PCB 제조시설 에칭공정 화학사고 조사를 통한 안전관리 방안 연구

박춘화(Choon-Hwa Park),김현섭(Hyun-Sub Kim),전병한(Byeong-Han Jeon),김덕현(Duk-Hyun Kim) 한국산학기술학회 2018 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.19 No.4

2015년 화학물질관리법 시행 이후 화학 사고 발생 수는 감소 추세에 있으나, 최근 인쇄회로기판(PCB) 제조시설에서 유사한 유형의 사고가 반복적으로 발생함에 따라 실험을 통해 사고 원인을 조사 분석하였다. 해당 사고는 인쇄회로기판 제조공정 내 에칭용액으로 사용한 유해화학물질인 염산과 과산화수소가 월류하여 발생한 사고로 작업자 부주의와 시설 관리 미흡이 주된 사고 원인으로 조사되었다. 사고 원인을 규명하기 위해 실시한 Cl-의 함량 분석 결과 과산화수소 시료에서 66.85ppm로 측정되어 사고 물질인 염산과 과산화수소의 혼합경로를 확인할 수 있었으며, 반응실험을 통해 반응열이 50.5 ℃까지 발생함에 따라 PVC 저장탱크의 변형과 유독가스인 염소가스 발생을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통해 인쇄회로기판 제조시설의 에칭공정에서의 과충전, 역류방지, 누출감지장치와 혼합방지를 위한 저장탱크 분리 설계 등 시설 안전 관리 방안과 해당 장치의 장외영향평가 검토 필요성을 제시하고자 하였다. 또한 동일 유형의 사고 재발 방지를 위하여 주기적인 시설 안전점검과 작업자의 안전교육 강화의 필요성에 대하여 논의하였다. Although the number of chemical accidents has been declining since the Chemical Control Act of 2015, there have been repeated occurrences of similar types of accidents at printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing facilities. These accidents were caused by the overflow of hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, which are toxic chemicals used in the printed circuit board manufacturing process. An analysis of the Cl<SUP>-</SUP> content to identify the cause of the accident showed that in the mixed route of hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, which are accidental substances, the Cl<SUP>-</SUP> concentration was 66.85 ppm in the hydrogen peroxide sample. Through reaction experiments, it was confirmed that the deformation of a PVC storage tank and generation of chlorine gas, which is a toxic gas, occurred due to reaction heat occurring up to 50.5 ℃. This paper proposes a facility safety management plan, including overcharge, overflow prevention, leak detection device, and separation tank design for mixing prevention in printed circuit board manufacturing facility etch process. To prevent the recurrence of accidents of the same type, the necessity of a periodic facility safety inspection and strengthening of the safety education of workers was discussed.

비상대응자를 위한 교육 프로그램 연구

박춘화(Choon Hwa Park),김성범(Sung Bum Kim),윤이(Yi Yoon) 한국위험물학회 2013 한국위험물학회지 Vol.1 No.1

Every year, the demands for specialized education against hazardous chemicals are increasing due to increased chemical disasters and increased circulation amount of hazardous chemicals. With these reasons, special disaster response organizations such as Fire Services, Environment, Military, etc are operating chemical disaster response courses. However, it is very doubtful if there is any efficiency among related organizations in case of emergency because each related organization has their own response purpose, education target and different curriculum. To solve this problem, National Institute of Environmental Research has recently developed ‘Chemical Disaster Response Standard Education Program’ to gather the scattered educations and make better education program on chemical disasters.

