발생중인 흰쥐 간에서의 Metallothionein 발현에 관한 면역세포화학적 연구

오승한,안영모,신길상,김완종,Oh, Seung-Han,Ahn, Young-Mo,Shin, Kil-Sang,Kim, Wan-Jong 한국현미경학회 2004 Applied microscopy Vol.34 No.3

메탈로사이오닌 (metallothionein: MT)은 시스테인(cysteine)이 다수 포함되어 있고, 저분자량인 단백질로서 중금속이온이나 다양한 세포 독성 인자에 의해 유도되며, 최근 발암과정 (carcinogenesis)이나 혹은 세포분화와 연관하여 활발하게 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 흰쥐를 수정시킨 후 발생과정 또는 출생 후 성장과정 단계에서 태아와 신생 흰쥐의 간 조직 및 세포내 MT의 분포 양상을 조사하고자 하였다. 흰쥐 간 조직내 MT의 분포는 면역조직화학적 방법을 적용하여 광학현미경으로 관찰하였고, 세포내 미세구조적 위치 (localization)는 금 입자 표지를 이용한 면역세포화학적 방법을 이용하여 투과전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. MT는 발생 13일이 경과한 흰쥐 태아의 간에서 처음으로 관찰되기 시작하여, 출생 당일의 신생 흰쥐에서 가장 높게 관찰되었다. 면역 조직화학 및 세포화학적 방법으로 관찰한 결과, MT 염색성은 발생 후기에서 출생후 10일째까지 비교적 높게 나타났다. MT에 대한 양성반응은 난형 세포 (oval cell)들과 간 실질세포 (liver parenchymal cell)들에서 뚜렷하게 존재하였다. 발생과정과 신생 흰쥐의 간 조직에서는 핵과 세포질 양쪽에서 공통적으로 양성 반응을 보였으나, 생후 30일 이후부터 성체에 이르는 시기까지는 세포질에 한정되어 있는 양상을 보였다. 금 입자 표지법에 의한 MT의 세포질내 분포를 보면, 발생 중인 흰쥐 간 세포에서는 핵과 세포질내에 고르게 산재되어 있었다. 즉, 핵내 염색질, 인, 조면소포체 및 cytosol에서도 MT에 대한 면역 금 입자들이 관찰되었으나, 미토콘드리아와 지질 소포 등에서는 거의 관찰되지 않았다. 상기의 결과들은 발생중 혹은 성장중인 흰쥐의 간에서 MT가 점차 증가하는 것으로 요약될 수 있는 것으로서, 이는 MT가 세포들의 증식과 분화에 금속 이온의 저장과 방출 혹은 전사인자 (transcription factor)로서 작용할 수 있음을 암시하는 것으로 판단된다. Metallothionein (MT) is a family of ubiquitous, low molecular weight (6-7 kDa), cysteine-rich protein with a high affinity to metal ions and has no aromatic amino acids and histidine. Some of the known functions of MT include detoxification of heavy metals and alkylating agents and neutralization of free radicals. Also, this protein may affect a number of cellular processes including gene expression, apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. But, its actual functions are still not clear. The present study was undertaken to examine immunocytochemically the localization of MT in developing rat liver. On the day 11 of gestation, the fetal rat liver has already been formed and contained numerous oval cells with high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio, which were the progenitors of hepatic parenchymal cells, but no reaction products of MT were detected at this time. And then, positive reactions against MT started to appear predominantly in the parenchymal cells of liver from the 13th day after gestation. Reaction products, immunogold particles or brown coloration, were localized at both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the parenchymal cells, except mitochondria. The intensity of this reaction gradually increased, and exhibited the strongest at birth. The intensity of MT staining and immunogold labelling diminished with growth, and by the 15th day after birth weak positive reaction was observed in the cells. In brief, positive reactions for MT were observed in the oval cells and the parenchymal cells during fetal stage, meanwhile they were present only in the parenchymal cells after birth. The present results suggest that MT possibly involves parechymal cell proliferation and differentiation through the storage or the supply of various metal ions in the developing rat liver.

FPGA를 이용한 위성탑재용 FSK 모뎀 개발에 관한 연구

오승한(Oh Seung Han),오대수(Oh Dae Soo),오치욱(Oh Chi Wook) 한국통신학회 2005 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2005 No.11

과학기술위성 3호 S-대역 송신기 인증모델 설계 및 제작

오승한(Seung-Han Oh),서규재(Gyu-jae Seo),오대수(Dae-Soo Oh),이정수(Jung-Soo Lee),오치욱(Chi-Wook Oh) 한국항공우주학회 2010 韓國航空宇宙學會誌 Vol.38 No.1

