신라 상고의 왕위계승 원리와 삼성왕통의 실재성

선석열(Seon Seok-Yeol) 효원사학회 2008 역사와 세계 Vol.- No.33

This article researched the throne succession of early Silla and the existence of three royal descendents, and it applied three principles that is legitimate succession, collateral succession, and son-in-law succession. First, the throne succession of Park(박) royal family kept being developed in direct line succession and son-in-law succession, there was no collateral succession. In beginning, two groups of Park royal family, marrying with the king of the other country, concentrated powers. Secondly, Talhae(탈해) king has meant to succeed the throne as son-in-law of Park royal family, but it just suggests the fact that the existence time of Seok(석) royal descendents is the same time of Park royal descendents. Marriages of the Seok royal family was consanguineous marriage inside the most royal family. The throne succession of them kept being developed in three principles. Thirdly, Michu(미추) king has meant to succeed the throne as son-in-law of Seok royal family, but it just suggests the fact that the existence time of Kim royal descendents is the same time of Seok royal descendents. Samkuksaki is the basic source of Silla history. The early document is belong to the age prior to king Nae-Mul(奈勿王). This document has caused many debates among scholars because of its ambiguous character. According to early document the beginning of Silla is 57 B.C. But when I analyzed the age gaps between generations, I found that the real beginning was 220 dynasty but that of Saroguk. It is not true that three names Park, Seok, Kim succeeded to Saroguk throne in turns. In Saroguk, two royal families of Park and Seok co-existed, and in Silla founded in the mid-fourth century Kims became a royal family succeeding to Parks. Some kind of scholars repaired a genealogy record and they interpreted, these methods are errors. We will change its records and there is not a necessity which we will interpret. There is a possibility of repairing the history which is knowing by mistake. Conclusively speaking, we consequently must trust the record of royal family genealogy.

고대의 낙동강 - 신라와 가야의 경계

선석열(Seon Seok-Yeol) 동남어문학회 2006 동남어문논집 Vol.22 No.-

  The purpose of this paper is examined about ancient Nakdong kang(River) as the boundary between Silla and Gaya. At first, it is about organization of Jinhan(辰韓) and Byeonhan(弁韓) and role of Nakdong kang before 3rd century middle part A.D.. Byeonhan formed in B.C. 3rd century were mixed natives and emigrant.<BR>  Unlike previous comprehension, division of Jinhan and Byeonhan did not part Nakdong kang by the border. Jinhan corresponded to Kyongsang-bukdo area and Byeonhan was in Kyongsang-namdo area mainly.<BR>  Interchange way of Jinhan and Byeonhan was Namhaean-root and Donghaean-root including Nakdonggang-root. There was influential chiefdom society in critical terrain of each passageway, and schedule area was accomplishing negotiation net, unfolded the internal negotiation and outside negotiation. For example, the chiefdom society in Sangju went south along main course of the river and negotiated with Guyaguk. And its country also traded with Daebang that is a Chinese admi nistrative division.<BR>  In 4th century, the ancient country was concluded in Korea Peninsula whole area, Latter half of 4th century, Baekjae constructed an alliance system with Yeongsangang area and Gaya of South to correspond to threat of Koguryo. But Shilla excepted its system connected with Koguryo. And Silla disturbed unfolding of south coast negotiation system. Herewith, Japan invaded Shilla by support of Baekjae.<BR>  Reinforcement of Koguryo that missioned to relieve Shilla pursuedJapanese army. and they crossed the river and attacked to Gaya that is support influence of Japan. Herewith, does pleasure piece by the border and is been opposed though go with Shilla. Baekjae is fallen a capital province receiving offense of Koguryo in 475 and moved to Ungjin of South. To support national strength, Baekjae that necessary goods were lacking advanced south and threatened Yeongsangang infiuence and Gaya.<BR>  On the other hand, to correspond to influence extension of Baekjae, Shilla crosses the river and did Gaya so that fall in 6th mid-century. Herewith, Shilla occupied the river, and the after this river was functioned as economical passageway that is not military passageway.

