Fe-4Cr-o.4C강에 있어서 마르텐사이트조직에 관한 연구

원상백 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1981 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.19 No.2

Morphology, dependence of prior austenite grain size and packet size upon austenitizing temperature, distribution of lath width, and habit plane of martensitic structure in Fe-4Cr-0.4C steel has been studied by optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results obtained are as follows. 1) Optical microstructures of martensitic Fe-4Cr-0.4C steel consist of lath martensite and lens martensite. Also the four types of morphology are observed by electron microscopy. The most common morphologies are a regular paralleled martensite and an irregular dovetailed lath martensite, while the remainder of microstructures consists mainly of groups of internally twinned martensite and autotempered laths. 2) Prior austenite grain size and packet size, increased with austenizing temperature, and also the numbers of lath contained in a prior austenite grain or a packet are increased with austenizing temperature. 3) The mean width of lath in Fe-4Cr-0.4C steel is about 0. 23㎛ and most of lath widths are below 0.5㎛. 4) Martensite habit plane of Fe-4Cr-0.4C steel is nearly {110}α'

실용 18% Ni 마르에이징강의 시효과정에 관한 연구 ( )

원상백 대한금속재료학회 1983 대한금속재료학회 학술대회 개요집 Vol.1983 No.1

Fe - 0.02wt%C 합금에 있어서 α 상과포화고용체로 부터 탄화물의 석출과정

원상백,평야현일 (平野賢一) 대한금속재료학회 1981 대한금속재료학회 학술대회 개요집 Vol.1981 No.1

동작매체와 심신치료에 대한 토론

원상화 한국예술심리치료학회 2016 한국예술심리치료학회 학술대회 Vol.2013 No.추계

프랑스법상 자연채무론

원상철(Sang-Chul Won) 한국비교사법학회 2005 比較私法 Vol.12 No.2

Fe-4Cr-0.4C 강의 마르텐사이트에 있어서 준안정탄화물의 석출 및 잔류오스테나이트의 분해에 관한 열분석적 연구

원상백 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1981 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.19 No.9

The precipitation of metastable carbide and the decomposition of retained austenite in martensitic Fe-4Cr-O. 4C steel has been studied by micro-Vickers hardness test, transmission electron microscopy and calorimetry. The results obtained are as follows. 1) Under the argon atmosphere of 1.01×10^5 Pa, the relation between apparatus constant k of DSC used in this study and absolute temperature T gives the equation as k=1.419-9.198×10^(-4) T, where 323˚K≤T≤773˚K. 2) There are three exothermic peaks in DSC curve of martensitic Fe-4Cr-0.4C steel. The first peak corresponds to the precipitation of ξ-carbide in the first stage of tempering, the second to the decomposition of retained austenite in the second stage of tempering, and the third to the precipitation of cementite in the third stage of tempering. 3) Activation energies for the first stage and the second stage of tempering in martensitic Fe-4Cr-0.4C steel are 134.3KJ/㏖ and 153.6KJ/㏖, respectively. 4) The time indices for the first stage of tempering are determined to be 0.86 at 373˚K and 1.00 at 423˚K from the Johnson-Mehl's equation. 5) It is found that Differential Scanning Calorimetry is convenient to study the kinetics of carbide precipitation from the martensite.

특수교육 기본교육과정에서 “신체표현활동”의 의미와 방향 탐색

원상화 ( Sang Hwa Won ) 한국무용교육학회 2014 韓國舞踊敎育學會誌 Vol.25 No.4

The purpose of this study is to explore the meaning and direction of the ‘body expression activity’ in the basic curriculum of special education through an analysis of the contents of the curriculum. For this purpose, analysis of the basic curriculum and concept of body expression activity was conducted, and the problems with the body expression activity in the current curriculum was identified to explore the educational meaning and direction for improvement. The results of this study are as follows. First, the goals of body expression activity in the basic curriculum of special education were divided by grade groups of grades 1-2, grades 3-4, grades 5-6 of the elementary school, grades 1-3 of middle school, and grades 1-3 of the high school. The main contents of the grade-specific curriculum groups consist of sensory activities, experience of the elements and media of the basic movement, formation of body through physical activities such as aerobics and rhythmic gymnastics, and creative activities through understanding and expression of the structure of folk dance, and activities to express its theme. Second, research to establish the basic concepts associated with ‘body expression activity’ as used on the basic curriculum of special education was mainly carried out in the areas of early childhood education, special education, and music education. And its basic concept was being used in the context of ‘expressing feeling and thought through movement’, ‘creative activity, expressive activity’, and ‘education of the components of movement.’ And the educational effect was found in the fact that it has a positive impact on the physical, cognitive, emotional, social, linguistic development, and ultimately it contributes to the holistic human development. Third, in order for the ‘body expression activity’ to establish educational meaning as an art education and to be operated as a more systematic course, the application of the organizing principle based on the movement elements of Laban could be an alternative. Fourth, examination of the significance of creativity education through aesthetic experience, which is the aim of the ‘body expression activity’, suggested that it would be better to understand the aesthetic experience as something to signify ‘recognizing and finding’ rather than as something beautiful as it is understood now so that the aesthetic experience should be shed new light on as a basic principle of creativity education.