본 논문은 현재 KAIST 인공위성연구센터(SaTReC)에서 개발하고 있는 과학기술위성3호(STSAT-3) 위성본체의 S대역 통신채널 중 송신기 개발에 관하여 서술하고 있다. STSAT-3의 통신시스템은 위성제어 및 상태정보 전송을 위하여 S대역을 사용하며 임무수행용 통신채널로는 X대역을 사용하고 있다. S대역 송신기(S band Transmitter, STX)는 변조기, 주파수 합성기, 파워 앰프, 전력공급기 로 구성되어 있다. 변조 방법으로는 주파수 천이방식(Frequency Shift Keying, FSK)을 사용 하며 위성체와는 RS-422통신 방식을 이용한다. STSAT-3의 STX는 모듈화에 근거하여 설계 및 제작 되었으며 1.5W(31.7dBm) 송신 출력에 1E-5 비트오율(BER) 성능을 만족한다. 현재 성능시험, 환경시험(진동시험, 열진공시험)을 성공적으로 마쳤다. This paper describes the development result of S-band Transmitter of STSAT-3 by satellite research center(SaTReC), KAIST. STSAT-3 has two kinds of communication channels, S- band for Telemetry & Command and X-band for mission payload. S-band Transmiiter(STX) consist of modulator, frequency synthesizer, power amp and DC/DC converter. The modulation scheme of STX is FSK(Frequency Shift Keying). The interface between spacecraft OBC and STX is RS-422. The STX is based on modular design. The RF output power of STX is 1.5W(31.7dBm) and BER of STX is under 1E-5. The Test of STX is completed successfully such as functional Test and environmental(vibration, thermal vacuum) Test.

과학기술위성2호 지상관제를 위한 기저대역 제어 시스템 개발

오승한(Sung-Han Oh),오대수(Dae-Soo Oh),오치욱(Chi-Wook Oh) 한국항공우주학회 2006 韓國航空宇宙學會誌 Vol.34 No.1

과학기술위성2호(STSAT-2)는 우리기술에 의해 만들어지는 KSLV 발사체에 실리는 첫 위성이다. 현재 STSAT-2의 관제를 위한 지상관제용 제어시스템(GBC)은 EM(Engineering Model)개발이 완료되어 성능검증 까지 마친 상태이며 최종 납품모델을 제작 중에 있다. GBC는 크게 2가지 기능을 가지는데 하나는 지상 수신안테나들(1.5M, 3.7M, 13M)과 관제 컴퓨터들 사이에 연결패스를 자동으로 만들어 주는 것과 다른 하나는 위성과 데이터를 송수신 하는 것이다. GBC는 거의 모든 기능 (MODEM, PROTOCOL, GBC system control)을 FPGA에 담고 있다. GBC의 FPGA에 구현되어있는 MODEM은 두 개의 uplink FSK modulators(1.2[kbps], 9.6[kbps])와 여섯개의 downlink FSK demodulators(9.6[kbps], 38.4[kbps])로 구성되어있다. 과학기술위성 2호의 GBC는 물리적으로 과학기술위성 1호의 관제 시스템보다 매우 작아졌으며 기능은 더 풍부해진 특징을 가지고 있다. 이 논문은 GBC의 구조, 성능, 실험결과에 관한 것이다. STSAT-2 is the first satellite which will be launched by the first Korean Space Launch Vehicle(KSLV). Ground station Baseband Control system(GBC) is now developed for STSAT-2. GBC has two functions. One is control data path between satellite control computers and ground station antennas(1.5M, 3.7M, 13M) automatically. The other is sending and receiving data between ground station and satellite. GBC is implemented by FPGA(Field-Programmable Gate Array) which includes almost all logic(for MODEM, PROTOCOL and GBC system control). MODEM in GBC has two uplink FSK modulators(1.2[kbps], 9.6[kbps]) and six downlink FSK demodulators(9.6[kbps], 38.4[kbps]). In hardware, STSAT-2 GBC is smaller than STSAT-1 GBC. In function, STSAT-2 GBC has more features than STSAT-1 GBC. This paper is about GBC structure, functions and test results.

지적재산권 라이센스의 배타적 조건에 대한 독점금지법의 위법성 판단 - 독점금지법의 동태적 효율성 분석을 중심으로 : 지적재산권 라이센스의 배타적 조건에 대한 독점금지법의 위법성 판단

