Effets of the Panama Canal on U.S. Competitiveness on the World Soybean Market

Moon Sang-young(문상영) 한국물류학회 2007 물류학회지 Vol.17 No.4

  The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of alternative Panama Canal toll rates in shipping soybeans from major exporting countries to major importing regions and countries in the world soybean trade. The study is designed to analyze the role of the Panama Canal on U.S. exports of soybeans to the Asian soybean market, focusing on the impacts of toll rates on U.S. exports of soybeans since the canal is a gateway to Gulf ports to the market. A single commodity spatial equilibrium model for the world soybean industry is developed for this study in order to address the problems faced by soybean exporting countries, especially the United States. One base model and several alternative scenarios for toll rates are developed to accomplish the objectives. The objectives are accomplished by comparing the result for the base scenario with alternative scenarios.<BR>  The Panama Canal enhances soybean trade between major exporting countries and major importing countries. Without the canal, total ocean transportation costs would increase as the canal is one of the major soybean shipping routes. Since the Gulf ports are the closest export ports to the Panama Canal and handle significant quantities exported from the ports, the changes in quantities exported from the ports through the canal is sensitive to the changes in the toll rates. The economic value can be estimated by comparing the total transportation costs when the toll rates are too high so that there are no shipments through the canal and when the toll rates are zero so that shipments pass through the canal without any tolls.   이 연구의 목적은 파나마운하의 통행료의 번화가 세계 콩 무역에 있어 주요 수출국과 주요 수입국의 무역 패턴에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위함이다. 이 연구에서 사용된 a single commodity spatial equilibrium 모델은 파나마 운하가 미국의 아시아 콤 수출에 있어서의 역할을 살펴보기 위해 개발되었다. 하나의 기본 시나리오와 여러 선택적인 시나리오를 비교, 분석함으로서 이번 연구의 목적을 달성할 수 있었다.<BR>  이 연구의 결과로서, 파나마운하는 주요 수출국과 수입국의 콩 무역을 증진시킨다는 것을 나타내었다. 운하가 없을 때, 주요 수출국과 수입국 사이의 육상 및 해상 총 운임은 매우 증가하게 된다. 이는 파나마운하가 콩 무역에 있어 미국뿐만 아니라, 주요 수출입국가에 영향을 미치고 있음을 의미한다. 미국의 걸프항은 파나마운하에서 가장 가까운 주요 콩 수출항이며 또한 파나마운하를 거쳐가는 콩의 매우 많은 비중을 차지하기 때문에, 파나마운하의 통행료가 변하게 되었을 경우 가장 크게 영향을 받는 수출항이다. 따라서 미국이 파나마운하의 통행료 변화에 가장 민감하게 반응하는 수출국인 것이다.<BR>  파나마운하의 통행에 제한이 없을 경우와 파나마운하가 없는 경우의 두 가지 시나리오에서 총 운임을 비교함으로서 파나마운하의 경제적 가치를 알 수 있다. 파나마운하의 통행에 제한이 없을 경우, 파나마운하를 통해 콩을 수출, 수입하는데 아무 어려움이 없다. 반대로 파나마운하의 통행료가 너무 높아 통행이 불가능할 경우, 파나마운하를 통해 콤을 수출, 수입하는 것이 다른 노선에 비해 너무 높아진다. 비교를 통해 세계 콩 무역에 있어서 파나마운하의 경제적 가치는 4천5백만 달러라는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다.

세계 콩 시장에서의 미국의 경쟁력에 대한 파나마 운하의 영향

문상영 ( Sang Young Moon ) 한국물류학회 2007 물류학회지 Vol.17 No.4

The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of alternative Panama Canal toll rates in shipping soybeans from major exporting countries to major importing regions and countries in the world soybean trade. The study is designed to analyze the role of the Panama Canal on U.S. exports of soybeans to the Asian soybean market, focusing on the impacts of toll rates on U.S. exports of soybeans since the canal is a gateway to Gulf ports to the market. A single commodity spatial equilibrium model for the world soybean industry is developed for this study in order to address the problems faced by soybean exporting countries, especially the United States. One base model and several alternative scenarios for toll rates are developed to accomplish the objectives. The objectives are accomplished by comparing the result for the base scenario with alternative scenarios. The Panama Canal enhances soybean trade between major exporting countries and major importing countries. Without the canal, total ocean transportation costs would increase as the canal is one of the major soybean shipping routes. Since the Gulf ports are the closest export ports to the Panama Canal and handle significant quantities exported from the ports, the changes in quantities exported from the ports through the canal is sensitive to the changes in the toll rates. The economic value can be estimated by comparing the total transportation costs when the toll rates are too high so that there are no shipments through the canal and when the toll rates are zero so that shipments pass through the canal without any tolls.

