에어 덕트용 PET 니들펀칭 부직포의 제조 및 물성에 관한 연구

배영환,도성준,Bae, Younghwan,Doh, Song Jun 한국섬유공학회 2012 한국섬유공학회지 Vol.49 No.4

An air intake duct is an automotive part for transferring outside air to the internal combustion engine where the air and fuel are mixed and consumed. While this part has been primarily made of engineering plastics, many manufacturers are attempting to apply textile nonwovens due to their superior sound absorbing performance and lightweight characteristics. In this paper, we studied the manufacturing process of needle punched nonwoven fabric and analyzed various properties in order to investigate the applicability of textile nonwoven as a material for automobile air intake ducts. The nonwoven web was prepared by opening, mixing and carding PET staple fibers and binder fibers. The web was physically bonded by the needle punching process. In addition, we applied heated air through the nonwoven web to improve the mechanical properties of the needle punched nonwoven fabrics by the thermal bonding of interlocking constituent fibers. The results of the tensile test of the nonwoven demonstrated that the hot air treatment to the needle punched nonwoven decreased the elongation of nonwoven, which significantly affects the processability of the air duct production process. Also, the porous structure of the nonwoven improved the sound absorbtion property compared to normal PP plastic. Therefore, the air intake duct made of PET needle punched nonwoven could contribute to decreasing the noise level inside automobiles.

〈신창맹씨묘출토언간〉과 관련된 몇 가지 국어학적 문제

배영환(Younghwan Bae) 한국중원언어학회 2014 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.32

Sinchangmaengssi Eongan, excavated from the Tomb of the Maeng Clan of Sinchang, is the oldest letter written in Korean Alphabet, hangeul. This study discussed unique characteristics of Korean shown in the letter, written at the end of 15th century, by comparing with the other materials from the 15<SUP>th</SUP> century. First, the notation of jungcheol (double spelling) only appears at the final consonants ‘ㄱ, ㅁ’. The second characteristic, yeoncheol (liaisonism), represents the intermediate phase between the 15<SUP>th</SUP> and the 16<SUP>th</SUP> century. Furthermore, nasal assimilation appears within a word, and even at the boundary of morphemes and phrases. Another characteristic is that this letter does not show h-deletion. On the other hand, 마니(mani)’ in the letter can be assumed to have been derived from ‘만?-’(manha) by losing ‘?.’ Also, the letter shows ‘?소’(haso) ending, and the initial form of which was known to appear in materials of the early 16<SUP>th</SUP> century. Finally, ‘이라 (ira)’ used as conjunctive particle alongside ‘-ㄹ라(-lla)’ and ‘-일쇠(-ilsoy),’ where ‘-리-(-li)’ is reduced to ‘r,’ is found. Some other interesting characteristics that can truly appreciate Korean are further discussed.

문헌 자료 속의 충청도 방언 연구

배영환 ( Bae Younghwan ) 한국방언학회 2021 방언학 Vol.- No.34

이 연구는 충청도 방언의 국어사 문헌 자료를 정리하고 이를 바탕으로 이 방언의 특징 가운데 음운사적 측면에서 논의한 것이다. 충청도 지역 문헌 자료 가운데 성책 자료는 19세기 후반에서 20세기 초반의 자료가 대부분이다. 반면, 고문서 가운데 언간 자료는 15세기부터 20세기 초까지 다양하다. 이들 자료 가운데 아직까지 자료 소개만 그치고 해당 자료의 국어학적, 방언학적 특징이 제대로 밝혀지지 않은 것도 많다. 특히 음식 조리서는 19세기 이후의 자료가 존재하는데 이들의 영향 관계와 방언사적 특징을 논의할 필요가 있다. 이 방언의 음운사적 특징 가운데 고모음화와 ㆍ>ㅓ의 변화, 그리고 전설고모음화와 같은 음운 변화는 19세기 후반 자료에 집중적으로 나타났다. 이러한 양상은 이 방언의 모음체계의 변화와 함께 좀 더 정밀히 연구될 필요가 있음을 논의하였다. 이 방언에서의 구개음화는 17세기에 처음 ㄷ-구개음화가 실현된 양상이 나타나는데, 19세기까지 여전히 구개음화가 실현되지 않은 형태가 있었다. 이는 구개음화가 오랜 시간에 걸쳐 이루어진 것으로 볼 수 있다. 아울러 ㄱ-구개음화는 이 방언에서 다른 구개음화보다 늦게 적용되었을 가능성을 논의하였다. This study organizes the literary materials of Korean language history in relation to the dialect of Chungcheong-do, and then discusses the characteristics of this dialect in the aspect of phonological history. Among the literary materials of Chungcheong-do region, most of the official book materials are from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. On the other hand, among the ancient manuscripts, there are various letter materials from the 15th century to the early 20th century. However, regarding a lot of those materials, their Korean linguistic and dialectological characteristics have not been fully revealed after being simply introduced. Among them, the culinary manuscripts are the materials since the 19th century, so it would be necessary to discuss their influence relation and dialectological characteristics. Regarding the characteristics of this dialect in the aspect of phonological history, the phonetic changes like vowel raising, change of ㆍ>ㅓ, and front vowel raising were intensively shown in materials of the 19th century. This aspect would need to be more closely researched together with the change in vowel system of this dialect. In case of palatalization of this dialect, the ㄷ-palatalization was realized for the first time in the 17th century while there was the form without palatalization till the 19th century. This means the palatalization was formed throughout a long time. Moreover, this study discussed the possibility in which the ㄱ-palatalization was belatedly applied to this dialect compared to other palatalizations.

