흑인의 과학적 인종주의에 관한 고찰 - 보아스학파를 중심으로

김혜명 서강대학교 유로메나연구소 2018 통합유럽연구 Vol.9 No.2

The purpose of this study is to examine scientific racism toward black people, especially Afro-Americans from 18th to 20th and the Boas school that have eroded scientific racism. The United State’s society has advocated literary racism that portray infantile and dependent images of 'mami' and 'sambo' and scientific racism in order to maintain slavery and rule over many afro-americans. After 18th century, Many surgeon and scientist developed scientific racism, which is a polygenic origin theory of races that differ african race origin from white race origin, a phrenology that claims their inferiority through skull’s metrology studies, and a eugenics to reduce the number of inferior negroes or non-white’ people by biological determinism. This scientific racism has gradually declined in the Unite State society thanks to Franz Boas who was influenced by Johann Herder and Rudolph Virchow in Germany, and his students of Ruth Benedict and Melville Huskovitz since the late 1920s. The Boas school has proved that through the cultural relativism and the cultural history of race, black people have never been inferior to white people and this theory is not based on scientific theory but on cultural bias. The cultural anthropological influence of these Boas school played a major role in creating a 'new negro' who blooms the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s.

할렘 르네상스에 끼친 앨런 로크와 마커스 가비의 사상적 역할

김혜명 한국세계문화사학회 2020 세계 역사와 문화 연구 Vol.0 No.55

The purpose of this study is to examine the ideological role of Alan Locke and Marcus Garvey in Harlem Renaissance, especially focusing on not only ‘the new negro’ in The New Negro and the pluralism of cultures of Alain Locke but also blackness and black nationalism of Marcus Garvey. The Harlem Renaissance, in other words, the Black culture revitalization movement took place in Harlem in the 1920s with white artists and ‘new negro’ emerged because of the mass migration of blacks, the formation of Harlem ghetto, influential black movements, and black press. In 1925, Locke announced the official beginning of the Harlem Renaissance with New Negro’ publication, correcting the distorted black stereotype and integrating black culture into American culture, but emphasizing the individuality of black culture. He also eliminated American racism through cultural pluralism and reformed the consciousness of both the black and the white. While Garvey emphasized racial pride, continuity of African culture and blackness to the newly formed identity of the negro through the UNIA and its newspapers Negro World. He also played a major role in the pursuit of freedom and equality of the negro through black economic nationalism, and in returning the initiative of white sponsors in the Harlem Renaissance to the new negro. 이 논문은 할렘 르네상스에 끼친 로크와 가비의 사상적 역할, 특히 로크의 『새로운 흑인New Negro』의 새로운 흑인 및 문화다원주의와 가비의 흑인성과 흑인민족주의를 중심으로 고찰하였다. 할렘 르네상스는 흑인의 대이주와 게토(ghetto)형성, 영향력있는 흑인운동과 흑인언론으로 출현한 ‘새로운 흑인(New Negro)’과 백인 예술가들의 욕구가 맞아 1920년대 할렘에서 발생한 흑인문예부흥운동이다. 1925년 로크는 『새로운 흑인』을 출판해 할렘 르네상스의 공식적인 시작을 알리며 왜곡된 흑인의 전형을 바로잡고 흑인의 개인화, 흑인문화를 미국문화로 통합하면서도 흑인문화의 개성을 강조하였다. 그는 또한 문화다원주의로 미국의 인종주의를 불식하고 흑인과 백인 모두 의식을 개혁하였다. 반면 가비는 세계흑인향상협회(UNIA)와 『니그로 월드』를 통해 새로운 흑인에게 인종의 자긍심과 아프리카문화의 연속성, 흑인의 아름다움을 강조하였다. 그는 흑인의 경제적 민족주의를 통해 흑인의 자유와 평등을 추구하며 할렘 르네상스의 주도권을 흑인예술가들에게 돌려주는 역할을 하였다.