중학생의 성교육 요구

박춘화(Park Choon-Hwa),박금자(Park Geum-Ja) 고신대학교 전인간호과학연구소 2002 전인간호과학학술지 Vol.1 No.-

The purpose of this study was to identify the need for sex education in middle school students Research subjects were 194 students who attended at 1 seminary in B city. The period of data collection was from July to August,2001. Research instrument as composed of 61 structured items : 17 items related to demographics and sex, 44 items related to the need of sex education. Data were collected through the self-report method by the researcher and one trained assistant. The instrument developed by the researchers was employed to measure the need of sex education and it s Cronbach s a = 0.9349 in this research. Data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, factor analysis and t-test using SPSS WIN Program. The findings of this study are summarized as follows : 1. The highest score among characteristics of sex was less interest about sex(42.6% ) ,39.0% of subjects got information about sex from friends or elders. 52.3% of subjects consulted friends or elders about sex problems. The number of sex education lessons was 1-2 times in school during last semester(61.0%). Education by the school nurse was 35.9% to students. 43.1% of subjects announced moderate satisfaction on sex education. 2. The mean score of the need for sex education was 2.88±0.47 (lowest value 1,highest 4). The most wanted sex education factor was chastity and sexual responsibility (3.33 ±0.67) and followed by family and marriage(3.26± 0.62) and considerations of sex(3.07±0.69) . Meanwhile, the lowest wanted sex education factor is physiological characteristics of male(2.47 土 0.72) , followed by sexual behavior(2.49±0.75) . The most wanted sex education item was the meaning of family(3.54±0.75) and followed by the cautions to prevention from sexual abuse(3.49±0.78) and sexual activity and responsibility(3.43±0.77) . Meanwhile, the lowest wanted sex education item is masturbation(2.16 土0.97) , followed by circumcision(2.32±0.97) . 3. There is no significant difference between boys and girls in mean score about the need for sex education(t=- .715,p= .476). Sex education factor that girl-students wanted was physiological caracteristics of female . Sex education factor that boy-students wanted was family and marriage . Sex education items that girl-students wanted were cautions during menstruation , the relation of ovulation and pregnancy , caution to prevention from sexual abuse and sexual behavior and responsibility . Sex education items that boy-students wanted were the meaning of family , the importance of marriage , male s sex organs , a wet dream , the method to resolve sexual curiosity , sexual intercourse and the connection w ith the other sex . In conclusion, the mean score of the need for sex education is medium. The route to attain knowledge about sex and sexual problem is through consulting friends and elders. Therefore, it is necessary to give sex education that is suitable to the subject s needs and methods. Also, it is necessary to give differently strong point about sex education between female and male students

임부들을 대상으로 한 산전교육의 효과

박춘화 ( Choon Hwa Park ),이채언 ( Chae Un Lee ) 여성건강간호학회 2002 여성건강간호학회지 Vol.8 No.1

중년기 여성의 폐경에 대한 증상, 지식, 태도 및 관리

박춘화(Park, Choon Hwa),오은주(Oh, Eun JU),지은미(Ji, Eun Mi) 고신대학교 전인간호과학연구소 2009 전인간호과학학술지 Vol.4 No.-

Purpose : The Purpose of this study was to investigate to promote knowledge related menopause in middle-aged women by providing basic materials concerning their symptoms, knowledge, attitude and management towards menopause. And it attempted to present basic materials necessary for the efficient menopausal management intervention of middle-aged women by forming the more positive attitude towards the menopause. Method : The research design was a descriptive study. The subjects of this study were 304 middle-aged women. Data was collected by using a structured questionnaire from June 15 to August 10, 2009. The completed data of 304 middle aged women were analyzed using SPSS/PC 12.0 statistical program. Result : The level of symptoms of menopause was relatively middle. The group of middle-aged women in the menopause showed the higher physical symptom. In addition, 80.3% answered the question about the menopausal knowledge correctly. The score of attitude towards menopause was neutral at 2.39/4. The level of menopausal management was relatively middle. Conclusion : This is a need to present basic material necessary for the efficient menopausal management intervention of middle aged women by forming the more positive attitude towards the menopause.

