원발성 폐암의 외과적 치료

박경신,임승평,이영,Park, Kyung-Sin,Lim, Seung-Pyung,Lee, Young 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1995 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.28 No.6

Recently, primary lung cancer has increased markedly in incidence and prevalence in Korea. From January 1986 to June 1993, 86 patients were operated and evaluated at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital. The results are as follows; 1. There were 79 males and 7 females with the peak incidence of 5th and 6th decades of life[75.6% . The age ranged from 13 to 76[mean 56.6$\pm$10.3 years. 2. Symptoms were cough[47.7% , sputum[25.6% , chest pain or dyspnea[18.6% , and hemoptysis or blood tinged sputum[20.9% in order. Symptoms were frequently encountered before hospitalization, but asymtomatic patients were 12.8% in this study. 3. Methods of diagnostic confirmatiom were bronchoscopic biopsy[55.8% , percutaneous needle aspiration[29.1% , suspicious sputum cytology[1.2% , and open biopsy[14.0% . 4. Histopathologically, squamous cell carcinoma[51.2% was the most frequent cell type and adenocarcinoma[26.7% , large cell carcinoma[8.1% , adenosquamous cell carcinoma[3.5% , and the others in order. And TNM stages were Stage I 40.5%, Stage II 15.5%, Stage IIIa 27.4%, and Stage IIIb 3.6%. 5. Methods of operation were pneumonectomy[25.6% , bilobectomy[5.8% , lobectomy[53.4% , segmentectomy[1.2% , and exploration[14.0% . The overall resectability was 86.0% 6. The operative mortality was 2.3% and postoperative complications developed in 7 cases[8.1% . 7. The postoperative follow-up reveals that the overall cumulative survival rates at 1 year, 2 year, 3 year, 4 year, 5 year were 76%, 62%, 43%, 36%, and 27%, respectively.

폐에 발생한 염증성 근섬유모세포종양의 세침흡인 세포소견 -1예 보고-

박경신,이경지,이선미,이교영,심상인,강창석,이연수,Park, Gyeong-Sin,Lee, Kyung-Ji,Lee, Sun-Mi,Lee, Kyo-Young,Shim, Sang-In,Kang, Chang-Suk,Lee, Youn-Soo 대한세포병리학회 2006 대한세포병리학회지 Vol.17 No.1

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT), normally referred to as inflammatory pseudotumor, is a fairly rare condition. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of IMT has only rarely been reported. Here, we describe one such case of pulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. A 30-year-old man presented with a 2.8cm-sized mass in his lung. Chest CT revealed a well defined, poorly enhancing mass. FNAC showed some fascicular or swirled clusters of spindle cells, admixed with occasional inflammatory cells and foamy histiocytes. The majority of the tumor cells evidenced bland, elongated nuclei, but infrequent pleomorphic nuclei. Some of the tumor cells evidenced nuclear grooves and intranuclear inclusions. Although the cytological differentiation of IMT from malignant lesions is not immensely problematic, due to the general paucity of cytological and nuclear atypia, a definite cytological diagnosis of IMT cannot be rendered simply by FNAC. Therefore, a diagnosis of IMT may be suggested via exclusive diagnosis.

수기 액상세포검사 $Liqui-PREP^{TM}$의 세포보존력 평가 및 뇌척수액 세포검사에의 적용: 세포원심분리법과의 비교

박경신,이경지,정찬권,이대형,조빈,이연수,심상인,이교영,강창석,Park, Gyeong-Sin,Lee, Kyung-Ji,Jung, Chan-Kwon,Lee, Dae-Hyoung,Cho, Bin,Lee, Youn-Soo,Shim, Sang-In,Lee, Kyo-Young,Kang, Chang-Suk 대한세포병리학회 2007 대한세포병리학회지 Vol.18 No.1

