극적으로 접근 가능성을 검토하기 위한 기초적 단계로서 ① 불연속 음향 반사판이 설치되어 있는 폐공간의 과도적 음현상을 미시적 회절 이론에 근거하여 자유공간의 음장을 예측하는 부분해석보다 거시적으로 표현하는 경계 적분방정식을 경계 要素法에 의하여 수치적분하는 것으로 하여, 불연속 반사판이 설기될 3차원 實際 폐공간의 정상음장을 계산하는 방법을 고찰하고 시뮤레이션하고, ② ①의 수치 시뮬레이션의 실제 음악홀의 음향설계에의 응용성을 확인하기 위하여, 해석모델로서 FM동경홀의 형상을 단순화하고, 불연속 음향반사판의 형상, 치수 및 배열을 다각적으로 검토하여, 이들이 음공간의 음장형성에 미치는 영향을 예측하며, ③ 해석모델의 1/17 축척의 모형을 이용한 모형 실험에 의하여 얻어진 결과치와 상기 예측 서 해서기와 비교·검증을 행함으로써, 정성적 측면에서의 精度 문제 및 실제의 음공간의 음장 적용시 생길 수 있는 제 문제점에 관한 기초적 검토를 행하였다. This study was intended ① to predict the steady sound pressure distribution in the practical concert room with suspended reflecting panels, ② and to observe the uniform convergency of the predicted solutions to the values measured by the scaled model test. The procedure of mathematical simulation for prediction was followed as:① Deriving the more general formula, in which the boundary and initial conditions are contained, ② Formulating and calculating the linear matrices of that formula which was achieved by the boundary element method, ③ Calucating the steady characteristic of sound field. that is. sound pressure distribution. We could obsere the uniform convergency of the calculated solutions of sound pressure to the experimental values measured in the 1/17 scale-modeled concert room. in which the pure sound was radiated by the speaker systems Finally, the simulation was shown to be very well suited for this kind of problems and its use for more practical acoustic design.

안나 판크라토바와 스탈린 시기 민족사 서술 논쟁: <카자흐사>를 중심으로

이광태 서울대학교 러시아연구소 2022 러시아연구 Vol.32 No.1

1920-1950년대 소련의 대표적인 역사학자였던 안나 판크라토바는 왕성한 학술활동과 사학계의 지도적 위치로 소련 역사학계를 이끌었다. 내전 시기 공산당원으로서 쌓은 공로와 뛰어난 학술 업적으로 소련 역사학을 주도했음에도 불구하고, 『카자흐 소비에트 사회주의 공화국의 역사』와 같은 판크라토바의 1930-40년대 역사 저술은 방법론과 사상 문제를 둘러싼 논쟁에 휘말렸다. 1930년대 스탈린의 주도로 진행된 러시아 민족주의적 경향이 증대되면서 러시아 제국 시기를 긍정적으로 묘사하는 한편, 비러시아계 민족의 역사를 상대적으로 폄훼하는 역사 서술이 강요되었기 때문이었다. 그러나 판크라토바는 결국 정치적 숙청에서 살아남았고 스탈린 사후 역사학계의 마르크스-레닌주의 방법론 재건을 주도하는 역할을 수행한다. 1930년대 중반부터 소비에트 오리엔탈리즘이 이전 러시아 오리엔탈리즘적 특징을 계승하는 방향으로 변모하는 상황에서 판크라토바는 러시아 제국주의의 폐단을 강조한 그녀의 스승 포크롭스키의 방법론을 계승하여 스탈린 주도의 러시아 민족 중심주의와 차이를 보였다. 스탈린주의에 맞선 한 역사학자의 학문적 저항이라는 측면에서 판크라토바의 학술 활동은 소비에트 오리엔탈리즘과 학자적 양심 사이의 관계를 보여주는 좋은 사례라고 할 수 있다.

음장 시뮬레이션에 의한 실내음향설계의 문제점 및 그 전망에 관한 연구

이광태 慶南大學校 附設 工業技術硏究所 1994 硏究論文集 Vol.12 No.-

폐공간의 실내음장의 음현상을 수치해석적 수법에 의해서 근사예측하는 음장예측 시뮤레이션의 기본적 개념 및 실제 건축음향설계에의 적용성을 검토하여 문제점을 도출하고 장래의 음장예측 시스템의 방향을 제시하여보았다. Various computer-oriented simulation systems have been developed rapidly, approximately to predict the characteristics of the sound field in the closed space of rooms, by means of numerical analysis techniques. And they are widely being used to the practical acoustical design But In spite of all this activity, it cannot be mentioned that they have been successfully applied to the design and able to predict accurately the acoustical characteristics of the room for music or speech design and able to predict accurately the acoustical characteristics of the room for music or speech It is therefore important to examine the general problems of the basic theories, which the simulations are based on, and the realistic problems on practical applications of them. And through such an approach, We will be able to provide a valuable help to efficiently improving shortcomings of these simulations and developing more powerful alternatives to the effective and easy-to-use computer simulation.

낭포성 뇌수막종 3예 : 증례 보고 Case Report

이광태,김성호,송시헌,김관태,김윤 대한신경외과학회 1994 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.23 No.1

The authors report unusual three cases of large, pen- or intratumoral cystic lesions associated with intracranial meningiomas. These meningiomas may lead to an incorrect presumptive diagnosis because of mimic appearance of a dial or metastatic tumor in computed tomography(CT) or magnetic resornance imaging(MRI) findings. Radiological evaluation and recognition are important for the surgical removal of these potentially curable neoplasms.