중학생의 성교육 요구

박춘화,박금자,Park, Choon-Hwa,Park, Geum-Ja 한국여성건강간호학회 2002 여성건강간호학회지 Vol.8 No.1

The purpose of this study was to identify the need for sex education in middle school students Research subjects were 194 students who attended at I seminary in B city. The period of data collection was from July to August, 2001. Research instrument was composed of 61 structured items 17 items related to demographics and sex, 44 items related to the need of sex education. Data were collected through the self-report method by the researcher and one trained assistant. The instrument developed by the researchers was employed to measure the need of sex education and it's Cronbach's $\alpha$ = 0.9349 in this research. Data were analyzed by frequency, percentage factor analysis and t-test using SPSS WIN Program. The findings of this study are summarized as follows : 1. The highest score among characteristics of sex was 'less interest about sex(42.6%)', 39.0% of subjects got information about sex from friends or elders. 52.3% of subjects consulted friends or elders about sex problems. The number of sex education lessons was 1-2 times in school during last semester (61.0%). Education by the school nurse was 35.9% to students. 43.1% of subjects announced moderate satisfaction on sex education. 2. The mean score of the need for sex education was $2.88{\pm}0.47$ (lowest value 1, highest 4). The most wanted sex education factor was 'chastity and sexual responsibility($3.33{\pm}0.67$)' and followed by 'family and marriage ($3.26{\pm}0.62$)' and 'considerations of sex($3.07{\pm}0.69$)'. Meanwhile, the lowest wanted sex education factor is 'physiological characteristics of male ($2.47{\pm}0.72$)', followed by 'sexual behavior ($2.49{\pm}0.75$)'. The most wanted sex education item was 'the meaning of family ($3.54{\pm}0.75$)' and followed by 'the cautions to prevention from sexual abuse ($3.49{\pm}0.78$)' and sexual activity and responsibility($3.43{\pm}0.77$)'. Meanwhile, the lowest wanted sex education item is 'masturbation ($2.16{\pm}0.97$)', followed by 'circumcision($2.32{\pm}0.97$)'. 3. There is no significant difference between boys and girls in mean score about the need for sex education(t=-.715, p=.476). Sex education factor that girl-students wanted was 'physiological characteristics of female'. Sex education factor that boy-students wanted was 'family and marriage'. Sex education items that girl-students wanted were 'cautions during menstruation', the relation of ovulation and pregnancy', caution to prevention from sexual abuse' and sexual behavior and responsibility'. Sex education items that boy-students wanted were 'the meaning of family', 'the importance of marriage', 'male's sex organs', 'a wet dream', 'the method to resolve sexual curiosity', 'sexual intercourse' and 'the connection with the other sex'. In conclusion, the mean score of the need for sex education is medium. The route to attain knowledge about sex and sexual problem is through consulting friends and elders. Therefore, it is necessary to give sex education that is suitable to the subject's needs and methods. Also, it is necessary to give differently strong point about sex education between female and male students.

불임여성의 인공수정 경험

배경의(Bae Kyung-Eui),박춘화(Park Choon-Hwa) 질적연구학회 2007 질적연구 Vol.8 No.2

Purpose : A phenomenological study was conducted to investigate the experiences of infertile women who had an artificial insemination attempt and the structure of these experiences was identified in a social-cultural context. Method : In depth interview were done with seven participants from June 2006 to Sept. 2006. Data was recorded and analysed by Colazzi's method. Result : Significant statements were extracted from the data resulting in 5 themes and 17 concepts. The significant themes of participants experiences with artificial insemination emerged as : “Mind which it wishes earnestly”, “Falling process”, “Conquer the process”, “Only my burden”, "Disappearing hope“. Conclusion : The results indicate that the care of infertile women with an unsuccessful artificial insemination attempt should be based on a deep understanding of their personal experiences. Also, information on alternative choice should be offered and supported.

중년 여성의 갱년기 증상과 우울에 관한 연구

권숙희,김영자,문길남,김인순,박금자,박춘화,배정이,송애리,여정희,정은순,정향미,Kwon, Sook-Hee,Kim, Yung-Ja,Moon, Guil-Nam,Kim, In-Soon,Park, Geum-Ja,Park, Choon-Hwa,Baim, Jeung-Yee,Sing, Ae-Ri,Yoe, Jung-Hee,Chung, Eun-Soon,Jung, Hyang- 한국여성건강간호학회 1996 여성건강간호학회지 Vol.2 No.2