창업생태계가 창업기회의 인지에 미치는 효과 분석 : GEM 자료를 중심으로

문상영(Sang-Young Moon),김종호(Jong-Ho Kim) 한국자료분석학회 2018 Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society Vol.20 No.1

본 연구는 글로벌 기업가정신 모니터(GEM)의 자료를 이용해 국가별 연도 패널을 구축하고, 분석 자료의 접근이 가능한 2007-2016년 자료를 이용해 창업환경이 창업기회의 인지에 미치는 영향을 고정효과 패널 방법을 이용해 분석하였다. 우선 전체 표본에서 GEM이 발표하는 창업생태계 지표들 가운데 기업가에 대한 정부 지원, 청소년에 대한 창업 교육, 기업가적 활동에 대한 사회의 인식이 해당 국가에서 창업기회를 포착하는 성인의 비중을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 창업 의도에 따라 요소주도형, 효율주도형, 혁신주도형으로 표본을 구분할 경우 정부 지원이 창업기회 인지 가능성을 높이는 효과는 효율주도형 국가에서 더 크게 나타났다. 또한 효율주도형 국가에서만 기업가적 활동에 대한 긍정적 인식의 확산을 통해 창업기회를 인지하는 성인의 비중을 유의미하게 증가시킬 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과는 창업을 활성화시켜 경제성장의 선순환을 유도하는 창업생태계를 조성하기 위해서 기업가에 대한 정부의 지원, 청소년에 대한 창업 교육, 기업가적 활동에 대한 사회의 긍정적 인식 확산 등이 유효한 정책도구가 될 수 있음을 보여준다. 그리고 창업생태계 조성 정책을 수립함에 있어서 우리나라가 처한 사회, 문화, 경제적 상황에 따라 정책의 효과가 달라질 수 있음을 고려해야 할 것이다. This study analyzed the effect of the entrepreneurial ecosystem on the perception of entrepreneurial opportunities with a yearly panel data of countries. Among the entrepreneurial ecosystem indicators announced by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, the government s support for entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship education for adolescents, and society s positive perception of entrepreneurial activities turn out to raise the proportion of adults capturing entrepreneurial opportunities. In addition, the positive effect of government support on opportunity perception is greater in efficiency driven countries than in innovation driven ones. The proportion of adults recognizing entrepreneurial opportunities could be significantly increased by spreading a positive perception of entrepreneurial activity only in the efficiency-driven countries. Our empirical results suggest that in order to create entrepreneurial ecosystem that stimulates entrepreneurship, it is a valid policy tool such as government support for entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship education for young people, and positive public assessment on entrepreneurial activities. Also, it should be considered that the effect of policy can be changed according to the social, cultural and economic situation of Korea in establishing policies for sound entrepreneurial ecosystem.

자유무역협정이 세계 콩 무역에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

문상영 ( Sang Young Moon ) 국제지역학회 2007 국제지역연구 Vol.11 No.1

The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the impacts of the elimination of all trade barriers in exporting and importing countries on the United States` competitiveness of soybean exports. More specifically, the study is designed to undertake to estimate the impacts of tariffs and subsidies given by exporting and importing countries and elimination of these on the world soybean trade and the United States` competitiveness. Elimination of trade barriers results in an increase in the equilibrium quantities traded in the world soybean market. The elimination of trade barriers increases the equilibrium quantities traded of soybeans because changes in soybean prices positively affect import demands in importing countries and export supply in exporting countries. The increases in soybean quantities exported in the United States are much more than those of Argentina and Brail. This is primarily because export supply elasticity for soybeans in the United States is much more elastic than it is in Argentina and Brazil.