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology is an effective tool for evaluating diseases involving the central nervous system, but this technique is usually limited by its low cellularity and poor cellular preservation. Here we compared the manual liquid-base $Liqui-PREP^{TM}$ (LP) to the cytospin (CS) with using a mononuclear cell suspension and we applied both methods to the CSFs of pediatric leukemia patients. The cytopresevability, in terms of cell yield and cell size, and the clinical efficacy were evaluated. When 2000 and 4000 mononuclear cells were applied, LP was superior to CS for the cell yield, 16.8% vs 1.7% (P=0.001) and 26.2% vs 3.5% (P=0.002), respectively. The mean size of the smeared cells was 10.60 ${\mu}m$ in the CS, 5.01 ${\mu}m$ in the LP and 6.50 ${\mu}m$ in the direct smear (DS), and the size ratio was 1.7 (CS to DS), 0.8(LP to DS) and 2.1 (CS to LP), respectively. As compared to the cells in the DS, the cells in the CS were significantly enlarged, but those in the LP were slightly shrunken. Upon application to 109 CSF samples, 4 were diagnosed as positive for leukemia (positive), 4 had atypical cells and 101 were negative by CS; 6 were positive, one had atypical cells and 102 were negative by LP. For six cases, in which 4 were positive for leukemia and 2 of 4 had atypical cells by CS, they were positive by LP and they were also confirmed as positive according to the follow-up study. Three cases diagnosed as atypical cells (two by CS and one by LP), were confirmed as negative. In conclusion, these results suggest that LP is superior to CS for the cytopresevability and for rendering a definite diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid.

폐방선균증의 외과적 치료 -2례 보고-

박경신,임승평,이영,Park, Kyung-Sin,Lim, Seung-Pyung,Lee, Young 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1995 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.28 No.4

Pulmonary actinomycosis is a chronic pulmonary infection characterized by suppuration, abscess formation, and dense scarring. The causative agent, Actinomyces israelii, is a gram-positive, microaerophilic bacterium that resemble fungi. We recently treated two cases of pulmonary actinomycosis. A patient was underwent right lower lobectomy under the impression of bronchiectasis. Pulmonary actinomycosis was diagnosed of postoperatively. He was medicated with high-dose penicillin parenterally. The other patient was also undergone right lower lobectomy under the impression of broncholithiasis and received parenteral penicillin and oral roxythromycin. There was no recurrence or development of empyema. The purpose of this paper is to review of our experience and to enhance consideration of pulmonary actinomycosis.

