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미국 내 한국 여성의 성 착취 목적의 인신매매와 밀입국: 뉴욕시와 뉴저지 지역 사례 연구
성용은(Sung, Yong Eun) 한국범죄심리학회 2016 한국범죄심리연구 Vol.12 No.4
이 연구의 목적은 미국 내 한국 여성의 성 착취 목적의 인신매매와 밀입국에 대한 실증 조사연구를 실시하고 이를 바탕으로 정책적 제언을 하는 것이다. 이 연구조사를 위해서 미국내 한인 성매매 여성, 성 구매 남성, 여성인권 NGO 직원 및 현지 경찰, 학계 전문가 등을 대상으로 뉴욕시와 뉴저지 지역에서 면접조사를 실시하였다. 이 연구의 결과, 첫째, 일반 성매매 여성의 평균 연령(32.4세)은 인신매매 관련 피해여성의 평균 연령(36.6세)보다 낮게 나타났으며, 80% 이상의 여성이 전문대학교 이상을 졸업하고, 70% 이상이 한국 국적을 소지하고 있었다. 둘째, 성매매 여성의 일부는 한국에서의 빚을 갚기 위해 입국비용까지도 빚을 내어 미국으로 입국한 경우도 있었으며, 학생신분의 비자(F-1)를 발급받아서 유흥업소에 종사 하면서 성매매를 하는 경우도 많았다. 셋째, 대체로 친구나 지인에 의한 네트워크와 인터넷 성매매 구인사이트에 의해 성매매 유입이 이루어지고 있었다. 넷째, 성매매 여성은 하루 약 10-11시간 일을 하며, 열악한 업무환경에 처해 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 다섯째, 미국 비자면제프로그램이 시행된 이후 한국 여성의 미국 성산업 유입이 더욱 용이해지고 있었다. 마지 막으로 미국 내 한인 여성의 성 착취 목적의 인신매매 감소를 위한 정책적 제언과 이 연구의 한계에 대해서 논의하였다. The purpose of this study is to conduct an empirical research on the human trafficking for sexual exploitation and smuggling of Korean Women in the United States and to provide a policy implication based on the findings. The current study was conducted using methods of interview investigation with Korean prostitute, Korean Men who payed sex, staffs of Women Rights NGO and police officers, and academia professionals in New York City Metropolitan and New Jersey. The findings show that: 1) the average age of prostitute was 31.4 years old and the average age of sexual exploitation of Women was 36.6 years old; over 80% of prostitute finished a college level education; over 70% of prostitute have a Korean citizen; 2) some prostitute came to the United States for paying their debt; the numbers of prostitute hold a student visa (F-1) status in order to work in the Sex Industry in the United States; 3) majority of prostitute was recruited by friends and/or acquaintance and by online advertising for recruiting the sex worker; 4) the average duty hours of prostitute was 10-11 hours and they was under a poor work environment; 5) Visa Waiver Program have facilitated the human trafficking for sexual exploitation and smuggling of Korean Women in the United States. Lastly, the study concluded with a discussion of the implications for reducing the human trafficking for sexual exploitation and smuggling of Korean Women in the United States and a discussion of limitations of the current research.