택배 접점서비스 품질이 고객만족에 미치는 영향

이성구 ( Lee Sung-gu ),문상영 ( Moon Sang-young ) 동의대학교 경제경영전략연구소 2013 經濟經營硏究 Vol.8 No.2

Along with the fast advancements in ICT(Information and Communication Technologies)and e-commerce business like the internet shopping, courier delivery service industry has grown rapidly afte r the mid 1990s. Courier delivery service quality is considered increasingly as important factor to decide courier delivery service company`s competitiveness and customer satisfaction. Service encounter quality formed at the moment of delivery service is provided has been regarded as a important concept in valuating the courier delivery service company. The aim of this study is to suggest that, in order to maintain courier delivery service company`s competitive advantage, they should enhance the customer satisfaction by improving courier encounter quality. The results of the study are summarized as follows. First, the courier service encounter quality`s determining factors influencing customer satisfaction were found to be 5 variables such as availability, responsiveness, reliability, completeness, professionalism of service. Second, the courier service encounter quality was found to have an effect on the customer satisfaction. Third, the customer satisfaction originated from good courier service encounter quality was found to have an effect on the reuse intention and word-to-mouth intention of the customers.

An Empirical Analysis on the Relationship between Foreign Direct Investments and Employment

Jin Woong Kim(김진웅),Sang-Young Moon(문상영) 한국산업경제학회 2013 산업경제연구 Vol.26 No.3

본 논문은 국제직접투자(외국인직접투자 및 해외직접투자)와 고용간의 관계를 살펴보는 데에 주된 목적이 있다. 이들 두 국제직접투자와 고용간의 관계에 대해서는 여러 선행연구에서 일치된 방향성을 나타내지 않고 있다. 본 연구의 실증분석결과 2000년 이후 두 국제직접투자의 국내고용에 대한 영향에서 유의적인 변화가 관찰되고 있다. 세부적으로는, 외국인직접투자의 부정적인 효과가 상쇄되어가고 있으며, 해외직접투자의 긍정적인 효과가 전차 축소되고 있다. 이 같은 실증분석 결과의 시사점은 다음과 같다. 해외직접투자를 통해 국내 기존기업들과 함께 동반상승작용을 이룰 수 있도록 노력해야 한다. 또한 외국인직접투자를 통한 국내 고용증진 효과가 안정적이기 위해서는 해외 선진기술 및 선진서비스 체계 등에 대한 학습효과를 높여 국내기업의 경쟁력을 더욱 제고해야 한다. This paper investigates long-run relationships between both FDIs (Foreign Direct Investments) ? outward FDI and inward FDI ? and employment. There continues to be dissent with regards to the effects of both FDIs on employment. Based on the empirical results, the effects of both FDIs on the employment in Korea have been changed after 2000. In particular, the negative effect of inward FDI in the past has diminished in the 2000s. Meanwhile, the positive effect of outward FDI decreased after 2000. The implications from the empirical analysis are following: An outward FDI should be encouraged to trigger a virtuous circle between a foreign corporation established/obtained by outward FDI and a domestic firm. The positive effect of inward FDI on domestic employment should be stabilized via learning-by-doing effect of advanced technology and service system from the foreign capital.

기업가적 태도가 창업에 미치는 영향

김종호(Jong-Ho Kim),문상영(Sang-Young Moon) 한국자료분석학회 2023 Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society Vol.25 No.4

본 연구는 글로벌 기업가정신 모니터(GEM)의 2002~2022년 국가별 설문 자료를 이용하여 기업가적 태도가 창업에 미치는 영향의 코로나19 전후 차이를 실증적으로 분석하였다. 기업가적태도 지표로는 ‘창업 기회 인지’, ‘창업 역량 보유’, ‘실패에 대한 두려움’, ‘창업 의도’가 사용되었고, 국가를 1인당 GDP에 따라 세 개의 소득 그룹으로 분류하였다. 고정효과 패널회귀분석 결과에 따르면, 국가의 소득 수준과 관계없이 코로나19 발생 이후 창업 의도를 가진 성인이 더 적극적으로 창업활동에 참여하였다. 1인당 GDP 4만달러 이상의 고소득 국가에서는 코로나19 발생이후 창업 역량을 보유한 성인의 창업활동 참여 가능성이 높아졌다. 1인당 GDP 2~4만달러의 중소득 국가에서는 코로나19 이후 창업 기회를 창업활동으로 연결한 성인의 비중이 증가하였다.한편 고소득과 중소득 국가에서는 코로나19 이후 창업 실패의 두려움으로 창업 꺼리지만 어쩔수 없이 창업에 내몰리는 성인의 비중이 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 결국 코로나19 전후로 기업가적 태도가 창업에 미치는 효과는 차이를 보였지만, 코로나19의 영향은 국가의 소득 수준에 따라다르게 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 창업 정책의 효율성 제고를 위해서는 코로나19가 기업가적 태도의 창업 효과에 미치는 국가별 이질적 효과가 반영되어야 함을 보여준다. This study empirically analyzed the differences before and after COVID-19 in the effect of entrepreneurial attitude on entrepreneurship using the 2002-2022 national survey data of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Entrepreneurial attitude indicators include ‘perceived opportunities rate’, ‘perceived capabilities rate’, ‘fear of failure’, and ‘entrepreneurial intentions rate’, and countries were classified into three different income groups according to GDP per capita. According to the results of a fixed-effect panel regression analysis, regardless of the country's income level, adults with entrepreneurial intentions participated more actively in entrepreneurial activities after the outbreak of COVID-19. In high-income countries with a GDP per capita of $40,000 or more, the possibility of adults with entrepreneurial skills becoming more involved in entrepreneurial activities increased after COVID-19. In middle-income countries with GDP per capita of $20,000 to $40,000, the share of adults who connect entrepreneurial opportunities to entrepreneurship has increased since COVID-19. Meanwhile, in high-income and middle-income countries, the proportion of adults who are reluctant to start a business due to fear of failure, but are forced to start a business, has increased after Corona 19. After all, the effect of entrepreneurial attitude on entrepreneurship has changed since COVID-19, but the effect of COVID-19 varies with the country's income level. The results of this study show that in order to improve the efficiency of entrepreneurship policies, the heterogeneous effects of COVID-19 by country should be reflected.