오승한(Seung-Han Oh) 한국비교사법학회 2006 비교사법 Vol.13 No.1

This thesis will show how to analyze intellectual property (hereinafter ""IP"") proprietors" exclusive IP exercise under antitrust analysis, which is supposed to prevent the IP right causing anticompetitive effect in a relevant market from being enforced. Based on a previously published thesis showing the ultimate purpose of IP law by the concept of ""dynamic efficiency"", thereby identifying three major IP policies designed to achieve the purpose, this thesis is derived to illuminate the role of antitrust law to determine explosive IP exercise. Antitrust law hasbeen used as the legal limitation for the exploitative IP licensing practices because contract law would be reluctant to intervene in voluntary agreed legal terms despite their restrictive characteristics. However, appropriate limitation for applying antitrust law to IP exercise has been discussed. Considering the independent purpose and policies of IP law, both bodies of laws are understood to partially overlap with each other, but each law has own itsdistinctive purpose and policies; while antitrust law focuses on allocative efficiency, IP law emphasizes dynamic efficiency. For this reason, allowing antitrust law to be applied to IP restrictive practices may still cause the interface problem between IP law and antitrust law. That interface problem should be circumvented in antitrust analysis by considering the necessity of granting private reward protected by the IP reward policy in analyzing the restraint"s effect against allocative efficiency. In conclusion, the legal IP excludability justified by IP policies may be the critical tool of IP laws to promote more competition and dynamic efficiency in the future despite its anticompetitive effect temporarily decreasing allocative efficiency in the present. Some IP restraints allowed by IP laws to incentivise innovative projects ultimately may contribute to increasing the possibility of potential competitors" entry into the innovation market because, otherwise, som e critical developm ents of technologies would not have been made and consumers could not have had any choices to benefit them. In antitrust analysis, such contribution could be determined as one of the important procompetitive effects for a justification to reverse the presumptive illegality of exclusive IP exercise by an IP proprietor. Therefore, the necessity of granting private reward protected by the IP reward policy should be considered in analyzing the restraint"s effect against allocative efficiency under antitrust law. If this is done, the conflict problem between IP law and antitrust law may be avoided appropriately.

배타조건부 거래를 포함하는 시장선점.봉쇄전략에 대한 단계별 위법성 판단절차

오승한(Seung-Han Oh) 한국비교사법학회 2010 比較私法 Vol.17 No.4

In antitrust policy, one of troublesome recurring problems is to determine whether the strategy including the exclusive dealing contract between purchasers and suppliers for the sale or purchase of goods or rights to exclude competitors is illegal. Sometimes, the decline of the influential competitors could be natural result of competition. However, the downfall of rivals could also be responsible for the vertical agreements or technical integration to harm competition by market blockade. For this reason, the standards for scrutiny to decide the illegal anticompetitive strategy have been suggested to perform the anticompetitive policy efficiently. In the U.S., federal courts and agencies have tried to replace the effects-balancing test that is the old version of the rule of reason test, with the structured rule of reason, which is conceived for allocating burdens of production and proof. This Article deals the new test method placing stress on the importance of an appropriate framework that structures the analysis. This new analysis will divide the steps of the whole process and allocate burdens of production and proof in litigation.

FRAND 확약을 위반한 외국 특허권자 등에 대한 독점규제법의 역외적용

오승한(Oh, Seunghan) 한국비교사법학회 2021 비교사법 Vol.28 No.1

독점규제법의 역외적용 이론은 자국의 독점규제법 적용을 원하는 정부 당국 및 법원이 속지주의 및 속인주의 원칙에 따르면 본래 타 당사국의 사법관할권에 속하는 외국의 사업자에게 자신의 관할권을 확대하여 자국법을 적용하기 위한 이론이다. 1945년 미국 Alcoa 사건에서, 미국 연방대법원은 특정 경쟁제한행위가 자국 산업에 대해 영향을 미치는 경우에 역외적용이 허용되는 것으로 판결하였고, 한국 역시 이와 같은 소위 ‘영향력’ 이론을 ‘독점규제 및 공정거래 등에 관한 법률(이하, “공정거래법”)’ 제2조의2로 입법화하여 시행해 오고 있다. 그런데 현행 한국 공정거래법 제2조의2는 “외국에서 실행된 행위가 국내산업에 영향을 미치는 경우에 동법을 적용한다”고 규정하여, 구체적으로 영향의 범위가 어디까지 인정되어야 하는 지가 불분명하다. 특히, 최근 해외 표준개발 과정에서 필수특허(SEP)로 인정받기 위해 FRAND 확약을 제출하였음에도 그 확약을 위반하여 비합리적 실시조건을 한국 사업자들에게 강제한 외국 특허권자들을 한국 공정거래위원회가 조사를 진행하는 과정에서 역외적용 가능성이 논란되고 있다. 이와 관련해, 미국의 경우 FTAIA법이 1982년에 제정되어, Alcoa 사건에서 제시된 ‘영향력’을 인정하기 위한 구체적 요건으로, “직접성, 상당성, 합리적 예견가능성”을 규정하고 있다. 2014년 한국 대법원 역시 미국의 FTAIA법과 동일한 요건을 갖추어야 영향력이 인정될 수 있음을 설시하고 있다. 그런데 여기서 다시 그 ‘직접성’이 행위의 ‘즉각적인 결과’를 의미하는 좁은 범위로 해석되어야 하는지, 아니면 ‘합리적 인과관계가 인정되는 주요 요인’으로 넓게 해석되어야 하는지 등이 여전히 문제가 된다. 이 연구는 이와 같은 역외적용의 구체적인 요건을 해석하기 위한 것으로써, 특히 다국적 특허권자로 구성된 해외의 SEP 권리행사 사례와 관련한 구체적인 논의를 진행한다. In antitrust law principles, extraterritorial jurisdiction can be understood as the work of defining the scope of government authorities or courts to apply the law of particular nation on legal persons based in another jurisdiction. Since Alcoa case in the U.S. 1945, ‘effect doctrine’ has been upheld also in Korea, and Article 2-2(Application to Overseas Act) in Monopoly Regulation and Fair-Trade Act (MRAFTA) stipulates that “This Act shall also apply to acts done outside Korea, if such acts affect the domestic market.”The Article, however, is too ambiguous to find that which acts abroad can be regulated by MRAFTA. In particular, KFTC (Korea Fair Trade Commission) has investigated several foreign proprietors of SEP (Standard Essential Patent), who are supposed to violate the law by breaking the FRAND commitments to Korea Handset OEM businesses. The problem is whether KAFTC could perform its jurisdiction under MRAFTA when all products, which had been made under the unreasonable license terms by the foreign entity even in Korea, was exported to abroad without distribution in Korean territory for Korean consumers. In the U.S., the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act of 1982 permits U.S. antitrust agencies’ jurisdiction under antitrust laws only when the act causes a “direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable” effect on the U.S. domestic commerce or import trade. The Supreme Court of Korea in 2014 also decided almost the same rule for extraterritorial jurisdiction requiring “direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect to Korea market”. Unfortunately, there are still ambiguousness, such as, whether ‘the direct’ means ‘immediate consequence’, or only ‘a reasonably proximate causal nexus.’ This essay will discuss the appropriate understanding for requirements for extraterritorial jurisdiction, in relation to the multinational SEP owner’s violation of Korea antitrust law.