인명표기방식을 통해본 포항 중성리신라비

선석열(Seon Seok-Yeol) 경성대학교 인문과학연구소 2009 인문학논총 Vol.14 No.3

이 글은 최근 2009년 5월 중순에 포항에서 발견된 중성리신라비에 대하여 인명표기방식을 통해 그 특성을 살펴보았다. 비문의 내용은 왕경인이 지방의 물산을 탈취한 사건에 대한 것으로서 그 처리과정을 네 문단으로 나누어 각 문단의 특성을 교시집단, 쟁인집단, 조사집단, 조처집단 등으로 규정하였다. 비문의 인명표기방식은 일반적으로 관직 출신지 인명 관등의 순서로 기재하였다. 그러나 이 비는 관등이 없거나 관직이 없는 등 다양한 방식을 보이고 있어 아직 중앙집권체제가 정비되지 않고 왕경 육부의 부체제를 이루고 있었다. 본 비는 501년에 건립된 것이지만, 표기방식의 특성을 보면 5세기 신라마립간시기의 지배체제를 보여주고 있는 귀중한 자료다. Jungseongri Silla stone monument was discovered from Pohang in 2009, it was erected at 501. This paper deals with marking method of name in the epitaph, its character was as follows. Firstly, the contents of the epitaph was to solve the event which the Royal capital person seized the product of the region person, its contents divided with four sentences. There appeared the order group, the lawsuit group, the investigation group and the management group in this epitaph. Generally, the name marking method of Silla recorded in order of official post, hometown, name, official rank. The Shilla bureaucracies were various type. For example, there were bureaucracies which had an official rank and had not an official post, and the bureaucracies which had not an official post and had an official post. In 5th century, the political system of Shilla was not centralized, it was indigenous setups which consist of 6 groups, namely 6 Bu(部). Therefore, this gravestone is the valuable data which shows a study of Shilla.