TOPSIS를 활용한 아시아 주요 공항의 효율성 평가 - 수입, 성장, 수익 측면에서의 비교연구 -

하봉찬 ( Bongchan Ha ),문상영 ( Sang Young Moon ) 한국해운물류학회(구 한국해운학회) 2015 해운물류연구 Vol.31 No.2

공항의 효율성은 비용, 편의시설, 입지, 활주로 수, 터미널 면적 등 다양한 요인과 더불어 여객의 환승과 화물의 환적에 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 아시아 지역에는 경쟁력있는 국제공항들이 집중적으로 위치해 있어 국제공항들은 보다 많은 여객, 화물, 운항편수를 확보하고자 경쟁이 치열해지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 한국, 중국, 일본, 싱가폴, 홍콩 등 5개의 아시아 주요 국제공항을 선택하여 국제공항의 연차보고서에 나타난 수입, 성장, 수익 요인들을 통해 공항의 효율성을 비교분석하면서 공항 운영자들이 공항의 효율성 향상에 필요한 요인이 무엇인지를 밝혀내고자 하였다. 이를 위해 다기준 의사결정법중 하나인 TOPSIS를 적용하여 공항의 운영 및 재무 성과를 분석하였다. 분석 결과 수입, 성장, 수익 요인들에 따라 공항의 효율성이 지속적으로 변하는 것으로 나타났다. 기준에 따라 공항의 효율성이 다르게 나타나는 분석 결과는, 향후 공항 운영자들이 어느 부분에서 보다 전략적인 선택을 해야하는지에 대한 시사점을 제시하고 있다. It is assumed that a more efficient airport can handle more passengers and cargo with same infrastructure. In addition, efficiency of the airports is one of the major factors which transfer passengers and transshipment cargo consider a stopover airport as well as costs, convenient facilities, location, and other environmental factors of the airport. Most airport authorities believe that more infrastructure in the airport may positively relate to higher efficiency of airports as well as competitiveness. This is the main reason why airports try to expand length and numbers of runway, numbers of gateway and terminal, and moorings although the airport industry is heterogeneous with quality differentiation and external constraints (Oum et al., 2003). The objective of this study is to analyze operational and financial performance of airports in Asia. Since there is no consistent and systematic airport industry practice for measuring and comparing airport efficiency performance, this study may provide a meaningful information to airport authorities by comparison of various airport efficiency performances. Especially, this study focuses on non-aeronautical operating revenue which is a crucial factor for the profitability and sustainable growth of contemporary airports all around the world. Non aeronautical revenue is all other incomes not directly derived from airport fees or air navigation taxes. The revenue includes revenues from offices, retail, advertizement, medical facilities, hotels, and even parking. At present, the non-aeronautical revenue covers the losses that most of them incur on their airside operation. In order to compare the performance of the Asian major airports we have used the recent four year (2010-2013) Annual Reports of Incheon, Narita, Beijing, Singapore, and Hong Kong International Airports which contain operational results and financial statements as well as other important information on their business environment. Because, as we have explained in the introduction, performance of an airport is hard to measure with a unique criterion, we have used a composite indicator which represents the collective evaluation based on multi-criteria: Technique of Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). In this method performance of airports are compared by the distance from two artificial alternatives: positive and negative ideal alternatives. The closer to the positive ideal alternative and the farther from negative one, the better the performance is. The measured efficiency numbers of airports show that efficient level of the airport comparing to others. However, the numbers are affected by various factors, some of which are not controlled by airport authority. The variables may not affect the real efficiency of the airports. It means that various aspects of airports should be considered when efficiency of airports is analyzed. Therefore, airport authorities realize what are their competitive advantages and try to enhance the comparative advantage to compete to other airports rather than benchmarks efficiency performance of other airports.

