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남두석,이진영,공창수,Nam, Doo Seok,Lee, Jinyoung,Kong, Changsu 한국가금학회 2015 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.42 No.3
본 총설은 부화 후 1주일간 급여되는 초이사료 적용의 필요성 및 배합설계방안을 제시하여 육계생산성을 증대하는 방안을 살펴보고자 한다. 육계는 지난 수년 간 괄목할 만한 증체 속도 증가, 출하일령 단축 그리고 사료효율 향상을 보 여줬다. 이는 육종 개량, 사육 환경 개선, 과학적인 사양관리기법 적용 및 적정 영양공급 등의 결과이며, 한국의 경우 다른 나라에 비해 육계사육기간이 매우 짧아, 부화 후 약 31일령이면 출하가 이루어지고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 육계초기 1주일간은 전체 사육기간의 20% 이상을 차지할 뿐만 아니라, 초기성장이 출하체중과 일령 그리고 사료효율에 지대한 영향을 미치고 있으므로 초기 1주일간의 사료공급을 통한 생산성 향상이 매우 중요하다. 생후 7일령까지의 어린 병아리는 소화기관 미발달과 효소의 분비 및 활력 부족으로 사료 내 영양소의 소화 흡수 및 이용률이 낮은 편임을 고려하여, 초이사료의 급여를 위한 영양적 접근 방법으로는 크게 3가지로 나눌 수 있다. 첫 번째로는 단순히 영양수준을 올리기보다는 양질의 원료 사용, 특히 단백질과 탄수화물 이용률 증진을 위 한 선택적인 원료 사용 및 원료의 가공처리가 필요하다. 에너지 공급의 경우, 에너지 수준 못지않게 에너지 공급원이 중요한데, 특히 불포화지방산공급원인 식물성이 기름 첨가를 권장한다. 영양소 공급의 경우, 단백질 함량을 증가시키기보다는 이상적 아미노산 비율에 따른 필수아미노산 공급이 중요하다. 필요 시 효소제를 비롯한 항생제 등의 대체 물질 첨가를 통해 항병력이나 소화흡수율을 향상시키는 방안을 고려해 볼 수 있다. 아울러 기타 제한 아미노산의 충족에 대한 연구와 부화 후 7일간 사료 내 전해질 균형의 영향에 대한 연구가 앞으로 필요하다. There are approximately 1,500 broiler farms in Korea, each raising 55,000 birds. Ninety-five percent of the farms are contracted with Integration Company. According to the Korean broiler performance index, broilers in Korea are marketed at 32 days with 1.52 kg of body weight. In contrast, the market age and body weight of broilers are 47 days/2.8 kg in the United States and 42 days/2.5 kg in Europe. Because of the younger market age of the Korean broiler, the pre-starter feed is important. Chicks exhibit poor absorption of dietary nutrients up to 7 days after hatching due to an immature digestive system and low enzyme secretion rate and activity. At the beginning of hatching, chicks obtain their nutrients from the egg yolk sac. It is highly recommended that chicks, after consuming the nutrients in the egg yolk sac, are given supplemented pre-starter feed to increase early growth rates and improve the performance of broiler production. Pre-starter nutrient requirements are not expressed in NRC, so Korean feeding standards for poultry and commercial breeding companies determine the nutrient requirements of pre-starter broiler chickens. Three approaches are followed to formulate specially designed pre-starter feeds for broiler chicks: (i) selective use of raw materials, (ii) proper standards of nutrient supply, and (iii) application of feed additives such as exogenous enzymes. In the selection of raw materials, those with high digestibility can be used. The absorption rate of carbohydrates in grains can be increased through feed processing at high temperature and high pressure. Soy proteins and fish meal can also be added as protein sources. As an energy source, vegetable oils are preferred over animal fats because of the former's high digestibility. It is suggested that the levels of proteins and amino acids are higher in pre-starter feed than in starter feed. With regard to energy, the sources of energy are more important than the levels of energy in feed. Feed additives such as exogenous enzymes can be used to improve nutrient digestibility. In addition, organic acids and plant extracts can be used as alternatives to animal growth promoters to stimulate immunity and prevent diseases. The growth performance of broilers is affected by various factors, such as management and disease control, in addition to the nutritional strategy; however, nutritional strategies play an important role in improving the productivity of broilers. Therefore, nutritional strategies, along with management and disease control, are required for improving the productivity of broilers in Korea.