삼국시대 낙동강 하구의 황산진

宣石悅(Seon, Seok-Yeol) 효원사학회 2012 역사와 세계 Vol.- No.41

중국정사의 말갈7부와 삼국사기의 말갈

선석열(SEON Seok-Yeol) 고구려발해학회 2010 고구려발해연구 Vol.37 No.-

본고는『삼국지』의 읍루 기록과『수서』ㆍ『구당서』ㆍ『신당서』의 말갈7부 기록, 그리고『삼국사기』의 백제본기ㆍ신라본기의 말갈 기록을 서로 비교하여 살펴보았다. 중국정사의 경우 6세기 중엽 이전에 말갈은 읍루, 물길 등의 명칭으로 나타나고 있다. 만주의 동ㆍ북부 지역에 거주한 말갈7부의 거주지를 보면 공백 부분이 많았는데, 이는 말갈7부가 만주의 동ㆍ북부의 모든 지역을 차지한 것은 아님을 말해주는 것이다. 7부 외에 사모부 등의 다른 부가 있었음에도 불구하고, 거주지 외의 공백부분은 여전히 남기고 있어 중국 정사의 정보가 정확하지 않다는 것이다. 또한 말갈7부 가운데 속말부 백돌부 백산부 등의 군사력을 수천 명이라 기재하여 군사력이 축소 조작되어 있었다. 그리고『삼국사기』의 백제ㆍ신라 양 본기에 보이는 말갈 기록을 검토하였는데, 말갈의 실체에 대해서는 공통점을 가지고 있었다. 4세기부터 백제를 먼저 공격한 말갈은 고구려의 위임통치집단인 낙랑과 연합한 집단이며, 5세기 전후에 신라를 공격한 말갈은 주로 고구려와 연합하여 전투를 수행한 것이었다. 이들 말갈은 함경도에서 추가령지구대를 넘어 백제를 공격하거나 동해안으로 신라를 공격하였으므로, 그들은 만주지역에 존재한 말갈7부가 아니라 별개의 집단이다. 그들은 서기 1세기 중엽 태조왕 때부터 고구려의 예속 하에 있었던 함경도 지역의 동예와 동옥저였다. 따라서 이들 말갈은 말갈7부나 독자 세력이 아니라, 고구려에 의해 동원된 것임을 반영한다. 4세기 이후 고구려가 자신의 지배 아래에 있었던 지방의 예맥족을 말갈이라고 차별하여 불렀으며, 중국은 이 명칭을 받아들여 만주의 동부와 북부에 거주한 여러 민족을 지칭하게 되었던 것이다. This paper focuses on the study of Malgal(靺鞨) through comparing the records of Malgal 7Bu(seven tribes) in 『Sui shu(隋書)』, 『Jiu Tang shu(舊唐書)』, 『Xin Tangshu(新唐書)』with those of Malgal in Silla bongi and Baekje Bongi of 『Samguk Sagi(三國史記)』 At first, Chinese records show that Malgal was called Euplu(?婁), Mulgil(勿吉) etc. In the 『Samgukji(三國志)』and 『Hou Han Shu(後漢書), The History of the Later Han 』are records about Euplu which was about the 3rd century AD. But the records of Euplu in 『Hou Han Shu』, which was published 200 years later than 『Samgukji』, had already been in 『Samgukji』, so the records of 『Samgukji』should be basically historical sources, not those of 『Hou Han Shu』. Mulgil which appeared in the late 5th century was one of Euplu groups and drove Buyeo(夫餘) away and occupied it. According to 『Ui shu(魏書)』, Mulgil developed competing over Goguryeo. Malgal 7Bu(seven tribes) in the History of China was firstly recorded in 『Sui Shu』, and HeuksuMalgal Jeon(흑수말갈전) of 『Xin Tangshu』has its new information. Seven Malgal tribes lived in the eastern and northern part of Manju. As far as their habitats were concerned, all areas of eastern and northern Manju were not theirs. According to HeuksuMalgal Jeon of 『Xin Tangshu』, there were some Bu(部, divisions, tribes) like Samobu, Gunribu, and etc except 7Bu(seven tribes). And Balhaejeon(渤海傳) of 『Xin Tangshu』shows that there were some Bu(部, divisions) like Wolhui(越喜) and Cheolhui tribe as well as 7Bu(seven divisions, tribes). Despite these records, some remaining parts of these areas has not been identified. That’s because these records from the history of China were not clear. In general, most sources in Foreign Biographies in the history of China had been collected and were passed down as they were. 『Sui shu』says that eastern part of Buryeol tribe among Malgal 7Bu(seven tribes) was Sukshin(肅愼, Sushen), but later it was recognized that Malgal people were the descendants of Sukshin in the history of China. The latter was passed down. In addition, 『Xin Tangshu』says that the founding place of Balhae(渤海) was Dongmo mountain(東牟山) in Euplu, but in 『Jiu Tang shu 』it was recorded as Dongmo mountain in Gyeru(桂樓). The different records are considered to be the important basis of Balhae’s succession to Goguryeo. Also, the military strength of Songmalbu, Baekdolbu, Baeksanbu and etc. was recorded as thousands of forces. The record of their strength was distorted and reduced. And the records of Malgal in Baekje bongi(百濟本紀) and Silla bongi(新羅本紀) of 『Samguk Sagi』shows that ‘who was Malgal’has some in common. Malgal had struck Baekje first from the 4th century, and by the time, Malgal was an allied group with Rakrang(樂浪) under the mandatory rule of Goguryeo. By the 5th century Malgal mostly attacked in alliance with Goguryeo. According to Baekje bongi and Silla bongi, Magal attacked Baekje and Silla over Chugaryeong Rift Valley(楸哥嶺地溝帶) or the East coast, therefore they are considered to be other group, not Malgal seven tribes(7Bu) in Manju area. They were Dongye(東濊) and Dongokjeo(東沃沮), which had been under the control of Goguryeo from the age of King Taejo in the middle of 1st century A.D. Accordingly, it is found that they was mobilized by Goguryeo. When we compare the records of Malgal 7Bu in the history of China with those of 『Samguk Sagi』, it seems to give little connections with each other. but it doesn’t mean that they were absolutely different groups. Goguryeo put a lot Magal tribes including Baeksanbu and Songmalbu in Manju area as well as Dongye and Okjeo(沃沮) under the control of Goguryeo. Both groups in Manju area and Hamgyeong Province were called Malgal by Goguryeo. A long time ago, when the Chinese were spelled the name of a nomadic people in Chinese characters, they were used in the Mal or Gal. In the 6th century, China called the peoples of Manchuria and the Amur Malgal. Goguryeo accepted the name of Malgal, and called Yemaek tribe under theier control Magal.