조선시대 왕실 남성의 구개음화 현상 연구

배영환(Bae, Younghwan) 중앙어문학회 2020 語文論集 Vol.82 No.-

이 연구는 조선시대 왕실 남성의 구개음화의 실현 양상을 언간을 통해 살펴보는 데 목적이 있다. 왕실이라는 동일한 언어 공동체에서 구개음화가 시간의 흐름에 따라 어떻게 변화하는지 추적한 것이다. 현재까지 왕실 남성의 언간은 선조 대부터 흥선대원군까지 전체 76건이 확인된다. 이 가운데 73건이 여성에게 쓴 편지이다. 그러므로 언간은 여성을 감안한 글쓰기로 볼 수 있다. 왕실 언어의 특징은 언어 변화에 있어 보수적이라고 할 수 있다. 왕실 남성 언간에 구개음화가 처음 나타난 것은 정조의 편지이다. 그 이전 시기에 구개음화가 적용된 형태로 알려졌던 예는 구개음화가 적용되었다고 하기는 어렵다. 정조 대에서는 고유어와 한자어에서 두루 구개음화가 실현되었다. 다만 전체 구개음화의 실현율은 34.04%로 나타나 여전히 비구개음화 형도 존재했음을 볼 수 있다. 아울러 과도교정 또한 10.76%로 확인된다. 구개음화가 발생할 때 과도교정도 함께 나타난다는 것을 알 수 있다. 또, 과도교정의 비율이 상대적으로 높게 나타나고 있는데, 그만큼 정조가 구개음화 현상에 대해 부정적인 인식이 반영된 것으로 볼 수 있다. 이후 익종이나 흥선대원군의 언간에서는 일부 한자어를 제외하고는 구개음화가 일반적이었음을 볼 수 있다. 구개음화가 적용되지 않은 예는 궁중에서 관례적으로 쓰이던 고유명사에 한정되었다. 그러므로 한자어는 고유어보다 먼저 구개음화가 적용되었지만 구개음화가 완결되는 데에는 고유어보다 상대적으로 늦었다고 할 수 있다. 왕실의 언어에서 구개음화가 상대적으로 느리게 전개된 이유는 구개음화가 지역 방언에서 먼저 시작되었고, 또 계층적으로도 중인 계층에서 시작되었기 때문에 지역방언 측면과 사회방언 측면에서 2차에 걸쳐 부정적인 심리가 작용한 결과로 볼 수 있다. The purpose of this study is to examine palatalization by royal men during the Joseon Dynasty. It traces how palatalization changed over time in the same language community of the royal family. So far, 76 cases of royal men have been identified, from the reign of King Seonjo to Heungseon Daewongun, and 73 of these cases were letters to women. Thus, a word can be seen as having been written out of consideration for women. It was King Jeongjo’s pen that first used the royal male language. What was identified as a case of palatalization in the earlier period is a very poor example of it. In the reign of King Jeongjo, palatalization was widely practiced, using both native and Chinese characters. However, the realization rate of the total palatalization was 34.04%, indicating that there were still non-cultivation types. In addition, the hypercorrection was also confirmed at 10.76%. Thus, hypercorrection also appears when palatalization occurs. Later, in the epigraphs of King Ikjong and Heungseon Daewongun, palatalization was common except for some Chinese characters. Examples not covered by palatalization were limited to the proper nouns that were customary in the royal court. In Chinese characters, palatalization was not applied until the very last time. The reason for the relatively slow development of palatalization in the royal language is that palatalization began first in the local dialect, then followed in the hierarchical class, so negative psychology played a role in terms of both regional dialect and social dialect, making palatalization very conservative.

