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문법화 중의 기능화와 주관화의 상관관계 : 중국어 어기범주와 개사(전치사)를 중심으로
김정필(Kim Jeong-Pil) 동북아시아문화학회 2010 동북아시아문화학회 국제학술대회 발표자료집 Vol.2010 No.5월
최근 인지어법의 대두는 주관성 표현이라는 인지분석을 통해 언어연구의 새로운 방향성을 제시하고 있다. 특히 주관성 표현의 기제로서의 주관화는 문법화의 일종으로 간주되면서도, 기능화와는 서로 다른 차이점을 가지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 주관화와 기능화가 문법화 과정에서 어떠한 내용을 표현하고 있으며, 또 어떠한 형식을 통해 드러나는가를 살펴보고자 한다. 첫째, 기능화와 주관화의 차이는 분포위치는 그에 따른 어법기능과 의미내용의 주관성 강약을 통해 드러난다. 따라서 대표적인 어기범주(mood category)인 어기부사와 어기조사가 왜 문두와 문미라는 상대적인 분포위치가 주관성 강약의 중요한 형식기제가 될 수 있을 것이라는 것은 고찰한다. 둘째, 중국어에서 술어를 중심으로 분포하는 부사어와 보어의 어순차이를 통해 주관성 강약의 차이를 고찰해 보고자 한다. 우선 시간순서원칙에 근거하여, 전치수식어인 부사어는 화자의 주관성이 강하게 드러낸다는 사실을 전제한다. 그리하여 후치수식어인 보어는 오히려 본래의 주관의도를 객관화하는 경향이 있다는 사실을 증명하고자 한다. 특히 중국어의 개사구조에서 술어 앞에서 부사어로 기능하는 개사는 주관화 과정에 존재하며, 술어에 후행하는 보어로 기능하는 개사는 기능화 과정에 속한다는 사실을 규명하고자 한다. 결과적으로 기능화와 주관화의 차이점은 특정 성분이 일정한 언어환경(구문)에 존재할 때, 어휘로서의 능력을 상실하여 완전히 허화되는 것은 기능화로 파악할 수 있다. 이와 반대로, 주관화는 의미의 추상화를 통해 허화가 진행되고 있지만, 여전히 어휘성과 자립성을 지니고 또 다른 구문에서는 문장성분으로 기능할 수 있는 특성을 지니고 있다. Along with the appearance of latest Cognitive linguistics, subjectivity analysis appeard. Is projecting direction that is new in language study. In particular, subjectification, grammaticalization's kind that is becoming foundation of cognitive analysis and it is showing difference with existent functionalzation. First, subjectification and functionalzation that detect in grammaticalization process are showing difference development stage and word order. These difference is detected through subjectivity strength and weakness by distribution position. Mood category is classified by head-adverb and tail-particle that is the most representative subjectivity representation and occupy relative distribution position that head-construction and tail-construction. Also, word order difference of adverbial and complement in Chinese language is showing difference of subjectivity strength and weakness. This is associated with speaker's intention. While adverbial is expressed speaker's subjectivity strongly. On the contrary to this, which complement tend to objectify speaker's subjective views strongly. As a result, grammaticalization may become language analysis that is perfect for the time when progress objectivity of the event and speaker's subjectivity at the same time through great bandit viewpoint, is subjectification of meaning and functionalzation of expression.
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김정필(Kim Jeong Pil)(金正必) 대한중국학회 2017 중국학 Vol.61 No.-
본문은 중국어에서 존재여부를 놓고 논란이 되고 있는 ‘개사현공’이 과연 영어의 전치사 좌초(Preposition stranding)’와는 다른 중국어 특유의 어법이론으로써 가치를 지닐 수 없는가, 또 비록 이론적 가치가 없더라도 다른 어법연구나 교학에 어떻게 활용될 수 있을까에 대해 고찰해 보고자 하였다. 사실 중국어에서 개사현공’이 일어난다는 주장은 본래 개사의 목적어가 선행 정보에 있거나 혹은 유추가 가능할 경우에 목적어 없이 개사 단독으로 출현할 수 있다는 것이 주된 초점이다. 하지만 반대파의 견해는 중국어의 주요 특징은 목적어가 생략이나 탈락을 하는 것이 아니라, 오히려 ‘개사구조의 삭제’나 ‘개사구조의 보류’를 통해 ‘개사현공’을 피하려 한다는 것이 주요 초점이다. 그런데 중국어 ‘개사현공’의 어법화 과정은 우선 ‘현공’된 성분이 본래 개사인지에 대한 의문에서 출발하여, 다시 어법화 과정, 그리고 이후에 나타난 어휘화까지 모두를 ‘개사현공’의 범주에 넣고 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 보인다. 그래서 본문은 ‘개사현공’의 존재여부에 대한 논쟁보다는 이러한 이론의 도입이 중국어 연구에 얼마나 효용적인 활용될 수 있을까에 초점을 두고 연구해야 함을 주장하고자 한다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of examines the arguments of each scholar about the occurrence of the ‘hanging in the air’ phenomenon of the Chinese ‘preposition’ studied against the ‘preposition stranding’ of the English language. In addition, we conducted a comparative analysis of the causes and methods of the various appearance patterns of ‘preposition stranding’. Although it can be said that the expression of preposition stranding in English and preposition stranding in Chinese may be similar or different from each other depending on the viewpoint. In other words, the predicate object is left in front of sentence and the preposition remains alone in the ‘wh-’ phrase of English. The Chinese preposition stranding is the same as the point where the object which was after the proposition is omitted and only the preposition remains. But, it is different in that it formed a direct relationship with the verb predicate and did another syntactic function or lexicalization. Currently, two opinions are still conflicting about the presence or absence of the ‘preposition stranding‘ in Chinese linguistics, but in the academic community the opinion that there is no preposition stranding within China is dominant. The reasons why it is difficult to explain the dropout of the Chinese preposition are as follows. First of all, because it was from the company there is a possibility to be lexicalized. Secondly, it is difficult to explain the phenomenon omission phenomenon caused by functional features in simple syntax.