마커스 가비의 카리스마 리더십과 흑인민족주의

김혜명 한국세계문화사학회 2022 세계 역사와 문화 연구 Vol.- No.63

This paper examines the charismatic leadership and black nationalism of Jamaican-born black leader Marcus Garvey. Garvey’s charismatic leadership has created a black vision and consensus that can inspire African pride, African culture to blacks and realize a sharp sense of history and zeitgeist. He also became a political leader from a labor activist to advocate blackness, independence, and Africa for Africans, and united the black public with passion, wide-ranging insight and appealing eloquence, becoming the first pioneer of black popular movements in the world. Garvey’s black nationalism was political nationalism, unlike Booker Washington’s economic nationalism and DuBoise’s black soul and cultural nationalism led by elite intellectuals. Garvey opposed the integration of blacks into white society and promoted the ‘Back-to-Africa’ movement and extreme black nationalism to unify blacks around the world and create an independent black country. The Back-to-Africa movement and the meeting of white racists KKK with Clark severely damaged his charismatic leadership and was eventually deported to Jamaica for mail fraud. He did not regain his previous leadership, but to this day he has UNIA branches in more than 40 countries and has greatly influenced the leadership of the fledgling African nation. 본 논문은 자메이카 태생의 흑인 지도자 마커스 가비의 카리스마 리더십과 흑인민족주의를 고찰한 것이다. 가비의 카리스마 리더십은 흑인의 자긍심과 아프리카 문화를 흑인들에게 고취 시키고 날카로운 역사의식과 시대정신을 구현할 수 있는 흑인의 비전과 합의를 만들어냈다. 또한 그는 노동운동가에서 정치지도자가 되어 흑인의 흑인성과 자립, 아프리카인을 위한 아프리카를 표방하면서 세계흑인향상협회(UNIA)를 만들었고 열정과 폭넓은 견문, 호소력있는 웅변술로 흑인 대중을 단결시켜 최초로 세계의 흑인 대중운동의 선구자가 되었다. 가비의 흑인민족주의는 부커 워싱턴의 경제적 민족주의와 두보이즈의 흑인의 소울(soul)과 엘리트 지식인이 주도하는 문화적 민족주의와 달리 정치적 민족주의였다. 가비는 흑인의 백인사회로의 통합에 반대하면서 세계 흑인을 통합하고 독립된 흑인국가를 만들고자 ‘아프리카 귀환 운동’과 극단적 흑인민족주의를 추진하였다. 아프리카 귀환운동과 백인 인종주의자 KKK의 클라크와의 만남은 그의 카리스마 리더십에 크게 타격을 주었고 메일 사기 사건으로 결국 자메이카로 추방되었다. 그는 예전의 리더십을 회복하지 못했지만 오늘날까지 40여개국에 UNIA 지부를 갖고 있으며 신생 아프리카국가의 지도자에게 크게 영향을 끼쳤다.

Bluetooth 무선 통신 기능을 이용한 LED 조명시스템 설계

김혜명(Hye-myeong Kim),양우석(Woo-Seok Yang),오상호(Sang-Ho Oh),권재락(Jaerock Kwon),조영식(Young-Seek Cho),최세영(Seyeong Choi),박대희(Dae-Hee Park) 대한전기학회 2014 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.7

색온도 가변형 LED 조명제어시스템

김혜명(Hye-Myeong Kim),양우석(Woo-Seok Yang),조영식(Young-Seek Cho),박대희(Dae-Hee Park) 대한전기학회 2015 전기학회논문지 Vol.64 No.2

The color temperature flexibility-typed Lighting Emitting Diode(LED) lighting control system proposed in this thesis employs Pulse Width Modulation(PWM) technique to control the brightness of LED lighting. The LED lighting used as a light source has 20W downlight composed of two types of LED chips: one is Warm White and the other is Cool white. One multi-sensor module consisting an infrared sensor, an illumination sensor, and a temperature sensor was made, to which Bluetooth wireless communication technique was applied to enable a smartphone application to control lighting brightness and identify the information collected from the sensor. CS-1000, a spectroradiometer, was used to measure LED dimming control and the changing values of a color temperature in eight steps. According to a test, it was found that it was possible to change a color temperature from 3187K of Warm White LED to 5600K of Cool White LED.