미국 경쟁당국의 특허권 행상에 대한 경쟁법 집행 사례

오승한(Oh Seung Han) 행정법이론실무학회 2007 행정법연구 Vol.- No.18

This thesis is reviewing a dispute surrounding Qualcomm's alleged illegal and anti-competitive conduct in the markets for the third cell phone technology(3G) named Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (“WCDMA”) and chipsets implementing the third generation technology employing the Universal Mobile Telephone System [UMTS]. According to the complaint brought an action against Qualcomm by a plaintiff (Broadcom), Qualcomm induced the relevant SDO to adopt a 3G standard, WCDMA, that incorporates Qualcomm's patents by promising to license the patents on FRAND terms. Broadcom asserted that the relevant SDO only adopted the UMTS standard, implementing WCDMA, after Qualcomm agreed to license its WCDMA technology on FRAND terms. On the other side, Broadcom has developed UMTS chipsets that would compete with the UMTS chipsets manufactured by Qualcomm. Qualcomm holds patents for WCDMA technology that are essential to the UMTS standard, controlling the rights to the patents necessary for Broadcom to manufacture UMTS chipsets. Broadcom alleged that it has tried to get a license from Qualcomm for the use of the patents essential to UMTS standard employed in its chipsets, but has been refused to get the license to use the patents on FRAND terms. For this reason, the plaintiff alleges that Qualcomm has used unlawful and discriminatory licensing practices to (1) undermine competition, (2) monopolize the WCDMA technology market, and (3) attempt to monopolize the market for UMTS chipsets. In this case, the Federal district court in New Jersey dismissed the complaint brought by Broadcom. The Court assumes that there is no competition in the WCDMA technology market because of SDO's standard-setting process. In this situation, Qualcomm's conduct did not cause injury to competition, rather than it is the natural consequence of the standard-setting process. However, the Court's decision is not enough to show requirements determining whether a patent proprietor's licensing practices would be anticompetitive. In this thesis, some situations making the patent proprietor's licensing practices illegal will be discussed and suggested.

은-제올라이트 입자의 함량과 보관기간이 의치상용 레진의 기계적 성질에 미치는 영향

오승한(Seunghan Oh),배지명(Ji-Myung Bae) 대한치과재료학회 2008 대한치과재료학회지 Vol.35 No.3

세라믹 3D 프린팅 소개와 치과분야에서의 활용가능성

오승한(Seunghan Oh) 대한치과의사협회 2020 대한치과의사협회지 Vol.58 No.7

In addition to extensive research on polymer and metal three-dimensional (3D) printing, ceramic 3D printing has recently been highlighted in various fields. The biggest advantage of 3D printing has the ability to easily create any complex shape. This review introduces the 3D printing technology of ceramics according to the type of material and deals with the latest related research in the industrial field including the biomedical engineering field. Finally, the future of ceramic 3D printing technology available in dentistry will be discussed.