성용은(Sung Yong Eun) 한국범죄심리학회 2005 한국범죄심리연구 Vol.1 No.1
범죄두려움이란 범죄에 대한 불안감, 공포심으로, 이는 사회성원들의 정신건강과 삶의 질에 있어서 직접적으로 중요한 사항이 된다. 이 연구에서는 이러한 범죄두려움의 중요성에 주목을 하여 범죄의 두려움 중에서도 여성을 대상으로 발생되는 여성의 경찰활동에 대한 인식과 성범죄두려움의 특성을 분석해 보고자 하였다. 따라서 이 연구의 목적은 첫째, 여성의 성범죄두려움 특성을 분석하고, 둘째, 여성의 성범죄두려움과 성적괴롭힘을 포함한 성범죄피해경험의 관계와 그 영향, 마지막으로 경찰활동에 대한 여성의 인식이 성범죄두려움과 어떠한 관계가 있고 영향을 미치는지 실증적으로 분석하는 것이다. 이 연구는 사실의 발견을 위한 양적인 연구방법으로서 현실 분석적이며, 기술적인 연구방법을 사용하였으며, 서울지역에 거주하고 있는 일반여성 208명을 대상으로 조사를 실시하였다.<BR> 이 연구의 분석결과 여성의 성범죄두려움은 인구사회학적 특성과 상황에 따라서 정도의 차이가 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 여성의 성범죄두려움에 대한 선행연구에서는 포함되지 않았던 성적괴롭힘(언어적, 시각적, 신체적)을 성범죄피해 경험에 포함시키고 그 피해기간을 이제까지 살아오면서 경험한 모든 성범죄피해 경험으로 알아본 결과, 여성이 성범죄피해를 많이 경험할수록 성범죄두려움은 증가하게 된다는 결과를 보여주었다. 마지막으로 여성의 경찰활동에 대한 인식은 성범죄두려움과 관계가 있으며 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 이 연구는 서울지역에 거주하는 여성 208명을 대상으로 연구를 수행한 것이기 때문에 연구결과를 일반화시키기에는 한계가 있다. This study examines the special character of women"s fear of sexual offense and cognition of police operation. The purpose of this study is to understand the fear of sexual offense and to prove whether it can be proper and practical for analysis the special character of fear of sexual offense and cognition of police operation by women. And this study handle the fact of women"s experience of sexual offense which contain the sexual harassment to the women, and it is very frequently occurred in women"s routine activity area.<BR> It makes the following hypotheses to analyze the research models based on the theoretical background. Reviewing the model of fear of crime will make it easy to understand the fear of sexual offense. The model of fear of crime is divided into the victimization perspective and social control perspective.<BR> Analysis work is based on SPSS 12.0 program. The frequency analyses ware obtained in order to find general character of the repliers for feasible grade of questionnaire. Cronbach"s alpha coefficient was obtained to find confidence. In order to prove effects of the adjusting variable in process of women"s fear of sexual offense and cognition of police operation, regression analysis to prove effects of the assumption analysis, correlation-analysis to find any connecting of assumptions between the fear of sexual offense and the fear of sexual offense were performed accordingly, and correlation-analysis to find any connecting of assumptions between women"s cognition of police operation and the fear of sexual offense were performed accordingly. And reliability test and ANOVA analysis for statistical experimental design was carried out.<BR> In summarizing results of this study, the fear of sexual offense should be considered and it should be influenced by women"s experience of sexual offense that through the all her life. And the concerns on the fear of sexual offense should be influenced by women"s cognition of police operation.
성용은(Sung Yong Eun) 한국범죄심리학회 2006 한국범죄심리연구 Vol.2 No.1
범죄두려움이란 범죄에 대한 불안감, 공포심으로, 이는 사회성원들의 정신건강과 삶의 질에 있어서 직접적으로 중요한 사항이 된다. 이 연구에서는 이러한 범죄두려움의 중요성에 주목을 하여 범죄의 두려움 중에서도 여성을 대상으로 발생되는 여성의 경찰활동에 대한 인식과 성범죄두려움의 특성을 분석해 보고자 하였다. 따라서 이 연구의 목적은 첫째, 여성의 성범죄두려움 특성을 분석하고, 둘째, 여성의 성범죄두려움과 성적괴롭힘을 포함한 성범죄피해경험의 관계와 그 영향, 마지막으로 경찰활동에 대한 여성의 인식이 성범죄두려움과 어떠한 관계가 있고 영향을 미치는지 실증적으로 분석하는 것이다. 이 연구는 사실의 발견을 위한 양적인 연구방법으로서 현실 분석적이며, 기술적인 연구방법을 사용하였으며, 서울지역에 거주하고 있는 일반여성 208명을 대상으로 조사를 실시하였다.<BR> 이 연구의 분석결과 여성의 성범죄두려움은 인구사회학적 특성과 상황에 따라서 정도의 차이가 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 여성의 성범죄두려움에 대한 선행연구에서는 포함되지 않았던 성적괴롭힘(언어적, 시각적, 신체적)을 성범죄피해 경험에 포함시키고 그 피해기간을 이제까지 살아오면서 경험한 모든 성범죄피해 경험으로 알아본 결과, 여성이 성범죄피해를 많이 경험할수록 성범죄두려움은 증가하게 된다는 결과를 보여주었다. 