왜곡되고 과장된 고대사의 진실을 복원하였는가 - 이종욱 저, 『고구려의 역사』 (서울:김영사, 2005), 580pp.

선석열(Seon Seok-Yeol) 부산경남사학회 2005 역사와 경계 Vol.57 No.-

한국 고대 동남해양사의 연구 동향과 그 과제

선석열 ( Seon Seok-yeol ) 東亞大學校附設 石堂傳統文化硏究院 2016 石堂論叢 Vol.0 No.66

본고는 한국 고대 동남해의 해양사에 관한 연구 동향을 살펴보았다. 동남해의 해양교류는 대왜·대일본 교류가 중심이었는데, 이를 삼한시대 삼국시대 통일신라시대로 시기 구분하였다. 삼한 초기에 소규모의 물류가 이루어졌을 때에는 육로를 통해 낙동강하구에 이르러 해로로 일본열도로 갔다. 철을 매개로 한 교역이 점차 발달하면서 대량의 물류가 필요로 하게 되어 선박을 이용한 해로가 주류를 이루게 되었다. 그 교통로는 낙랑군·대방군-서해·남해연안-구야국-쓰시마-이키-북부 구주의 해로가 이용되었다. 이전 시대와 달리 삼국시대의 해양교류는 가야와 왜의 교류는 경제적인 물류가 주류였다. 처음에는 가야와 왜의 철교역에 대한 연구로 시작되었으나, 유물상의 철의 원산지를 규명하게 되면서 철기생산과 교섭체계에 대한 연구로 천착되어 가고 있는 추세이다. 6세기 중엽 신라가 가야를 병합할 때까지 신라와 왜의 교류에 대한 연구는 주로 정치적·외교적 관계에 치중되어 있다. 7세기에 접어들면서 외교적인 목적을 두고 송사외교가 이루어지면서 양국의 교류가 친선관계로 전환되었다. 통일신라시대에 이르러 양국의 교류는 정치적·경제적·문화적 교류로 다양해졌다. 일본의 조선술 발전이 신라의 조선술 전파에 의해 이루어졌다는 연구에 대해 최근에 일본 해안지역에서 표착된 발해선도 일본측의 수리과정에서 선진적인 조선술을 습득하였을 가능성도 있다. 마지막으로 양국의 정사기록의 소략성이나 신라 敵視觀·蕃國觀에 의한 왜곡 문제는 첩포기류와 목간 등의 관련 1차 사료가 발굴 수집되면서 양국의 교류에 대한 왜곡된 교류상을 밝혀내는 데에도 유용한 자료로 활용될 전망이다. This paper organized the research trends of southeast maritime in the ancient Korean history. Its Maritime exchanges were the exchanges with Japan, its times divided Samhan period, the Three Kingdoms Period and the Unified Silla Period. Material is distributed by land in the early Samhan. Its trade was gradually evolved over the iron parameters and became mainstream sea, because large amounts of logistics required the ship. The road was Lelang·Daifang - western and southern coast - Guyakuk - Tsushima - northern Kyushu. It was mainstream economic exchange between Gaya and Japan`. Maritime exchange between Gaya and Japan was the mainstream of economic objective. Now the current studies is the production of iron ore, is inquisitive as study on its production and the bargaining system in the future. Unlike Gaya, studies on the exchanges between Silla and Japan was heavily centered on the political and diplomatic relations by 6th century. Their exchange was converted to amicable relations from the hostile relations in the 7th century. Silla and Japan variously been deployed by political, economic and cultural exchanges in the Unified Silla Period. It was the conventional wisdom that the development of Japan`s shipbuilding evolved by Silla`s. Recent researches found that Japan might be taught advanced shipbuildings in Balhae`s shipwrecks of the repair process. Finally, the summary of the historical records in Silla and distortion of history by the Japanese emperor such as the savage country view and the hostile view toward Shilla can be overcome, the relevant primary data is collected and organised such as Baisiragimotuge(買新羅物解) and Tyouhuki(貼布記), and forecast the reality of bilateral exchanges.