언간에 나타난 분류사의 분포와 의미 연구

배영환(Younghwan Bae) 한국중원언어학회 2015 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.36

The Study on Distribution and Meaning of Classifier of Eon’gan (Vernacular Letters). This study was designed to identify a list of diverse classifiers shown in Eon’gan materials in Joseon Dynasty, and to discuss their distribution and meanings. The structure of the quantifier phrase in Eon’gan is that a noun is located at before a numeral or classifier like ‘a noun + a numeral’ or ‘a noun + a numeral + a classifier.’ To name a few, interesting characteristics of some classifiers are as follows. First, classifiers related to clothing habits are mensural such as ‘pil’ and sortal such as ‘suit." Second, classifiers relevant to the dietary life seemingly originated from names of containers. Third, classifiers related to numbers as well as to fish and shellfish are so various: There is something different between numbers in Eon’gan and numbers in a modern language. Fourth, many classifiers related to vegetable and seaweed show collectivity such as ‘bundle,’ while most classifiers related to grain are measuring classifiers, showing volume. Finally, classifiers related to disease and medicine are from Sino-Korean words, whereas most classifiers previously mentioned are native. Some other interesting findings are discussed in detail.

중국 고유명사에 대한 외래어 표기법 연구 - 대학명을 중심으로 -

배영환(Bae, Younghwan),이민(Li, Min),김은희(Kim, Eunhee) 중앙어문학회 2021 語文論集 Vol.88 No.-

본 연구는 중국 내 대학명을 대상으로 이를 우리 글로 옮길 때 어떻게 표기해야 합리적인 것인지에 대해 논의한 것이다. 이를 위해 중국 내 대학 200여 개의 대학명을 조사하고 이를 구성 성분별로 나누어 살펴보았다. 대학교 이름은 외래어의 범주에 포함되기 때문에 ‘외래어 표기법’에 따라 표기하는 것이 원칙이지만 실제로는 여러 가지 문제가 존재한다. 중국의 대학명은 전부 요소와 부가 요소 그리고 후부 요소로 나눌 수 있다. 이들 요소 가운데 한국어 한자어와 동일한 형태와 의미를 갖는 것은 한국식 한자음으로 표기하는 것이 효과적이라고 논의하였다. 반면, 지명과 같은 고유 명사는 ‘전부 요소’에 주로 나타나는데 이는 원음을 존중하여 표기하는 것이 외래어 표기법의 취지에 부합한다고 논의하였다. 그 밖에 의역이 필요한 것은 ‘부가 요소’에 나타나는데, 한국어 한자어와 형태와 의미가 전혀 다른 유형에 해당된다. 이들 어휘는 대체로 서구에서 차용된 단어들인데 그 의미에 맞게 번역어를 사용하는 방법이 효과적이라고 할 수 있다. This study discussed how to translate the of into the Chinese names of universities in China Korean. To this end, the names of 200 universities were studied and categorized. As university names are included in the category of foreign languages, it is accepted practice to mark them according to the “Loanword orthography”, however, there are several issues with this practice. Chinese university names can be divided into front part elements, additional elements, and rear part elements. Among these factors, we discussed the effectiveness of indicating in Korean Chinese characters that have the same form and meaning as Korean Chinese characters. On the other hand, proper nouns such as geographical names mainly appear in “front part elements”, and we concluded that the use of the Loanword orthography will respect the original sound in such cases. Other that require interpretation appear in “additional elements”, which correspond to completely different types of Korean characters, forms, and meanings. This vocabulary is generally borrowed from the West, and it is considered effective.

언간에 나타나는 'ㅎ'-말음 명사의 분포와 변화 양상

배영환(Bae Younghwan) 한국언어문학회 2014 한국언어문학 Vol.89 No.-

This study examines the distribution of h-final stems in vernacular letters in the Joseon Dynasty period as well as the aspect of change. It especially focuses on the distributional characteristics and syntagmatic features of h-final stems in the data of over 1,600 vernacular letters. There are approximately 35 h-final stems in the data of the vernacular letters: six of them have the form with the "h" deleted, and seven are cases that were not confirmed by previous data. A syntagmatic feature of h-final stems is that the "h" is deleted in combination with a consonant postposition earlier on. In particular, the combination with the postposition does not appear at all, and combinations with are strictly limited as well. The reason "h" is deleted in combination with a consonant postposition is that "h" is deleted first in this environment, but it is also due to the influence of the colloquial style of language. Moreover, in the case of, "h" was deleted in combination with at an earlier point, which cannot be seen as h-deletion but as " deletion. Changes in h-final stems prove that "h" was deleted in the data during an earlier period in the case of, but it was maintained until the 17th century in the royal data.

