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3대 가족형 주택의 공간구성 특성 및 유형에 대한 연구
김형언(Kim, Hyeong-Eon),이동훈(Lee, Dong-Hoon) 대한건축학회 2014 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.30 No.8
The purpose of this study is to reconsider the importance and necessity of three generation housings and make a promising foundation for the demand which inevitably take place in the near future through research and analysis of three generation housing products by the Japanese private housing companies. The housing products can be categorized into four types of cohabitation type. fusion type, separation type and independence type through analysis by spatial composition elements of entrance, living room, dining room, kitchen and bath room from the samples. The types of separation and independence that support each individual generation show almost double the ratio than the types of cohabitation and fusion that have the tendency of harmony and unification, which reflects the customer"s needs in that the efforts of Japanese private companies pursue effective and guaranteed profit. The types of separation and independence are flexible to respond to the change of the constituent family members and can be utilized as urban housing.
김형언(Hyeong-eon Kim) 한국생활환경학회 2014 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.21 No.2
The purpose of this study is to find out the possibilities of duplex apartment housing which can function for three generation families not only to develop the positive aspects of apartment housings but also to overcome the limitations which the apartment housings inevitably have. To be the appropriate types of dwelling for three generation families living in the cities, the design elements of "harmony", "privacy", and "compartments design for the aged" can be suggested for the duplex apartment housing"s design. Those elements can be made through the accurate and systematical analysis of various characteristics and types of three generation families.
간경변증 환자에서 식도 정맥류의 내시경적 정맥류 결찰요법이 보행성 24시간 식도내 pH에 미치는 영향
김형언(Hyeong Eon Kim),유재규(Jae Kyu Ryu),김학철(Haak Cheoul Kim) 대한소화기학회 1994 대한소화기학회지 Vol.26 No.1
N/A Endoscopic variceat ligation(EVL), a recently developed method for controlling active variceal bleeding and eradicating esophageal varices with similar efficacy to endoscopic injec- tion sclerotherapy(EIS), has a minimal risk of complications that may damage to the esopha- gus. EIS is known to decrease the lower esophageal sphincter tone and induce gastroesophageal reflux. The effects of EVL on the esophageal motor function have recently been described compared to those of EIS, but yet there are no reports to be found describing the effects on the intraesophageal pH in the individual patient. We performed EVL in 20 patients who had recently bled from esophageal varices and had a past history of esophageal variceal bleeding. To investigate the effect of EVL on intraesophageal pH, ambulatory 24-hour esophageal pH monitorings were performed both be- fore and after EVL, and analysis of pH tracing was done. The incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease was noted to be 4D% in patients with cirrhosis of liver(in 8 patients out of 20). After performing I to 3 EVL treatment sessions(mean 1.8) with a 7-day interval in between each session and using 3 to 21 ligations(mean 8.7), the effect of EVL showed a reduction in size of the esophageal varices in all cases. All of the results of pH monitoring studies showed that there were no significant differences in all pH parameters between those before and after EVL. In conclusion, no significant EVL-related gastroesophageal refluxes were observed when a relatively small number of legations were performed. Our study supports several recent stud- ies describing that fibrosis due to EVI- is limited to the mucosa or submucosa of the esopha- gus.(Korean J Gastroeriterol 1994; 26 : 9-16)
김형언(Kim, Hyeong-Eon),이동훈(Lee, Dong-Hoon),손동욱(Sohn, Dong-Wook) 한국도시설계학회 2014 도시설계 : 한국도시설계학회지 Vol.15 No.1
본 연구는 공동주택의 외부공간 구성요소와 주민들의 교류 활동 간의 관계를 분석하여 커뮤니티 활동을 촉진시키기 위한 외부공간의 특성을 도출하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 일본 도쿄의 도심 밀집지역 내 소규모 공동주택 단지 중에서, 외부공간을 충분히 확보하고 커뮤니티 활동이 활발한 대상지를 선정하여 설문조사 및 관찰조사를 병행하여 분석하였다. 조사 대상지의 주민들은 단지 내 외부공간에서 발생하는 커뮤니티 활동에 대해서 긍정적인 인식을 가지고 있으며, 자치회 활동이나 육아 등 공통된 관심사를 바탕으로 커뮤니티 관계를 형성하고 있었다. 외부공간의 특성상 방범에 대한 만족도는 상대적으로 낮게 나타나 범죄 예방형 환경설계의 필요성을 확인할 수 있었다. 외부공간에서 빈번하게 발생하고 있는 커뮤니티 활동은 안부인사, 어린이를 동반한 놀이, 대화 등의 친교 활동이며, 위요공간이 선호되고 있었다. 외부공간에서 커뮤니티의 상호작용을 증진시키기 위해서는 활동 유형별 특성을 고려한 공간계획과 시설물 배치가 요구된다. The purpose of this study is to find out the characteristics of outdoor space that facilitates community activities through analyzing the casual relationship between the physical elements of outdoor space and the community activities among the residents of apartment housing complex. Three apartment housings, located in the center of Tokyo, Japan, were chosen for analyses through questionnaire and observation survey. The residents have positive understandings toward the community activities occurring at the outdoor space and they form a intimate relationship based on their mutual interests such as residents? association or child care. However, the relatively low satisfaction on security of outdoor space require crime prevention through environmental design. Daily greeting among residents, children?s play and conversation are typical community activities in outdoor space and enclosed space type is preferred. Finally, this paper suggests that space design and layout of proper community facilities considering activity types will enhance the community interaction.