마지막으로 여성의 경찰활동에 대한 인식은 성범죄두려움과 관계가 있으며 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 이 연구는 서울지역에 거주하는 여성 208명을 대상으로 연구를 수행한 것이기 때문에 연구결과를 일반화시키기에는 한계가 있다. This study examines the special character of women"s fear of sexual offense and cognition of police operation. The purpose of this study is to understand the fear of sexual offense and to prove whether it can be proper and practical for analysis the special character of fear of sexual offense and cognition of police operation by women. And this study handle the fact of women"s experience of sexual offense which contain the sexual harassment to the women, and it is very frequently occurred in women"s routine activity area.<BR> It makes the following hypotheses to analyze the research models based on the theoretical background. Reviewing the model of fear of crime will make it easy to understand the fear of sexual offense. The model of fear of crime is divided into the victimization perspective and social control perspective.<BR> Analysis work is based on SPSS 12.0 program. The frequency analyses ware obtained in order to find general character of the repliers for feasible grade of questionnaire. Cronbach"s alpha coefficient was obtained to find confidence. In order to prove effects of the adjusting variable in process of women"s fear of sexual offense and cognition of police operation, regression analysis to prove effects of the assumption analysis, correlation-analysis to find any connecting of assumptions between the fear of sexual offense and the fear of sexual offense were performed accordingly, and correlation-analysis to find any connecting of assumptions between women"s cognition of police operation and the fear of sexual offense were performed accordingly. And reliability test and ANOVA analysis for statistical experimental design was carried out.<BR> In summarizing results of this study, the fear of sexual offense should be considered and it should be influenced by women"s experience of sexual offense that through the all her life. And the concerns on the fear of sexual offense should be influenced by women"s cognition of police operation.
체미(滯美) 한인 여성의 성 착취 목적 인신매매와 밀입국에 대한 조사방법 연구
성용은(Sung, Yong-Eun),정육상(Jung, Yook-Sang) 한국민간경비학회 2013 한국민간경비학회보 Vol.12 No.4
이 연구의 목적은 미국 내 한인 여성의 성 착취 목적 인신매매와 밀입국에 대한 조사방법에 대해서 연구하는 것이다. 즉, 이 연구에서는 미국 내 인신매매의 실태와 한인 여성의 성 착취 목적 인신매매와 밀입국의 현황과 특성에 대해서 논의하고, 특히 현장 조사내용의 결과를 바탕으로 최근 선행연구의 한계점을 분석하여 개선된 조사방법을 모색해 보았다. 이 연구의 결과, 첫째, 현지에서의 철저한 사전조사를 통해서 전체적인 연구방향의 설정과 실제적인 연구조사를 위한 구체적인 전략을 수립해야 한다. 둘째, 조사 실행방법(전략 및 표본선정)으로는 우선, 미국 내 한인단체 및 기관과 접촉을 통해서 성매매 업종에 종사하는 업주 및 한인 여성, 그리고 성 구매 남성을 접촉하기 위해 노력을 해야 한다. 또한 한국 성매매 여성의 유형 별로(즉, 콜걸과 에스코트 서비스, 마사지 업소, 그리고 술집 접대업소) 표본을 선정해 나가야 한다. 그리고 원활한 심층면접을 위해서 조사대상자들이 편안한 마음으로 조사면접에 응할 수 있는 면접방식(예, 비공식 대화형식 면접 또는 정형화된 설문지 면접)을 채택해야 한다. 또한 면접비를 지불하여 피조사자의 신뢰성 있는 답변을 기대할 수 있도록 해야 한다. 가능하다면 성매매 업소를 직접 방문하여 참여관찰의 방법도 병행할 수 있을 것이다. 셋째, 한인 여성의 인신매매가 발생하는 지역을 중심으로, 인신매매 과정에 관여한 피해자나 가해자를 접촉할 수 있는 기회를 극대화할 수 있는 지역을 고려하여 미국 내 한인 지역사회가 잘 발달되어 있는 지역에서 조사가 실시되는 것이 바람직하다. 마지막으로 이 연구의 한계와 제안된 조사방법을 통해서 기대되는 연구결과의 학문적ㆍ형사정책적 시사점에 대한 논의를 하였다. The purpose of this study is to provide an empirical research methods for human trafficking for sexual exploitation and smuggling of Korean Women in the United States. The current study discusses the condition of the human trafficking in the United States and the condition and unique characteristics of the human trafficking for sexual exploitation and smuggling of Korean Women in the United States. With the result of field research study, especially, this study analyzes the limitation of the prior empirical research and explores the sophisticated empirical research methods. The result of