의결정족수에 대한 착오에 의한 표결실패에 대한 국회법 제92조의 일사부재의 원칙의 적용

박경신 ( Kyung Sin Park ) 경상대학교 법학연구소 2012 法學硏究 Vol.20 No.3

환경법의 예를 통한 미국의 연방제의 이해

박경신 ( Kyung Sin Park ) 안암법학회 2007 안암 법학 Vol.- No.25

모욕죄의 보호법익 및 법원의 현행 적용방식에 대한 헌법적 평가

박경신(Kyung Sin Park),김가연(Khayeun Kim) 한국언론법학회 2011 언론과 법 Vol.10 No.2

모욕죄는 통설과는 달리 외부적 명예를 보호하기 위한 것이 아니고 내부적 명예감정을 보호하는 것이다. 19세기 독일문헌에서 모욕죄가 ‘외부적 명예’를 보호한다고 한 것은 해당 언사의 내용이 대상자의 사회적 지위가 요구하는 경외심을 표명하지 않고 있어야 한다는 의미이지 대상자에 대한 제3자의 평가 즉 사회적 평가를 의미하는 것이 아니었다. 그리고 20세기 들어와서 모욕죄를 사회적 지위를 가지지 않은 사람도 보호규범으로서 호명할 수 있도록 독일법원의 판례가 바뀌면서 ‘외부적 명예’와 ‘내부적 명예’의 구분은 없어지게 되었다. 우리나라 대법원 판례를 살펴보더라도 이와 같은 모욕죄의 객관적 실체가 확인된다. 그런데 한 사람의 명예감정은 타인의 단순한 의견이나 감정의 표현에 의해서 쉽게 훼손될 수 있다. 교수가 학생에게 "C"라는 평가를 하는 것만으로도 학생의 명예감정은 쉽게 손상될 수 있다. 모욕죄는 명예감정을 보호하려는 것이기 때문에 타인의 단순한 의견과 감정의 표명을 제한하게 된다. 이렇게 한 사람의 의견과 감정의 표명을 명예감정의 보호를 이유로 제약하는 것은 표현의 자유 보호의 대원칙인 명백하고 현존하는 위험의 원리를 위배하는 것이다. 혐오죄의 보호법익인 인간으로서의 최소한의 자존감의 파괴는 표현의 자유 제약을 정당화하는 명백하고 현존하는 위험이 될 것이나 모욕죄는 이를 넘어서서 명예감정 전체를 보호영역으로 두고 있기 때문에 명백하고 현존하는 위험 원리를 위배하는 것이다. 물론 모욕죄는 모든 의견과 감정의 표명이 아니라 그 표명이 경멸적인 언사를 동원하여 이루어질 때만 적용된다. 하지만 무엇이 경멸적인 언사인지에 대해 대법원은 일관된 기준을 제시하지 못하고 있다. 대법원은 화자의 경멸적인 태도가 담겨있는 거의 모든 언사들을 우선 범죄구성요건을 충족하는 것으로 인정한 후에 여러 가지 주변정황들을 근거로 형법 제20조의 ‘사회상규’에 부합하는 경우에만 무죄로 판시하는 2단계 방식의 판시를 하고 있다. 이와 같은 2단계방식은 명확성의 원칙을 위배한다. 우선 대법원은 경멸적인 태도가 담긴 모든 언사들을 범죄구성요건을 충족하는 것으로 보고 ‘사회상규’를 근거로 유무죄를 나눈다는 것은 ‘사회상규’가 위법성조각사유가 아니라 범죄구성요건으로 기능함을 뜻한다. ‘사회상규’가 범죄구성요건으로서는 명확성의 원칙을 위반한다. 또 명확성의 원칙은 표현의 자유 영역에서는 단순히 일반인들에게 무엇이 금지되는지를 통보하는 것을 넘어서서 일반인들이 무엇이 금지되는지를 예측할 수 있도록 하여 종국적으로 합법적으로 판단될 표현을 자제하는 현상 즉 ‘위축효과’가 없을 것을 요구한다. 그렇다면 법원이 ‘사회상규’와 같이 애매모호한 기준으로 유무죄를 판단하는 것은 일반인들에게 ‘위축효과’를 발생시킨다. 혐오죄처럼 국가가 인간으로서의 최소한의 자존감의 보호를 위해 입법을 하는것은 당연하나 명예감정은 더 높은 차원에서 단순히 타인과의 비교를 매개로도 발생할 수 있는 것인데 이를 보호하는 것은 사회적 지위가 높은 사람의 명예감정의 보호로 이어질 수밖에 없어 정당한 입법목적이 될 수 없다. 또 혐오죄는 인간으로서의 최소한의 자존감을 보호하기 위해 사회적 소수를 그 소수자의 차별과 핍박에 동원되었던 언사로 차별하는 것을 금지하지만 모욕죄는 그렇지 않은 모든 언사도 처벌하기 때문에 침해의 최소성 원칙도 위배한다. In this Article, the author attempts to dismantle the prevailing theory in Korea that the crime of insult protects external reputation (external because the reputation is held by third parties the insulting speech is not directed at), not one"s inner pride. Thus defined, the crime of insult restricting one"s expression of feelings and opinions toward another violates the clear and present danger principle, unlike the crime of hate, which regulates only those expressions historically proven to cause clearly damaging discriminatory remarks. Even if the crime of insult is applied only to pejorative expressions, the Korean courts have not presented a viable definition of what pejorative expressions are. In particular, the Supreme Court has settled into a questionable practice of accepting broadly almost all circumstantially hostile remarks as satisfying the prima facie case of insult and exempting some of them on the ground of Article 20 of the Criminal Code, the defense of “customary social practices.” As a result, it is the amorphous phrase of ‘customary social practice’ that operates as the dividing line between guilt and no guilt, which therefore violates the void-for-vagueness doctrine. People, instead of being given a precise definition of insult, must deal with the concept of "customary social practice" in predicting what is prohibited. In such situation, they will suffer from the unconstitutional ‘chilling effect.’ Finally, the crime of insult violates the Korean-constitutional rule against excessive restriction. The goal of protecting one"s inner pride cannot qualify as legitimate. It is legitimate for the state to legislate for the purpose of protecting the minimum dignity as in the case of hate crimes but one"s inner pride above the non-minimum level is mediated through comparison with others, and preventing such self-pride results in bias in favor of those with higher social statuses, and therefore is constitutionally unsustainable. Also, unlike hate crimes which target only those expressions historically commandeered for attacking and discriminating against minorities, the crime of insult punishes all perjorative remarks and therefore violates the rule of minimum restriction.