내시경적 식도정맥류 결찰요법의 식도하부 운동과 식도내 pH에 대한 영향
최석채(Suck Chei Choi),김형언(Hyeong Eon Kim),유광현(Kwnag Hwon You),류준형(Jung Hyung Ryu),김태현(Tae Hyeon Kim),김학철(Haak Cheoul Kim) 대한소화기학회 1995 대한소화기학회지 Vol.27 No.2
N/A Background/Aims: A recently developed method that uses sma11 rubber bands for treating bleeding varices, endoscopic variceal ligation(EVL), may affect the lower esophageal motility. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of EVL on esophageal motility and gastroesophageal reflux. Methods: We prospectively performed lower esophageal manometry and 24-hour ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring before and after EVL therapy in 34 patients with esophageal varices. Results: The EVL caused considerable decrease in the size of esophageal varix by mean 7.8(range 3 21) ligations in mean 1.5(range l -3) sessions. There were no significant changes in the length, pressure, relaxation percent and duration of the lower esophageal sphincter(LES), in the speed of peristaltic wave in the lower esophagus and all pH parameters after EVL. Conclusions: Endoscopic variceal ligation therapy may cause little motility dysfunction in thc lower esophagus, even though there were significant differences in the contraction amplitude and duration in the lower esophagus after EVL. (Korean J Gastroenterol 1995;27: 151 - 158)
식도정맥류의 내시경적 결찰술 전후의 하부 식도 내압 검사의 변화
유재규(Jae Kyu Ryu),김형언(Hyeong Eon Kim),류준형(June Hyung Lyou),최석채(Suck Chei Choi),김학철(Haak Cheoul Kim) 대한내과학회 1995 대한내과학회지 Vol.48 No.6
Objectives: Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy is one of the effective therapeutic modalities for treating acutely bleeding esophageal varices. However, there are a number of complications and one of them is the changes in lower esophageal motility. A recently developed method that uses small rubber bands for treating bleeding varices, endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL), may change the lower esophageal motility. This study was designed for investigating the effects on lower esophageal motility in paients with esophageal varices before and after EUL. Methods: We prospectively performed lower esophageal manometry(using 8 lumen ESMR catheter, Arndorf, Medical Specialities Inc. in 20 patients with esophageal varices to investigate the length, pressure, relaxation percent, relaxation duration of lower esophageal sphincter(LES) and the speed of peristaltic wave, contraction amplitude, contraction duration in the lower esophagus before and after EVL therapy. EVL was performed with a Pentax EG2900 fiberoptic endoscope and Stiegmann-Goffligator kit. Results: There were noted mild epigastric discomfort, nausea, chest discomfort and sinus bradycardia during and after EVL that were improved spontaneously. The EVL caused considerable diminution in the size of esophageal varix by mean 8.7(range 3-21) ligations in mean 1.8(range 1-3) sessions. LES length after EVL was 3.7±0.8cm vs 3.7±0.7cm before treatment. LES pressure after EVL was 13.1±3.9mmHg vs 12.7±6.9mmHg before treatment. LES relaxation percent after EUL was 90.5±9.6 % vs 87.8±8.1% before treatment. LES relaxation duration after EVL was 9.1±1.8sec vs 9.5±2.1 before treatment. In the lower esophagus 3cm above LES, the speed of peristaltic waves after EVL was 3.46±0.8lcm/sec us 3.1±0.8cm/sec before treatment, contraction amplitude after EVL was 87.9±44.2 vs 73.0±39.8mmHg before treatment and contraction duration after EVL was 3.3±0.5 sec vs 2.7±0.5 sec before treatment. There were no significant changes in the length, pressure, relaxation percent and duration of the lower esophageal sphincter(LES) and in the speed of peristaltic wave in the lower esophagus after EVL. There were significant differences in the contraction amplitude and duration in the lower esophagus after EVL. Conclusion: Variceal ligation therapy may improve esophageal peristalsis due to increase in the contraction amplitude and duration in the lower esophagus and cause lesser motility dysfunction in the lower esophagus. In conclusion, EVL is a safe, easy and effective therapeutic modality in patients with esophageal varices.