신라의 왕위계승 원리

선석열(Seon Seok-Yeol) 효원사학회 2007 역사와 세계 Vol.- No.32

This article researched the throne succession of Silla, and it applied three principles that is collateral succession, legitimate succession, son-in-law succession. The royal family of the Maripgan period appeared on 4th century latter. King Mitchu(味鄒) as Kim royal family became the initial king, after two royal lineages succeeded the throne competitively in son-in-law succession. King Nulgi(訥祗) overcame the domestic intervention of Koguryo and he was formed the system of legitimate succession in Maripgan(麻立干)-periode. By the enforcement of assistance king system, namely Galmun-King(葛文王), the Naemul(奈勿) royal lineage established the monopoly throne succession system. To 6th century early stage, the throne succession of the eldest son collapsed. Chijeung(智證) who was a Galmun-King became the king, he as the son-in-law succeeded the throne. Namely the new royal familywhat is called the Middle ancient-periode(中古)) appeared. Because of consanguineous marriage, the eldest son succession is not establishhed even in case of this royal family. The queen who is the result unusual throne succession appeared. Because of this, the nobility got up a rebellion. Kim Chunchoo who was a royal family surroundings received the help of his friend, and they suppressed a rebellion. He opened the new royal family what is called the Middle-periode(中代) in 7th century latter. They executed the Heir Apparent system and they established the throne succession system. But the nobility repelled to the power monopoly of the royal family, and they got up a rebellion. They formed an influence union setup, and they maintained a political power. Generally, the throne succession must be succeeded in order of legitimacy, collateral and son-in-law. Even in whirlpool of struggle for power of Latter-poriode(下代), this principles came to defend. The fact that it pulls down the principles was succession for the queen Jinseong.