영상물의 제작에 있어서 시청각 자료 및 소품의 정당한 사용(fair use)의 범위

박경신(Kyung-Sin Park) 세창출판사 2007 창작과 권리 Vol.- No.49

The scope of fair use of copyrighted material is difficult to ascertain. Although scholars and practitioners point to four abstract factors such as the purpose of such use, the nature of the work using the material, the amount of the portion used, and the possibility of interfering with the market potential of the material being used, juggling these four factors has not produced a user-friendly guilde line that can be readily adopted and used by professionals in the cultural industry and the art world. This article attempts at establishing such guilde line, first by deconstructing the four factors from the empirical viewpoints ― namely, surveying how the weighing of the four factors actually play out in real cases ― and then by refining the central concept of transformative use again through the test of real cases. In this article, the author focuses on the scope of fair use as applied to the use of visual or audio-visual materials and set-dressing in production of audio-visual works such as films and television programs. The author arrives at a new practical definition of fair use, namely, using a copyrighted material for a purpose wholly different from the author's creative purpose to an extent narrowly tailored to that purpose.

“인터넷 실명제”의 위헌성

박경신(Park, Kyung-Sin) 한국헌법학회 2009 憲法學硏究 Vol.15 No.3

Korea's Law Regarding Promotion of Use of Information Communication Network and Protection of Information has implemented a mandatory limited identity verification system on the internet in order to provide deterrence against illegal contents or abusive remarks which can spread very quickly and broadly on the internet. However, this system is unconstitutional for the following reasons. Firstly, in other countries, one's right to advocate his or views anonymously and thereby without fear of the authorities' oppression or social prejudices has been protected as a core part of freedom of speech, which is also protected under Article 21 of the Korean Constitution. The mandatory identity verification system also imposes a legal obligation (to verify their identities) on people for the sole reason that they engage in on-line writing, and thereby directly contradicts the mandate that one should not be penalized for exercising a right guaranteed by the Constitution (namely, freedom of speech). It imposes the obligation regardless of the contents or any incidental effects of the writing, and therefore lacks any justification either as a content regulation or a time, place or manner regulation. It provides for a penalty against the act of on-line writing pure and simple and is therefore unconstitutional. Secondly, the very obligation imposed on and thereby penalizing the person about to exercise the free speech right is an obligation to disclose one's identity. One's identity is private information until it is voluntarily disclosed by the owner of that identity and is therefore entitled to freedom from unreasonable search and seizure. In other words, compulsory disclosure of one's identity verification information is constitutionally permitted only upon the showing of probable cause. Now, Korea's mandatory identity verification system requires verification from all writings even the ones that have no likelihood of carrying an illegal content. Therefore, it violates Article 17 Freedom of Private Life. Thirdly, the identity verification requirement constitutes a discriminatory measure applied only against the internet and not against any other medium, and therefore discriminates against those intending to communicate through the