중국 민법상 하자담보책임의 법적 성질에 대한 고찰

원상철 사단법인 한국법이론실무학회 2022 법률실무연구 Vol.10 No.1

Unlike Korea's civil law, China Civil Code formed a Civil Law system under the Economic Contract Act (1981) and the Technology Contract Act (1987). After that, as the market economy evolved, the Economic Contract Act, which contained previous planned economic factors, was revised in 1993. These three major Contract Laws had many defects due to overlapping contents and gaps in regulations corresponding to mutual contradictions and general rules of contract due to differences in the time of enactment or subject to discipline. As the transition from the planned economy to the market economy progressed, the fundamental resolution of contradictions within the contract law became an urgent task, and a unified contract law aimed at integrating various contract laws was enacted in March 1999. Since then, China has integrated the contract law, which existed in the form of a law for each type of civil act, into the Civil Act and passed it on May 28, 2020, and has been in effect since January 1, 2021. Thus, China transformed all civil acts into a system that regulates one unified basic law, not several enforcement laws. These Chinese Civil Laws are regulations governing civil relations, and China's unique People's Republic of China Contract Law has been enacted and implemented under the influence of legislative systems of British-American and Continental Laws such as Germany. Chinese Civil Law referred to the system and court rules of German Civil Law and British-American Law, and implied the nature of internationalization, and contract management by administration, a socialist characteristic, was abolished and started as a completely modern law. In particular, Chapter 8 stipulates penalty liability in a total of 18 articles, and the fact that penalty liability is pointed out as an important issue under Chinese Civil Law not only introduces strict liability under German Risk Liability but also includes Liability for Defect Security. In that situation, China's Civil Law faces a new problem. Under Chinese Civil Law, Liability for defect security is being evaluated somewhat complicated. Some say that the Liability for defect security under Chinese Civil Law is a legal policy attributable to no-fault liability (strict liability), but some say that if the quality of the object traded under the contract does not conform to the agreement, the party should be liable for penalty. Article 612 and Article 614 of the same Act stipulate the liability for defect security of rights, and Article 615 and Article 617 of the same Act respectively, but it can be seen that there are differences in the legal effect. In other words, defects in rights are adopted by strict liability as a principle attributable to defects, and for defects in goods, the buyer may claim a claim for reduction, such as refusal to receive, cancellation of contracts, additional claims (repair, exchange, reissuance), return, and payment. In the end, Strict Liability and penalty Liability coexist the Liability for defect security. 중국은 우리나라의 민법과 달리 경제계약법(1981년)을 필두로 하여 섭외경제계약법(1985년), 기술계약법(1987년) 등으로 민사법체계를 구성하고 있었다. 그 후 시장경제가 진화되면서 이전의 계획경제적 요소를 내포하고 있던 경제계약법을 1993년에 개정하였다. 이러한 3대 계약법은 제정된 시기나 규율 대상의 차이로 인해 내용의 중복되고 상호모순 및 계약 총칙에 해당하는 규정에 공백이 있어 많은 결함을 가지고 있었다. 또한 계획경제에서 시장경제로의 전환이 진행하면서 계약법 내부에서 모순의 근본적 해결이 시급한 과제가 되고 분쟁해결을 위한 재판규범을 명확히 하기 위해서도 각종 계약법의 통합을 목표로 하는 통일적인 계약법 제정이 추진되어 1999년 3월 건국 이래 가장 많은 조문으로 이루어진 계약법(총칙, 각칙을 합해 총 23장 428개조)이 제정되었다. 그 후 중국은 민사상 행위 종류별로 단행법 형식을 존재하고 있던 계약법을 민법에 통합하여 2020년 5월 28일에 통과시켜 2021년 1월 1일부터 시행을 하고 있다. 그리하여 중국은 제반 민사상행위를 여러 개의 단행법이 아닌 통일된 하나의 기본법으로 규율하는 체제로 전환하게 되었다. 이러한 중국 민법은 민사관계를 규율하는 규정으로 영미법계와 독일 등 대륙법계의 입법제도의 영향을 받아 중국 특유의 중화인민공화국계약법을 제정하여 시행하고 있다. 중국 민법은 독일 민법 및 영미법상 제도와 법원칙을 참고하여 국제화의 성격을 내포하면서 사회주의적 특색인 행정에 의한 계약관리는 철폐되고 완전히 현대적 사법으로 출발한 것이다. 특히 중국 계약법은 제8장에서 총 18개의 조문으로 위약책임에 관하여 명문으로 규정하고 있고, 중국 민법상 위약책임이 중요한 이슈로 지적되는 것은 독일의 위험책임과 더불어 영미법상 엄격책임를 도입하고 있을 뿐만 아니라 하자담보책임까지도 내포하고 있어서 높게 평가할 수 있다. 그런 상황에서 중국의 민법은 새로운 문제에 직면해 있다. 중국 민법상 하자담보책임은 다소 복잡한 평가가 이루어지고 있다. 중국 민법상 하자담보책임에 대하여 무과실 책임(엄격책임)을 귀책사유로 하는 법정책임이라고 하는 견해도 있지만, 계약에 의해 거래되는 목적물의 품질이 약정에 합치하지 않는 경우 당사자의 계약에 따라 위약책임을 져야 한다고 통설도 있다. 중국 민법은 하자담보책임에 대해 동법 제612조 및 동법 614조에서 권리의 하자담보책임을 규정하고, 동법 제615조 및 동법 제617조에 대해 물건의 하자담보책임을 각각 규정하고 있지만, 그 법적 효과에 관해서는 차이가 발생하고 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. 즉, 권리의 하자에 대해서는 귀책사유으로서 엄격책임이 채용하고 있고, 물건의 하자에 대해서는 매수인은 위약책임으로서 매도인에 대해서 수령 거부, 계약해제, 추완청구(수리, 교환, 재교부), 반품, 대금 등 감액 청구 등을 청구할 수 있다. 결국 하자담보책임에 대해서는 엄격책임과 위약책임이 병존하는 상태로 존재하고 있다.