논문 : 중소유통공동도매물류센터의 경쟁력 강화를 위한 효율성 분석 연구

박청림 ( Chung Lim Park ),문상영 ( Sang Young Moon ) 한국해운물류학회(구 한국해운학회) 2016 해운물류연구 Vol.32 No.1

정부에서는 대중소기업의 경쟁력 차이를 좁히기 위해 10여 년간 중소유통공동도매물류센터 건립을 통해 중소유통업의 경쟁력 향상을 위해 노력하였다. 2003년부터 국비 711억원이 지원되어 2015년까지 41개소가 개설 및 구축 중이다. 하지만, 운영상의 미흡으로 2013년 기준 안정화된 23개 센터 중 7개소가 영업적자 상태에 있으며, 건립 및 운영상의 문제점이 지적되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 중소유통업 환경의 변화, 중소유통업의 물류 문제점, 중소유통공동도매물류센터의 운영현황을 살펴본 후 중소기업청에서 정보공개를 청구하여 취득한 19개 센터의 자료로 DEA모형의 효율성 분석과 Malmquist모형의 생산성 분석을 실시하였다. 실증분석을 통해 중소유통공동도매물류센터의 비효율성의 요인으로 산출요소에 비해 투입요소가 과대한 것을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 중소유통공동도매물류센터의 발전을 위한 시사점을 도출하였다. In this study, the efficiency and productivity of common logistics centers for small and medium-size retailers in South Korea are analyzed using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and a Malmquist productivity index (MPI). Nonpublicly available data from 2010 to 2013 obtained from government agencies are analyzed to reveal the operational and policy implications of the development of such centers. Since small and medium-size retailers weaken their competitiveness compare to new and large retailers such as online shopping and super supermarket, development of the common logistics centers has been issued. Typically, these common logistics centers are introduced to enhance the competitiveness of small and medium-size retailers. The new and large retailers are able to enhance efficiency through economies of scale, especially in supply chain management. They can handle, transport, and store more goods at a relatively low unit cost since they can manage a large amount of goods using enhanced information and communication technology (ICT) services. However, small and medium-size retailers lack access to such technology, which is used to improve operational efficiency, because of the large initial investment required. Hence, common logistics centers are introduced to enable many small retailers to store and handle their goods together and thus achieve economies of scale. These centers facilitate common logistics operations including planning, development, and display of products as well as their storage, distribution, and packaging. Further, the centers provide educational and training services regarding. As of 2015, there are 41 such centers, including 11 under construction. The centers are relatively small in size since only 9 centers are larger than 3,300㎡. In particular, 22 centers were constructed from 2012 onward following increasing government support. This is mainly because social interest increased owing to the weakening competitiveness of small retailers and the steady increase in the number of super supermarkets that directly compete with small retailers by adopting a similar competitive strategy. The analysis results show that efficiency of the common logistics centers show upward trend. However, it seems that this is mainly because of increases in technology development rather than technical efficiency. The concept of technical efficiency is based on input-output relationships. This results can be used to identify alternatives for investment in capability development of the common logistics centers, which may include both services and infrastructure. Technical efficiency change, technical change, and efficiency change are important sources of production growth in the common logistics centers. These centers enable small retailers to achieve reduced operating costs and increased revenues and to focus on their core competence. Empirical results show that scale inefficiency is the major reason for inefficient decision-making units because lack of number of products may negatively influence output variables. Therefore, the common logistics centers need to analyze needs of customers and develop operational strategy which is customer-driven.

An Empirical Analysis on the Relationship between Foreign Direct Investments and Employment

Jin-Woong Kim(김진웅),Sang-Young Moon(문상영) 한국산업경제학회 2013 한국산업경제학회 정기학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.- No.춘계