internet. Fourthly, there seem to be no public necessities that justify the infringement on the basic rights discussed above. Supporters of the mandatory identity verification system point to facilitating the track-down of the authors of illegal content and deterring illegal content as the main justifications. However, the names and resident registration numbers, which are currently used as identity verification information, are used frequently for various other purposes and therefore obtainable by a non-frivolous number of people, who masquerade on-line as the holders of the names and numbers. Therefore, a proper track-down of the authors of illegal content inevitably requires IP-tracking, and therefore is not made easier by the system requiring registration of the identity verification information. Also, the system may appear to suppress illegal content but it also suppresses legal content, the authors of which may censor themselves from posting even legal content in fear of retaliation or prejudices, resulting in an unconstitutional ‘chilling’ effect. Fifthly, the mandatory identity verification system results in accumulation of resident registration numbers coupled with names, which is exposed to the continuing risk of mass-scale leakages, which in turn makes possible massive identity thefts, which will then increase the posting of illegal content and abusive remarks, the goal that the system has tried to fight against. Sixthly, the system interferes with a proper accountability regime in the cyberspace, which can be made possible only by allowing all participants to comment on others freely and therefore anonymously as in the case of eBay. Seventhly and finally, Korea's real name system is part 현행 정보통신망법은 인터넷에서는 정보의 확산이 매우 폭넓고 빠르게 이루어질 수 있다는 점에 착안하여 다른 매체에서는 부과하지 않는 실명제의 한 형태인 제한적본인확인제를 실시하여 인터넷 상의 ‘악플’ 및 불법정보에 대한 피해구제의 용이성을 확보하고 이를 통하여 ‘악플’과 불법정보의 유통을 억제하려 하고 있다. 그러나 이와 같은 제도는 다음과 같은 이유로 위헌이다. 첫째 외국의 선진사례들에서 볼 수 있듯이 익명으로 말할 자유는 권력자의 보복이나 사회의 편견을 피하여 자유롭게 자신의 의견을 개진하기 위해 필수불가결하였으며, 표현의 자유의 핵심은 권력이나 주류사회에 무해한 표현을 할 자유가 아니라 이들에 대해 비판적인 표현이었다는 점에서 익명으로 말할 자유는 헌법 제21조의 표현의 자유의 본질적인 부분이며 실명제는 이를 침해한다. 뿐만 아니라, 온라인글쓰기를 한다는 이유만으로 어떤 법적의무를 부과하는 것은 기본권을 행사하였다는 이유로 제재를 받아서는 안된다는 헌법적 명령을 정면으로 위반하는 것이 된다. 이 법적의무는 표현의 내용에 관계없이 그리고 온라인글쓰기의 부수적인 효과나 영향에 관계없이 부과되는 것이어서 이를 내용규제로도 방법적규제로도 정당화할 공익은 없다. 둘째 온라인글쓰기를 하려는 자에게 부과되는 법적의무의 내용을 살펴보면 자신의 신원을 공개하라는 내용이다. 한 사람의 신원은 자발적으로 공개하기 전까지는 사생활의 영역이며 그러므로 불합리한 압수수색으로부터 자유롭다. 즉 본인확인정보의 강제적 공개는 불법의 개연성(probable cause)나 최소한 형사소송법 제215조의 형사소송에의 필요성이 있는 경우에만 헌법적으로 용인된다. 우리나라의 제한적본인확인제는 특정 게시물의 불법의 개연성과 무관하게 일률적으로 신원공개를 요구한다는 점에서 헌법 제17조의 사생활의 자유의 침해이다. 셋째 다른 매체에는 적용되지 않는, 헌법 제11조를 위반하는 불평등한 규제이다. 넷째 위와 같은 헌법상 기본권의 침해를 정당화할 수 있는 공익적 필요는 없다. 즉 아이디와 비밀번호만 알면 명의도용을 할 수 있는 사이버커뮤니티의 특성 상 불법정보에 대한 수사는 결국에는 IP주소와 피의자의 위치를 확인해야 하기 때문에 수사를 더욱 용이하게 하는데 일조하지 못하고 있으며, 불법게시물을 줄이는 효용은 틀림없이 있지만 그만큼 합법적인 게시물들도 헌법적으로 금기시되는 ‘위축’ 및 ‘자기검열’효과에 의해 줄어든다는 점을 감안해야 한다. 정보통신망법과 관련없이 자발적으로 실명제로 운영되는 웹사이트에서 악플과 불법게시물이 많이 보이지 않는다는 사실은 운영자와 가입자들이 그와 같은 ‘위축’과 ‘자기검열’효과를 감수하겠다는 합의의 결과물이므로 헌법적 문제가 없어 정보통신망법 상의 강제적실명제의 평가에 영향을 미치지 않는다. 다섯째 도리어 제한적 본인확인제를 통해 주민번호라는 중요한 개인정보가 집중적으로 축적되면서 사회 전체적으로는 개인정보 대량유출사고의 위험을 정보통신서비스 제공자 입장에서는 그와 같은 사고를 막기 위한 비용을 감수해야 하고, 위와 같은 개인정보의 대량유출사고는 아이러니하게도 사이버명의도용을 더욱 쉽게 하여 인터넷게시물의 신뢰성을 떨어뜨리고 이와 같이 신뢰성이 떨어진 환경은 다시 제한적본인확인제의 도입목적이었던 언어순화에 도리어 역행하는 결과를 초래하고 있다. 여섯째, 언어순화 및 불법게시물의 억제에 필요한 것은 책임제이지 실명제가 아니다. 즉 국가가 주도하는 책임제가 아니라 다른 네티즌들이 자발적으로 불법게시물이나 악플을 올린 네티즌에게 보복을 자유롭게 또 익명으로 가하도록 함으로서 네티즌들이 책임을 통렬히 느끼도록 하는 것이 더 중요하다. 일곱째, 더욱이 우리나라는 전기통신사업법 제54조제3항을 통하여 수사기관이 영장없이 그리고 이용자에게 아무런 통보없이 제한적본인확인제를 통하여 취득된 각 인터넷게시물의 게시자의 이름 및 주민번호를 취득할 수 있도록 하고 있는데 위의 법조항은 헌법 제12조제3항의 영장주의의 침해에 해당되며 이는 제한적본인확인제의 헌법적 평가에 있어 중요하게 고려되어야 한다.