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급이방법이 포유모돈의 번식성적 및 자돈의 성장에 미치는 영향
남두석,정정수 한국축산학회 1997 한국축산학회지 Vol.39 No.6
The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of the feeding regimes on the reproductive performance and milk production of lactating sows, and the piglet weight gain. A total of 18 sows (Landrace × Yorkshir) in their 3 or 4 parities weighing avg 266kg was allotted individually to the furrowing stalls. Equal numbers of stalls were assigned to each of the three treatments. Experimental treatments consisted of 1) dry feeding(water was provided seperatedly after feeding; DRY), 2) semi-wet feeding(water was provided through nipples with feed, SEMI), and 3) wet feeding(feed was mixed with water together, WET). All sows were fed 1, 2, 3, and 4㎏/d, of corm, soybean meal-wheat bran based diet containing 16.5% CP and 0.82% lysine for first 4 days after furrowing, respectively. They were given the same diet ad libitum from 4 days after furrowing to weanning at 21 days lactation. The sows were weighed at 7 days before furrowing and at weaning. Backfat thickness(P2, mm) was ultrasonicatically measured at 7 days before furrowing and at weaning. Milk production of sows was estimated based on the assumption that 4㎏ of milk is required for 1㎏ weight gain of the piglet. All sows lost their weight during lactation with no difference among treatments. There was no significant treatment differences in backfat thickness at weaning with a range of 15.5 to 16.7 ㎜. Sows in WET consumed higher(P$lt;0.05) feed (5.8㎏/d) than those in DRY or SEMI, and showed(P$lt;0.05) more milk production(10.9 L/d) than other two treatments. The growth rate of piglets had a similar tendency as feed intake and milk production, with piglets from WET growing(233 g/d) faster numerically than those from DRY or SEMI. Return to estrus after weaning was not different among all treatments ranging from 2.7 to 3.4 d. These results showed that wet feeding regime increased the feed intake and milk production of the sows, and the growth rate of piglets, suggesting that the wet feeding for sows could be one of the potential feeding stratagies to benefit hog producers.
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볏짚 가공사료의 개발을 위한 연구 1 . 육성우와 착유우 ( 搾乳牛 ) 에 대한 볏짚가공사료의 사료적 가치에 관한 연구
한인규,남두석,최윤재,오대균,김창원,배동호,맹원재 ( I . K . Han,D . S . Nam,Y . J . Choi,D . K . Oh,C . W . Kim,D . H . Bae,W . J . Maeng ) 한국축산학회 1983 한국축산학회지 Vol.25 No.3
This experiment was conducted to estimate the effects of NaOH treatment with or without pelleting the rice straw for Holstein heifers and lactating cows through feeding trials for 105 days. For two feeding trials, 20 heifers weighting approximately 283 ㎏ and 20 lactating cows producing 20.5 ㎏ of milk and weighing 539 ㎏ on the average were divided 4 groups i.e., control group (raw rice straw chopped in 5 ㎝), 1% NaOH treated group, 3.5% NaOH treated pellet A group (1.7-1.8 ㎝ in diameter and 4-5 ㎝ in length) and 3.5% NaOH treated pellet B group (2.4 ㎝-2.5 ㎝ in diameter and 3.5 ㎝ in length). The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. In heifer, the average daily gain (ADG), the average daily rice straw intake (ADRSI), and the total daily feed intake (TDFI), respectively, for the various groups were as follows (1) 0.46, 0.89, 6.05 ㎏ (2) 0.49, 1.01, 6.20 ㎏, (3) 0.64, 1.84, 7.19 ㎏, (4) 0.56, 1.84, 7.10 ㎏. Significant differences were noted in ADG or TDFI (p$lt;0.05) and ADRSI (p$lt;0.01). 2. In lactating cow, for the respective treatments, milk production amounted to 14.67, 16.29, 16.52 and 17.84 ㎏; fat content in milk was 3.93, 3.72, 4.09 and 3.68%. However, no statistical differences were shown among groups. Total daily feed intake and the daily rice straw intake were the same tendency to milk production.