this study indicates that; 1) pre-field research; in order to establish some directions for research and to set up the strategies for the empirical research; 2) Methods for the conducting the research (strategies and sampling): efforts need to contact a well-known Korean community organization and/or agencies which may introduce an informants who help the researcher to find the research subjects such as Korean women sex worker, owner of a sex trade, and Korean male who buy a sex; sampling by the types of Korean Women sex worker (i.e., call-girls, massage parlors, and salon); the interview should involves the informal conversational interview and/or the formal questionnaire interview, and this make the interview more comfortable for building up a rapport; paying an interview fees (i.e., the give and take methods) can plays a critical role to increase the reliability of their answer; the researcher also should try to visit inside the business location and observe the operation of the business; 3) the research site should be considered the areas where are well established Korean communities in order to maximize the frequencies for contacting the victims and offenders (trafficker and associates) of human trafficking. Lastly, the study concludes with this study limitation and a discussion of the implications for the study on the human trafficking and the criminal justice policy after conducting the empirical research methods which were discussed in this study.
성효용 ( Hyo-yong Sung ) 한국질서경제학회 2008 질서경제저널 Vol.11 No.2
This study analyzes the relationship between firm growth and tax policy in Korea. If tax system affects entrepreneurial activity, as argued by Cullen and Gordon(2002), then corporate income tax policies can affect firm growth through a change of the attitudes of entrepreneurs on risk-taking. However, it cannot be generalized because the effects of corporate income tax on firm growth and investment depend upon socioeconomic conditions of individual countries. Thus this paper explores empirically how tax policies affect a firm’s growth rate, using manufacturing data during 1990~2006 in Korea. It includes the impact of large firm and Chaebol on firm growth. The firm dummy variable takes the value 1 where firm size is large. The Chaebol dummy takes on a value of one when the firm belongs to a Chaebol group or is a Chaebol subsidiary. Including Chaebol dummy is a meaningful exercise, since they take up such a large proportion of the manufacturing industries and have tremendous impact on the economy as a whole. According to the estimation results using the OLS and 2SLS, growth and size are negatively correlated and significant at the 1 percent level. That is, the estimation results show that smaller firms grow faster, rejecting Gibrat’s law. Firm growth and age are significantly and negatively correlated, supporting for Jovanovic’s theory of firm growth. The multiplication of initial firm size and firm age is statistically significant and positive, thus larger and older firms are higher economic growth. Lastly, in the case of the average effective tax rate, the estimation result of OLS is negative and that of 2SLS is positive, but both are not statistically significant. Therefore, we can not confirm the facts that the burden of corporate tax measured by the average effective tax rate significantly affect firm growth in general. Thus, the empirical results indicate that it is difficult to insist the effectiveness of reduction in corporate income tax on firm growth. In conclusion, corporate income tax policies can affect firm growth effectively when they are combined with other policies promoting investment.