교과서검인정제도의 본질과 정치적 중립성 -학생의 교육권에 관한 미국판례들을 중심으로

박경신 ( Kyung Sin Park ) 한양대학교 법학연구소 2009 법학논총 Vol.26 No.4

Education is a field where multiple parties can claim rights. Students can claim right to receive education to their best interests. Teachers can claim right to teach what they would like to teach. Parents derive their rights from their parental duties. Schools have institutional academic freedom. There is no one party whose right dominates over others. What is more complicated, in most countries, the modern states appear on the scene sometimes with a constitutional promise and financial guarantee that proper education be provided and give themselves a share of control on the field. It is clear that the government, to the extent that it has a constitutional duty to provide education, should have some amount of discretion in deciding what is taught, and such discretion has been institutionalize in the form of state selection processes, adopted in more than 20 U.S. states and many liberal-democratic countries. The question is what limit, if any, exists on such discretion. That question came to the fore when, in November 2008, The Korean Ministry of Education, in an announced attempt to neutralize what it considered "left-orientation", ordered revision of the modern history textbooks used in secondary education. Korean Constitution Article 31 guarantees all people the right to education and in its paragraph 4 states that "Independence, professionalism and political impartiality of education and the autonomy of institutions of higher learning shall be guaranteed under the conditions as prescribed by Act." However, "independence, professionalism, and impartiality" have not been interpreted by the Korean Constitutional Court as an external restraint on the state`s power to intervene in the field of education but as a requirement that legislative, rather than executive, powers be used in such intervention. Legislature can, of course, delegate a fair amount of discretion to the Executive in such intervention. Therefore, this article attempts to derive such limit from American court cases concerning education and find that a ban on viewpoint discrimination operates the minimum restriction applicable even to the fora controlled and reserved by the State for a specific purpose, and also that procedural safeguards guaranteeing participation of all parties to education must be observed.