삼국사기 신라본기에 보이는 왜의 실체

선석열(Seon Seok-Yeol) 경성대학교 인문과학연구소 2008 인문학논총 Vol.13 No.1

이 글은 『삼국사기』 신라본기에 보이는 왜관계기사를 통해 왜의 실체를 살펴본 것이다. 기왕의 연구에서는 신라본기의 왜에 대해 일본열도의 신라계 왜설, 해적설, 왜인가라거주설 등이 있었다. 일반적으로 내물왕 이전의 소위 초기기록은 기년에 의문이 많아 이 기록의 사료적 가치를 인정하기 위해서는 기년을 인하해야 한다. 4세기 후반 이후 왜는 백제 가야와 동맹을 맺고 이를 방해하려는 신라를 공격하게 되었다. 5세기에 왜는 신라를 공격하였지만, 신라는 지배제체를 정비하고 왜와의 외교 교섭을 시도하는 한편, 왜의 공격을 방어해 나갔다. 5세기 후반 신라가 서방으로 진출을 꾀하자 왜가 한반도 교섭통로를 지키기 위해 공격한 것이다. 6세기에 왜는 안라에 사신을 파견하여 남해안 교섭로를 확보하고자 하였으나 신라가 가야 제국을 병합해 나감으로써 실패하였다. 이후로 이어지는 기록이 이사금시기의 왜관계기사이다. 6세기 중엽 신라는 가야 제국을 통합하였다. 왜는 가야로 가는 통로가 막히게 되자 신라 영토를 공격하였다. 고대 일본의 지배체제의 특성으로 볼 때 신라와 대립한 왜는 북부큐슈의 왜였을 것이다. 야마토왕권이 신라와 직접적으로 교섭한 것은 7세기 이후라고 생각한다. The purpose of this paper is examined about the entity of Wa(倭) which is to Records of Wa(倭) on the annals of Silla in the Samguksagi. 2. Researchers had many kinds opinion, namely Shilla natives, Gayans, and the pirate, etc, about the entity of Wa. This records mainly is records the before 500 years, and its are composed with the early records and Maripkhan period records. The early document is belong to the age prior to king Nae-Mul(奈勿王; 356-402), generally it had many doubts in authenticity. In order to authorize the historical value of its recordㄴ, its age must lower. In this study, I analyze the content of early document as follows. Silla maintained a dominative system in 5th century. Silla negotiated Japan, and defended the attack of Japan. Wa allyed with Baeje and Gaya from 4th century latter, Silla disrupted their alliance. Therefore Wa attacked Silla. The early document until the 4th century former was the event which happens on 6th century latter. Concretely speaking, Silla integrated Gaya union in 6th century middle. Therefore Wa should have been stopped up Gaya route, and attacked a Silla. And the entity of Wa on the annals of Silla was the Kyushu group. Because nothern Kyushu was an influence which leads an ancient Korean-Japanese' negotiation. Though the group atrophied at 527, they took charge a role themselves. It was from 7th century that Yamato sovereignty directly negotiated Shilla.

한강유역 쟁탈을 둘러싼 삼국의 동맹과 외교

선석열(Seon, Seok-Yeol) 효원사학회 2013 역사와 세계 Vol.- No.44

The purpose of this study was to investigate the diplomacy and alliance among three states in the 4th and 6th centuries, surrounding the Han River basin. Its gist is as follows. Three states border to the Han River basin toward the end of 4th Century, not in 475. Around the 5th century, Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo aggressively attacked Baekje and advanced into the Han Rive basin. Three states sought an alliance through diplomatic negotiations in the late fourth century. It was Silla that Goguryeo and Baekje made a target of alliance. Silla also tried to ally with one of the two states. As a result, Silla allied with Goguryeo, because Goguryo was a powerhouse on the international relations of East Asia. As Goguryo saved Silla that had been in a crisis by the invasion of Japan, Silla"s judgment was accurate. Even though Baekje had signed an alliance with Gaya and Wa, they were defeated by Goguryo. But Goguryeo were threatening Baekje interfering in internal affairs of Silla. Baekje approached Silla and sought to overcome the crisis. Silla accepted the offer of Baekje for breakthrough of the crisis in 433. Eventually three countries in the Han peninsula were allies, Wa was left out becauce of hostile relations with Silla. Namely this was the offensive and defensive alliance against Goguryeo. They fought mainly surrounding the Han River. Goguryo was in the face of crisis by the threat of the northern nomadic country as well as infighting in 540"s. So three states battled in earnest around the Han River. King Seong of Baekje was united with Silla. They attacked Goguryeo and had to share the Han River. Finally Silla were occupying the Han River basin. In the past, when Baekje introduced Silla as their tributaries to Ryang in south China, but the lies were laid bare. King Seong"s deception policy encountered disbelief, and even Wa"s diplomacy failed. Baekje was forced to give up the Han River. On the other hand, Silla was against the deception of Baekje and became the owner of the end of the Han River.