성효용 ( Hyo-yong Sung ),김은경 ( Eunkyung Kim ) 한국질서경제학회 2009 질서경제저널 Vol.12 No.2
1)ㅃ The purposes of this study is to analyse the impact of Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) on local economy in Korea, and to examine some prerequisites of maximizing positive effects of FDI. The impacts of FDI on local economy are analysed for the case of Gyeonggi Province. One of main incentives for FDI inflows in Gyeonggi Province is easy of access to clients and customers. Gyeonggi Province also provides investment environment for foreign-invested firms regarding the administrative processes, legal affairs, accounting, taxation and so on. This study is based on the panel data which refers to the pooling of observations on a cross-section of firms over several time periods. This panel data consists of the micro-data by manufacturing firm level and the macro-data by industry and Gyeonggi region levels for the 1998-2005 period. Industry classification is based on the FICS(FnGuide Industry Classification Standard) system at the four digit level. The sample constitutes of 229 foreign invested firms in Gyeonggi, from a total of 848 foreign invested firms in Korea. According to the empirical results, FDI has a statistically positive relationship between foreign ownership and labor productivity in national total and Gyeonggi Province; the more foreign ownership is, the more labor productivity is. Besides, for FDI in Gyeonggi Province, foreign ownership and firm growth are positively related at the significant level. The estimation results suggest that in general, foreign ownership measured by the growth rate of employees encourages the growth rate of firm. The empirical analysis reveals the positive effect of FDI, so that local governments in Korea make effort to attract inward FDI in the era of globalization and localization. It is required that central government as well as local government facilitate institutional arrangement to maximize positive effect and to minimize negative effect of FDI on local economy.
성효용 ( Hyo-yong Sung ) 한국질서경제학회 2014 질서경제저널 Vol.17 No.4
Korea has been challenged by many aspects of society, economy, politics, culture, and so on, being faced with low fertility and aging regime. In Korea, the total fertility rate was dropped to 1.08 (2005), and then it is now 1.19 (2013) which is ranked very low in the world. Meanwhile, female labor force has made an important role in the Korean economy since 1960s. In 2012, the employment rate of women in Korea (53.5%) is lower than the average of all OECD countries (65.1%). There are various patterns among countries when the employment rate increases. It, however, shows that an increase in the women employment rate contributes to the employment rate in most countries. When the rate of female employment is high, the level of national income per capita is also mostly high among the OECD member countries. The purpose of this paper is to explore a relationship between gender diversity and economic development. I analyze the gender- relations from the viewpoint of economic indicators and culture. I explore if economic growth would improve gender equality. This paper uses data for HCCP (Human capital corporate panel) from Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training. It estimates if the proportions of female managers affect corporate performance, even after controlling for numerous characteristics of the firm causality. The results show that the proportion of female managers has the positive effect on firm performance (ROS), which is statistically significant. It means that gender diversity positively affects corporate performance and economic development. Female labor forces are national resources which are highly qualified and capable, but cannot be replaced by men. It is necessary to approach to be considered as not social minorities but human resources. In order to be managers and directors, it should be concerned about the situation that female workers compete male workers with disadvantages. It is necessary for firms to temporarily adopt quotas to reduce the gender gap which are forced by the government, although firms might expand the number of female managers or increase female members on corporate boards as a corporate strategy. It is especially desperately required to focus on a continuous and structural policy effort to prevent career disruption occurred when trying to be promoted to the rank of middle managers as well as a workㆍfamily balance policy to support the family life of working women in the child birth and child rearing period.