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양계사료의 TME 측정에 관한 연구 3 . 사료의 급여량 및 방법이 옥수수의 TME 가에 미치는 효과
한인규,송만강,남두석,이규호 ( In K . Han,Man K . Song,Doo S . Nam,Kyu H . Lee ) 한국축산학회 1983 한국축산학회지 Vol.25 No.6
Adult single comb white Leghorn roosters were used to measure the effect of the level of feed input feeding methods as force feeding and intake restricted free feeding and on true metabolizable energy (TME) value of corn. The level of feed input as corn was ranged from 10g to 50g by 10g increments. Unfed birds were used to measure the FEm + UEe loss for each experiment. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Gross energy voided as excreta from fed birds tended to increase in a linear manner as the intake of corn increased. 2. Mean metabolic fecal and endogenous urinary energy (FEm + UEe) and nitrogen excreted from unfed birds were 7.021±0.328 ㎉ (3.628 ㎉/㎏ BW/24hr.) and 0.4488 (0.232g/㎏ BW/24hr.), respectively. 3. The mean THE value of corn was 3.551 ㎉ (per g. of air dry basis) 4. Total gross energy intakes of force-feeding birds and free-feeding birds were 117.300 ㎉ and 112.217 ㎉ per bird. 5. Gloss energy excreted from force-feeding and free-feeding birds were 18.936 ㎉ per bird. 6. The THE value of corn was similar in force-feeding and free-feeding as 3.557 ㎉/g. and 3.549 ㎉/g., respectively. It was concluded that the THE value of corn was not affected by the level of feed input as corn and the optimum level of feed input as corn was 30-40g when the assay bird was an adult S.C.W.L. rooster. And the free-feeding method was more convenient than force-feeding method by eliminating difficult problem such as force-feeding.
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양계사료의 TME 측정에 관한 연구 2 . 가금의 품종 및 성이 옥수수의 TME 가에 미치는 효과
한인규,송만강,남두석,이규호 ( In K . Han,Man K . Song,Doo S . Nam,Kyu H . Lee ) 한국축산학회 1983 한국축산학회지 Vol.25 No.6
This experiment was conducted to study the effect of breed and sex of assay bird on true metabolizable energy value (TME) of corn with adult S.C.W.L. and broiler chicks of male and female, respectively. And unfed birds were used to measure metabolic fecal and endogenous urinary energy (FEm+UEe) excreted. There were 5 replication per treatment including unfed group of birds. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Gross energy excreted was the highest in broiler male chicks as 27.988㎉ and was the lowest in broiler female chicks as 21.164㎉ (p$lt;0.01). However, there were no significant differences among breeds and sexes of assay birds, respectively. 2. No significant differences were shown (p$lt;0.01) among breeds and sexes although FEm+UEe loss of unfed birds were the highest in broiler male clucks. 3. Gross energy excreted per ㎏ body weight of unfed birds tended to decease as body weight of assay birds increased. The value was the highest in S.C.W.L. male as 5.029 ㎉ and the lowest in broiler male chicks as 4.058 ㎉. But there were no significant differences among breeds and sexes, respectively. It was concluded that the breed and sex of assay birds did not affect the THE value of corn and mean THE value of corn was 3.412㎉ (per g. of air dry matter).
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구리 및 과잉의 메치오닌 급여가 브로일러의 성장에 미치는 효과
한인규,김정대,남두석 한국축산학회 1984 한국축산학회지 Vol.26 No.7
To investigate the effect of supplemental Cu on excess dietary methionine in broiler chicks, 3 × 3 factorial experiment was carried out for 4 weeks. Three levels of dietary excess methionine (0%, 1%, 2%) and 3 levels of supplemental Cu (0.00%, 0.05%, 0.10%) were involved. A total of 360 birds with 9 treatment composed of possible combination of 2 factors and 3 levels of them, were alloted with quaderduplicate groups of 10 birds. Also, the metabolizability trial with 36 birds was conducted upon termination of feeding trial to determine the effect or experimental diet on protein utilizability. The results obtained from the present study are summarized as follows; 1. Body weight gain Body weight gain was significantly influenced by supplemental Cu level (p$lt;0.01). As Cu level increased, growth depression increased. Effect of excess methionine also followed similar tendency to that of Cu. There was a significant difference between 0% or 1% excess methionine and 2% dietary methionine. The interaction of methionine × Cu was significantly (p$lt;0.05) depressive effect on growth. 2. Feed intake Similar result to that of weight gain was obtained. That is, the higher dietary methionine and/or Cu in diet, the less feed consumption. The highest level of methionine and/of Cu caused significant (p$lt;0.01) difference when compared to other level of both. Methionine × Cu interaction was not found significant. 3. Feed efficiency Various dietary methionine levels failed to show any effect on feed efficiency. Thus, there was no constant relationship between dietary methionine level and feed efficiency. Supplemental Cu exerted an influence on feed efficiency (p$lt;0.01). The reverse correlationship in dietary Cu level and feed efficiency was appeared. Also significance on interaction of methionine × Cu for feed efficiency (p$lt;0.05) was detected.
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