Bluetooth 무선 통신 기능을 이용한 LED 조명시스템 설계

김혜명(Hye Myeong Kim),양우석(Woo Seok Yang),조영식(Young Seek Cho),박대희(Dae Hee Park) 한국조명·전기설비학회 2015 조명·전기설비학회논문지 Vol.29 No.2

The Light Emitting Diode(LED) lighting control system proposed in this thesis is made up of a sensor module, a microcontroller, Bluetooth wireless communication, LED Driver, and LED downlight. The sensor module, comprised of an infrared sensor, an illumination sensor, and a temperature sensor, was designed to one Printed Circuit board(PCB). The system is able to identify the environment information collected by the sensor, and make it possible to control lighting automatically and manually through sensors. In addition, depending on users conditions, a color temperature can be controlled. CS-1000, a spectroradiometer, was employed to measure the changing values of a color temperature in 8 steps. According to a test, it was found that it was possible to change a color temperature from 3187K of Warm White LED to 5598K of Cool White LED. The Bluetooth based wireless communication technique makes it possible to control more lighting devices than other wireless communication techniques does.

Effects of Dietary n-3 Fats on Hepatic Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase and Malic Enzyme in Rat

서미영,김혜명,나혜경,조성희,Suh, Mi-Young,Kim, Hae-Myung,Na, Hae-Kyung,ChoLee, Sung-Hee Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 1990 한국생화학회지 Vol.23 No.3

To examine the effects of dietary n-3 fats on activities of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PDH) and malic enzyme(ME), mackerel oil(MO) and perilla oil(PO) were fed to two groups of Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes weighing 65-75 gm at the levels of 10%(w/w) in synthetic diets. Two other groups of rats were given soybean oil(SO) and beef tallow(BT) at the same level as dietary fats. After three weeks of feeding, male and female rats on same diet were mated and the effects of dietary fats were studied in their offsprings during early growth. Sex difference was also evaluated. Activities of G6PDH and ME increased steadily during growth of rats fed MO, SO and PO in the ascending order, while rapidly in BT group. After twelve weeks of feeding, the two enzyme activities were lowest in MO group, which was followed by SO, PO groups and highest in BT group. As dietary fat varied, differences in enzyme activities were more distinctive in male than in female. Fatty acid compositions of liver triglyceride and phospholipid showed that levels of $C_{20:5}$, $C_{22:6}$(n-3) increased in MO group, those of $C_{18:2}$, $C_{20:4}$(n-6), in SO group, $C_{18:3}$, $C_{20:5}$(n-3) in PO group, and $C_{16:0}$, $C_{18:0}$ did in BT group. However, increases in $C_{20-22}$(n-3) of MO group were much higher than those in $C_{18-20}$)(n-3) of PO group. It is suggested that the changes in tissue fatty acid pools modulate the activities of G6PDH and ME via several possible mechanisms. 식이 n-3 지방이 간장의 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PDH)와 malic enzyme(EM) 활성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 65-75 mg의 Sprague-Dawley종의 암, 수 흰쥐에게 고등어유와 들깨유를 조제식이의 10%(w/w)로 주어 사육하고, 비교군으로 대두유와 쇠기름을 준 두 군을 사용하였다. 3주 식이 후, 암, 수 쥐를 교배시키고, 태어난 새끼 쥐들의 초기 성장기간 동안 두 효소의 활성을 측정하고, 암, 수의 차이도 조사하였다. 젖을 먹는 동안 G6PDH와 ME 활성은 모든 군에서 매우 낮았고, 젖을 떼면서 효소활성은 증가하기 시작하였는데 쇠기름군은 급격한 증가를 보인 반면, 고등어유, 들깨유, 대두유군에서의 활성증가는 완만하고, 세 군간의 차이는 별로 없었다. 그러나 12주의 식이를 거친 고등어유군에서의 두 효소의 활성은 다른 식이군에 비하여 현저히 낮았다. 또한, 대두유군과 들깨유군도 쇠기름군보다 낮았는데, 이러한 현상은 숫쥐에서 더 뚜렷하였다. 간장의 중성지방과 인지질의 지방산 조성을 보면, 고등어유군에서 $C_{20:5}$, $C_{22:6}$(n-3)가, 대두유군은 $C_{18:2}$, $C_{20:4}$(n-6)가, 들깨유군은 $C_{18:3}$, $C_{20:5}$(n-3)가, 쇠기름군에서는 $C_{16:0}$, $C_{18:0}$ 지방산들이 각각 타군에 비하여 높았다. 고등어유군의 $C_{20-22}$(n-3)의 증가가 들깨유군의 $C_{18-20}$(n-3)의 증가보다 높은 것이 주목할만 하였다. 이러한 조직 지방산의 함량변화가 G6PDH와 ME 활성에 영향을 주는 요인으로 간주된다.