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김정필(Kim Jung - Pil) 한국조형디자인학회 2009 조형디자인연구 Vol.12 No.1
In Korea, the furniture industry has developed since early times because of its local characteristics. Until the Goryeo period, stand-up living style and furniture were used due to an influence of China, but as sedentary living style was adopted in the Joseon period, structures of all the furniture were changed accordingly. However, in modern society, as western lifestyles were introduced and sedentary lifestyle was preferred because its convenience, the types of furniture changed a lot. However, as academic circles or industries relating to furniture imitate western furniture or import it insensibly rather than adapting it to our life and tradition, our furniture is losing its characteristics and furniture industry is falling down to the level of imitating products from other countries. As this society is globalized with similar human bodies or life styles, the styles of furniture are becoming similar. However, in an aspect of design, production of furniture with regional or industrial features can brings competitive power to furniture industry, but imitation only causes us to keep following advanced countries or industries. In addition, modern society is different from the time when wood, a natural material, was mainly used to make furniture. As new materials such as metal, fabric and plastic or new technologies and techniques to process them are developed, the aspect of furniture industry is rapidly changing. Customers continue to prefer wood furniture. To meet the needs of customers, many vinyl products were developed, but they did not satisfy our tactile sense or emotion though they had visual similarity. In this situation, we need further studies on how furniture can satisfy the needs of customers and have competitive power in furniture industries. To improve this present situation that collection of material lumber is limited for natural protection and we have more consumption than production of lumber, we should change the way we have used lumber so far. We should develop techniques to process and ornament plywood or M.D.F materials to make characteristics furniture of our own, which will contribute to formation of a new tradition of furniture making. So to overcome the disadvantages in the exterior of plywood or the materials of M.D.F, it is suggested that coating techniques should be developed. There are many coating techniques, but as durability of color-coated exterior is lacking though it looks beautiful, its disadvantages are exposed over time and it is suitable for furniture which is cheap or is only used for short period, but inappropriate for more elegant and durable furniture. To overcome such disadvantage, as our ancestors added Korean traditional paper to wooden furniture, we have developed a technique that decal comania is printed on acrylic fiber to decorate and protect the exterior of M.D.F. With this technique, we can make beautiful decorations of furniture which seems to be made of more elegant materials though furniture is made of M.D.F.
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김정필(Kim, Jeong-Pil) 동북아시아문화학회 2018 동북아시아문화학회 국제학술대회 발표자료집 Vol.2018 No.10
In the paper, first looked at the schematisation of ‘朝-往-向’ and ‘从-到’, which can be considered as ‘The move diagram’. Again, the similarities between "朝" and "从", "向" and " 到" are summarized centering on the differences. Although it is doubtful whether we can simply compare "朝" and "从", "向" and "到" on a uniform basis, it is still generally similar in terms of the contrast between "origin" and "end". First of all, if you look at the difference, The "direction" towards the end of "朝" only suggests "abstract mobility" such as the movement of the line of sight, but the object of "朝" is not directly related to the movement of the object. In contrast, "从" implies a strong mobility and arriving at the end of the journey at the same time as the start.
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김정필(KIM, Jeong Pil) 동북아시아문화학회 2017 동북아시아문화학회 국제학술대회 발표자료집 Vol.2017 No.7
When a speaker wants to provide location information of a target to a listener, it provides spatial information through a certain coordinate, a target point, and a starting point, a process, and an end point indicating a linear directional relationship do. In the Chinese language, a person or a directional word is often used as a main type mark for providing location information of an object. In addition to objective information, a cognitive focus of a speaker and a listener acts between coordinates and a target point. In other words, the position of the target object expressed by the directional director appears to be discord from each other in the coordinate and directional relationship, which shows that the speaker(or listener) is intervening between the coordinate and the target. Therefore, the article examines the direction indicated by localizers and the cognitive focus indicated confrontation each other in directional relationship between coordinate and target.
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