취득시효기간완성과 대항력

원상철 원광대학교 법학연구소 2005 圓光法學 Vol.21 No.1

실대형실험을 통한 자갈도상궤도 강화노반두께의 영향 평가

원상수(Sang-Soo Won),이진욱(Jin-Wook Lee),이성혁(Seong-Hyeok Lee) 한국철도학회 2012 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2012 No.5

자갈도상궤도는 철도노반이 도상자갈을 직접 지지하고 있는 구조로서 열차운행 시 빈번한 유지보수가 요구 된다. 도상자갈 하부에 위치한 강화노반은 도상으로부터 받는 하중을 분담하여 상부노반의 연약화를 방지하며 궤도를 견고히 지지하는 역할을 한다. 따라서 자갈도상궤도의 유지보수 비용 절감을 위해서는 적절한 강화노반의 두께가 요구된다. 강화노반의 두께는 궤도의 구조와 노반의 강성에 따라 결정되며, 현재 철도 설계기준 노반편에서 제시하고 있는 자갈도상 궤도의 강화노반 두께는 일반철도의 경우 20㎝, 고속철도는 40㎝ ~ 50㎝을 기준으로 하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 자갈도상궤도에 대한 실대형 실험을 실시하여, 노반의 동적거동을 분석함으로써, 현재 자갈도상궤도 강화노반 두께의 적절성과 향후 열차속도 향상 가능성을 검토하였다. The Ballasted track occupying of KTX step 1 is required to frequent maintenance by train service. Reinforced trackbed support track structure by sharing the load of ballast. Therefore, it is necessary for proper thickness of reinforced trackbed to reduce maintenance costs of ballasted track. Thickness of reinforced trackbed is determined by stiffness of trackbed and structure of track. In this paper, a real-scale test was performed to monitor the dynamic characteristics of ballasted track reinforced trackbed with a thickness of 20㎝(train speed of 200㎞/h), 40㎝(train speed of 400㎞/h) and earth pressure and plastic settlement and elastic settlement were analyzed. And circular soil test was performed to analysis effect of rain in reinforced trackbed. Study results reviewed the effect of reinforced trackbeds thickness and possibility of increasing train speed.