공공언어의 어려운 한자어 진단 기준 시론

배영환 ( Bae Younghwan ) 한국공공언어학회 2021 공공언어학 Vol.6 No.0

이 연구는 공공언어에서 이해하기 어려운 한자어에 대한 진단 기준 시안을 마련하는 데 목적이 있었다. ‘공공언어의 진단’이란 전문가나 시민 등이 공공언어를 대상으로 언어 양상 등을 판단하여 문제점을 파악하는 데 일차적인 목적이 있다. 나아가 그 결과를 해당 기관에 통보하여 해당 기관이 좀 더 정확하고 쉬운 공공언어를 작성하도록 유도하는 데 최종 목적이 있다. 한자어 진단은 소통성(영역)-용이성(요소)-한자어 진단(항목)의 하위 분류를 두는 것이 다른 항목과 중복되는 것을 막을 수 있다고 보았다. 한자어 진단에서 고려해야 할 하위 요소로 정보성, 평이성, 정확성을 제시하였다. 정보성은 전체 텍스트에서 한자어가 차지하는 비중을 의미하고, 평이성은 사용된 한자어의 난도를 판정하는 기준이다. 또 정확성은 어휘의 의미나 용법이 정확하게 사용되었는가를 판정하는 요소이다. 이 가운데 정보성과 평이성을 중요한 문제로 보았다. 보도 자료 진단에서는 공공기관을 대상으로 실제 한자어 진단 가운데 ‘정보성’ 측면에서 전체 텍스트의 한자어 비중을 통해 논의하였다. The objective of this study is to establish the diagnosis standard draft of Sino-Korean words that are hard to be understood in public language. The primary objective of the ‘diagnosis of public language’ is for experts or citizens to understand the problems by judging the linguistic aspect. Moreover, the final objective is to induce the relevant institution to write more accurate and easier public language by notifying the result to the relevant institution. The diagnosis of Sino-Korean words viewed that having the sub-classification of communicability(domain)-easiness(element)-diagnosis of Sino-Korean words(item) would prevent the duplication with other items. As the sub-elements that should be considered in the diagnosis of Sino-Korean words, the informativity, easiness, and accuracy were presented. The informativity means the weight of Sino-Korean word in the whole text while the easiness is the standard for deciding the difficulty level of used Sino-Korean word. Also, the accuracy is an element that decides if the meaning or usage of vocabulary has been accurately used. Among them, the informativity and easiness were regarded as important issues. The diagnosis of press release was discussed through the weight of Sino-Korean words in the whole text in the aspect of ‘informativity’ for the actual diagnosis of Sino-Korean words targeting public institutions.

‘조선시대 한글편지 어휘사전’의 ‘문형 정보’ 기술에 대하여

배영환(Bae Younghwan) 한국사전학회 2010 한국사전학 Vol.- No.16

Grammatical information in the dictionary is an essential part that shows environment or example using the headword. In this article, it is discussed that the necessity and the possibility of sentence pattern’s information that should have been included in "The lexical dictionary of Hangeul letters in Joseon period" and the specific method. The microstructure of Archaic Dictionary is consisted of 'headword-Correspondent modern Korean-Examples'. However it should provide correct sentence pattern’s information because it is difficult to understand the vocabularies and usages of Hangeul letters in this structure. First of all, sentence pattern needs verbs, adjectives, and so on, and it could consist of the objects that have relatively high frequencies among them. There are one method that suggests necessary arguments and the other method that uses double parentheses in sentence pattern of Archaic dictionary. At first, the method that uses double parentheses could presents elements or vocabularies combined often as ((mainly used with∼)) and appears syntactic features of the headword. And the other method that presents essential elements and correct definition is ideal, however it needs much agony and efforts. The essential constituent of sentence in Archaic dictionary is able to be set up differently compared to the modern Korean language. In particular, it could be parts of elements not only the discuss about essential Case Marker but '-ga' and '-da' in sentence ending. A discussion is needed regarding the essential adverbs.

폴리에스터 건식부직포의 흡음성 연구

배영환(Younghwan Bae),이명성(Myungsung Lee),김정연(Jung Yeon Kim),최영욱(Yeong Og Choi),여상영(Sang Young Yeo) 한국염색가공학회 2022 韓國染色加工學會誌 Vol.34 No.1