다매체적 접근을 통한 다상징적 교수·학습방법 - 다중지능이론을 바탕으로 -
성용구(Sung Yong-ky) 한국열린교육학회 2004 열린교육연구 Vol.12 No.1
본 연구의 목적은 초등학교 현장에서 다중지능이론에 기초한 다상징적 교수 ·학습법이 다매체적 접근을 통하여 매우 유용한 학습방법이 될 수 있음을 이론적으로 밝히는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 다중지능이론에 기초한 다상징적 교수 학습법의 효용성과 다매체적 접근의 활용성을 밝히고 있으며, 구체적으로 다음 네 가지 내용을 포함하고 있다. 첫째, 다중지능이론의 교육적 시사점화 다상징화의 관계. 둘째, 상징화와 다상징화의 특징, 다상징화 학습방법에서 상징화의 주기와 순환성. 셋째, 매체의 특징, 다매체적 접근을 통한 다상징화와 다상징적 표상활동의 교육적 효과. 넷째, 다상징화 학습방법의 한국 현장에서 적용 사례. 결론적으로, 다중지능이론에 기초한 다상징적 교수 ·학습방법은 다매체적 접근을 통하여 학생들이 지식을 획득하는데 매우 유용한 방안이 될 수 있다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the significance of the Multiple-symbolic learning strategy through Multimedia Approach. This study is theoretically based on H. Gardner's Multiple intelligence theory. The method of this study is to analyze the concepts, traits of the Multiple-symbolic learning strategy, Multimedia Approach, Multiple intelligence and the relations between them in detail and depth theoretically. The contents of the analysis are as follows: First, the implications of the Multiple intelligence to education, and relations of the Multiple-symbolization and Multimedia Approach. Second, the traits of the symbolization and the cycles of the Multi-symbolization in Multi-symbolic learning strategy. Third, the effects of the Multi media Approach, Multi-symbolization and Multi-symbolic Representation through Multimedia Approach strategy. In conclusion, the Multiple-symbolic learning strategy through Multimedia Approach based on Multiple intelligence theory is significant to learn the depth knowledges self-directly by students.
부신 제거 백서에 티타늄 임플랜트 매식후 주위 골형성에 관한 연구
성일용(Iel Yong Sung),김종렬(Jong Ryoul Kim),최갑림(Kab Lim Choi),박봉수(Bong Soo Park) 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2000 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.22 No.2
The use of dental implants has increased tremendously in recent years and is expected to increase even more in the future. The successful outcome of any implant procedure is surely dependent on interrelation-ship of the various components of an equation that includes biocompatibility of implant material, macroscopic and microscopic nature of the implant surface, the status of implant bed, surgical technique, undisturbed healing phase and subsequent prosthetic design and long-term loading phase. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of adrenalectomy on the osseointegration of pure titanium implants. Seventy rats, 11 weeks of age, were divided into two groups: an adrenalectomized group and a control group. Titanium screw implant (diameter, 2.0mm; length, 3.5mm) was placed into left tibia of 70 rats, 35 in control group and 35 in the experimental group. The rats were sacrificed at different time interval (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks after implantation) for histopathologic observation, histomorphometric analysis and immunohistochemistry with fibronectin and CD44 antibody. The results obtained from this study were as follows: 1. Histopathogically, findings, newly formed bone was seen at 3 weeks control group and became lamellar bone at 12 weeks. At 6 weeks, lipocytes were observed in bone marrow space. Thickness of regenerated trabecular bone increased till 6 weeks after then, that decreased gradually. 2. By histomorphometric analysis, marrow bone density and contact ratio of marrow bone to implant decreased significantly from 8 to 12 weeks in experimental group compared to control group and also total bone to implant contact ratio decreased significantly from 4 to 12 weeks in experimental group compared to control group. 3. Fibronectin immunoreactivity was very strong at 3 and 4 weeks control group. And after that reduced gradually. But it was continuously strong from 1 to 12 weeks experimental group. 4. CD44 immunoreactivity was very strong in the newly formed osteoblasts at 3 and 4 weeks control group. But it reacted minimally later. However, it reacted continuously strong from 3 to 12 weeks experimental group. From these results, bone to implant contact ratio decreased gradually from 4 weeks in adrenalectomized group compared to control group. CD44 and fibronectin immunoreactivities were strong at all times in adrenalectomized rats. Therefore, it could be stated that immature bone remained continuously for a long time and not readily proceeded into mature status.