식이 n - 3 지방이 흰 쥐 간장의 Glucose - 6 - Phosphate Dehydrogenase 와 Malic Enzyme 활성에 미치는 영향

서미영,김혜명,나혜경,조성희 ( Mi Young Suh,Hae Myung Kim,Hae Kyung Na,Sung Hee Cho ) 생화학분자생물학회 1990 BMB Reports Vol.23 No.3

To examine the effects of dietary n-3 fats on activities of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and malic enzyme(ME), mackerel oil(MO) and perilla oil(PO) were fed to two groups of Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes weighing 65-75 gm at the levels of 10%(w/w) in synthetic diets. Two other groups of rats were given soybean oil(SO) and beef tallow(BT) at the same level as dietary fats. After three weeks of feeding, male and female rats on same diet were mated and the effects of dietary fats were studied in their offsprings during early growth. Sex difference was also evaluated. Activities of G6PDH and ME increased steadily during growth of rats fed MO, SO and PO in the ascending order, while rapidly in BT group. After twelve weeks of feeding, the two enzyme activities were lowest in MO group, which was followed by SO, PO groups and highest in BT group. As dietary fat varied, differences in enzyme activities were more distinctive in male than in female. Fatty acid compositions of liver triglyceride and phospholipid showed that levels of C_(20:5), C_(22:6)(n-3) increased in MO group, those of C_(18:2), C_(20:4)(n-6), in SO group, C_(18:3), C_(20:5)(n-3) in PO group, and C_(16:0), C_(18:0) did in BT group. However, increases in C_(20-22)(n-3) of MO group were much higher than those in C_(18-20)(n-3) of PO group. It is suggested that the changes in tissue fatty acid pools modulate the activities of G6PDH and ME via several possible mechanisms.

Bluetooth와 Smartphone을 이용한 LED 디밍 시스템 구현

양우석,김혜명,조영식,박대희,Yang, Woo-Seok,Kim, Hye-Myeong,Cho, Young-Seek,Park, Dae-Hee 한국전기전자재료학회 2015 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.28 No.1

In this paper, LED lighting system is realized by using Bluetooth wireless communications and smartphones. A bluetooth module with a lighting control function is manufactured by miniaturizing a development board of TI company and the volume of LED dimming system as a whole is reduced. And a trial product is materialized by designing a hardware composed of the manufactured bluetooth module, LED down light equipped with degree warm white and cool white, and 2-channel LED driver; and LED dimming software. The materialized trial product is controled in terms of the brightness and color temperature of LED light source using an application of a smartphone. The experiment showed that the users can easily control the intensity of illumination of LED light source by using the scroll bar of the applications of smartphones. In addition, the color temperatures of both warm white and cool white can be controlled, and when the color temperature of the trial product using the manufactured bluetooth module is compared with that of a trial product of TI company, they show the same color temperatures.

EFFECTS OF DIETARY ω3 FATS ON LIPOGENIC ENZYMES AND 5- NUCLEOTIDASE IN RAT LIVER

서미영,김혜명,조성희 한국생화학분자생물학회 (구 한국생화학회) 1987 추계학술대회집 Vol.- No.-