This study was done for the purpose of analyzing the relationship between menopausal symptoms and depression. Data were collected by a questionnaire from November 28 to December 30, 1995. The subjects were 134 women between 40-61 years of age. The instruments used for this study were The Menopausal symptom scale by Neugartom and Depression scale by Zung. The results of the study were as follows. 1. Mean score of menopausal symptoms was 1.59. Mean score orders of experienced symptoms were "Rack pain and joint pain"(2.02), "General weakness"(1.98), "Nervousness"(1.96). The most serious menopausal symptom was psychosomatic symptom.(1.88) Total score orders of experienced symptoms was 27.9 and over 90.3% of women complained menopausal symptom. 2. Mean score orders of depression was 39.13. It was normal range of depression. 85.1% of the women were normal range of depression and 14.2% of women mild depression. 3. The relationship between menopausal symptoms and depression was statistically significant(r=0.5307, p=0.000). When the relationship among three dimensions of menopausal symptoms were explored the psychosomatic symptom(r=0.4090, P=0.000), Physical symptom(r=0.319, P=0.000), Physical symptom(r=0.319, P=0.000) were statistically significant. 4. General characteristic variables were significantly related to the level of menopausal symptoms as follows ; environment of living(F=2.89, p=0.038), religion(F=4.18, P=0.007), times of birth(F=2.66, p=0.043). The analysis of this study have implication for management of middle aged women's health, to solve the nursing problems, and to prevent and relieve climacteric symptoms.

화학물질 사고 · 테러 대응을 위한 경계구역 선정 개선방안 연구

전병한(Byeong-Han Jeon),김현섭(Hyun-Sub Kim),이현승(Hyun-Seung Lee),박춘화(Choon-Hwa Park) 한국산학기술학회 2020 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.21 No.8

본 연구에서는 화학사고 및 화학테러 대응 시 화학물질로부터 인명 및 환경을 보호하기 위한 경계구역 설정에 관하여 국 · 내외 사례 조사를 바탕으로 우리나라 실정에 적합한 경계구역 선정 개선방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 현재 다양한 관계부처에서는 공통적으로 hot zone, warm zone, cold zone으로 구분하여 사용 중이나 특정 지역에 대해서는 용어 활용 측면에서 상이한 의미로 혼용되고 있다. 따라서 경계구역을 기존 3개 지역에서 hot zone, warm zone, cold zone, safety zone 4개 지역으로 구분하여 활용할 것을 제시하였다. 그리고 warm zone을 관심지역, safety zone을 안전지역으로 용어를 정립하도록 한다. 기존에 적용하던 ERPG 급성노출기준은 다양한 노출시간을 고려하지 않기 때문에 장시간 노출상황 적용에 적합하지 않으므로 적용 우선순위를 AEGL, ERPG, PAC, IDLHs 순으로 하도록 한다. CARIS 정보제공 방안은 확산평가가 가능한 물질 또는 불가능한 물질이거나 실내누출 상황으로 구분하고 풍향신뢰선과 ERG의 초기이격거리 및 방호활동거리를 함께 표현하여 현장대응 및 주민대피 결정 정보자료로 활용될 수 있도록 한다. This paper presents a method for improving the selection of boundary areas suitable for Korea"s situation based on domestic and foreign case studies on the establishment of boundary areas to protect people and the environment from chemical substances in response to chemical accidents and chemical terrorism. Currently, various related ministries are divided into hot zones, warm zones, and cold zones in common, but in specific areas, they are used in different ways in terms of terminology utilization. Therefore, it was suggested that the boundary areas be divided into four zones: hot zone, warm zone, cold zone, and safety zone. In addition, the terms warm zone and safety zone should be re-established. The existing ERPG acute exposure standard does not take into account various exposure times. Therefore, it is unsuitable for long-term exposure, so the priority of application should be AEGL, ERPG, PAC, and IDLHs. The CARIS information provision method is classified into substances that can or cannot be diffused or classified as indoor leaks. In addition, the wind direction trust line and the ERG"s initial separation distance and protective action distance are expressed together so that they can be used for accident responses.

화학물질사고대응정보시스템 고도화 방안 연구

천광수(Kwang Soo Chun),김성범(Sung Bum Kim),박춘화(Choon Hwa Park),안성용(Sung Ryoung Ahn) 한국위험물학회 2014 한국위험물학회지 Vol.2 No.1

The aim of this work is to modify CARIS(Chemical accident response information system) to react chemical accident more effectively. As results, web-based program was developed including improved risk assessment program by applying comprehensive method of assessment. The program enables improved emergency response system through expending and sharing information on emergency response.