조선시대 전쟁소설에 나타난 여성에 대한 기억과 침묵

김영미 ( Kim Young-mi ) 조선대학교 인문학연구원 2021 인문학연구 Vol.0 No.61

재난 서사를 대표하는 조선시대 전쟁소설 「강도몽유록」, 「최척전」, 「김영철전」, 「박씨전」을 ‘여성’과 ‘기억’의 관점에서 읽어보았다. 전쟁은 남녀 모두에게 참혹한 상처를 남기는 사회재난이지만 그 영향력은 여성에게 더 폭력적으로 다가온다. 본고는 이러한 문제의식을 가지고 조선시대 전쟁소설 속에 형상화된 여성의 목소리를 탐색해 보았다. 공식기억에서 배제된 여성들이 17세기 전쟁소설 속에서는 어떻게 형상화되고 있는지, 어떤 여성을 기억하고 있는지, 그 기억의 작동 원리는 무엇인지 살펴보았다. 결론적으로 17세기 조선시대 전쟁소설 속에서 여성들의 고통은 전장(戰場)의 주체가 아니라는 이유로 주변적인 것으로 처리되든지 아니면 ‘열(烈)’이라는 프리즘을 투과시켜 논의되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 꿈이라는 틀을 통해 죽어서야 말할 수 있었던, 그것도 자살로 정절을 지킨 여성들만이 말할 수 있었던 「강도몽유록」의 귀녀(鬼女)들이나 살아서 정절을 잘 지켜내고 말할 수 있는 자격을 획득한 「최척전」의 옥영 같은 여성이 있었다. 이 여성들은 살아서나 죽어서나 자신의 정절을 증명해야 했다. 정절이 증명된 여성들만 기억하고 기려서 15명의 귀녀들처럼 본인들의 슬픔을 맘껏 통곡할 수 있었고, 옥영처럼 온 가족이 행복해질 수 있는 자격을 가지게 된다. 또한 남성 중심의 서사 이면에서 전쟁의 폭력성을 소리죽인 울음으로 견뎌야 했던 「김영철전」의 아내들이 있었다. 이들의 고통은 문면(文面)에 드러나지 않고 김영철 뒤에서 침묵해야 했다. 후대 「김영철전」 한글 이본들에서 ‘여성 인물에 대한 서술 확장’이 이루어지는데, 이는 숨어서 고통당하는 아내들의 존재를 찾아내고 그녀들의 아픔에 공감하면서 새롭게 그녀들을 기억하고자 한 결과이다. 한편 「박씨전」은 실제적인 여성의 목소리를 대변한다기보다 ‘피화당(避禍堂)’이라는 환상적 공간을 통해 전쟁으로 인한 여성들의 통곡과 울음을 우회적으로 위무하고 있다. 이는 역설적으로 병자호란 당시 여성을 보호할 ‘피화당’ 같은 유토피아적 공간은 절대 존재하지 않았으며 포로로 잡혀간 수많은 부인네들의 통곡을 상기시킨다. 울음과 통곡만으로 전란의 참혹함 속에서 죽어간 원한은 사라지지 않는다. 하지만 이런 원한을 조금이나마 삭일 수 있는 것이 자유로운 감정 표출이다. 이런 측면에서 전쟁소설 속에 나타난 여성들의 숨죽인 울음과 대성통곡은 기억해야 할 중요한 한 부분이다. I’ve read Gangdomongyurok, Choicheokjeon, Kimyoungcheuljeon, Parkssijeon, the war novels of the Joseon period, which are representing disaster narrative, from the perspective of women and memories. War is a social disaster leaving horrible scar on both men and women, but its influence is much more violent toward women. Having a critical mind on this, it searched the women's voice embodied in the war novels of the Joseon Dynasty in this study. It examined how women excluded from official memory are embodied in 17th-century war novels, what kind of women they remember, and how the memories work. In conclusion, it was verified that the women's pain in the war novels in the 17th century Joseon was treated as peripheral because it was not the subject of the battlefield, or it was discussed by passing through a prism called ‘virtue(烈)’. There were women who could say only after death through the framework of dreams, at that, the women who kept their chastity by suicide could say, like the ghosts in Gangdomongyurok or Ok-young in Choicheokjeon, who obtained the right to speak as she kept her chastity during her life. These women had to prove their chastity on whether alive or dead. Since only women with proven chastity can be remembered and cherished, they could wail their sorrows as much as they could like the 15 ghosts, and they could be qualified to be happy for the whole family like Ok-young. Also, there were wives in Kimyoungcheuljeon, who had to endure the violence of war with muted tears behind the male-dominated narrative. Their pain shouldn't be revealed and be kept silent behind Kim Young-chul. It made the 'extension of narrative on woman character' in the later different editions of Kimyoungcheuljeon, and it is the result of finding the existence of wives who are suffering behind, and trying to remember them newly by sympathizing with their pain. Meanwhile, in Parkssijeon, it indirectly pacifies the wailing and crying of women caused by war through a fantastic space called ‘Pihwadang(避禍堂)’, rather than representing the actual voice of women. This, paradoxically, reminds that there was never a utopian space such as the "Pihwadang" where women could be protected during the Second Manchu Invasion but the wailing of many wives who were taken a prisoner. Only with crying and wailing, it can't erase the resentment that died in the horrors of war. However, the free emotion expression could repress the resentment even a little bit. In this respect, the women's soundless cries and loud wailing in the war novels are the significant part to remember.

L2 Reader's Critical Reading Interpretation

김영미,Kim, Young-Mi The English Teachers Association in Korea 2006 영어어문교육 Vol.12 No.1

This study investigated how EFL readers critically read texts which are written in English. Although critical reading has been discussed in advanced EFL and ESL contexts there has not been much research on the critical reading of beginning EFL learners. Many educators are recommending that a critical perspective be adopted so that L2 learners can become empowered rather than indoctrinated. In this study, the researcher has examined the critical reading practices of five beginning level EFL readers in Korea and five first language readers of English in the United States as they read a news editorial article. The significant findings were discussed related to critical reading practice of L2 readers. The findings of the study can help the educators in English education in improving the curriculum, the teaching methodology and the learning theory for EFL reading for critical reading.

HOOCl-H₂O Cluster의 구조와 결합에너지에 대한 ab initio 연구

김영미,성은모,Kim, Young-Mi,Sung, Eun-Mo 대한화학회 2008 대한화학회지 Vol.52 No.3

HOOCl-H2O cluster에 대하여 안정한 구조와 결합에너지를 MP2/6-311G(d,p), MP2/6-311G(2d,2p)의 방법으로 계산하였고 vibrational frequency계산을 하여 HOOCl의 vibrational frequency와 비교하였다. Skew HOOCl-H2O cluster가 가장 안정한 cluster로 나타났고 결합에너지는 46~48 kJ/mol 정도이며 trans HOOCl-H2O cluster의 경우도 이보다 불안정하나 비교적 큰 결합에너지를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. The geometrical structure, binding energy and vibrational frequencies of HOOCl-H2O cluster were investigated with MP2/6-311G(d,p) and MP2/6-311G(2d,2p) methods. The most stable conformer is skew HOOCl-H2O cluster and the binding energy was 46~48kJ/mol. The trans HOOCl-H2O cluster is less stable than skew form, but the binding energy is big enough to stablize the complex. The vibrational frequencies of skew and trans HOOCl-H2O cluster were calculated and compared with the spectrum of HOOCl.

건측억제유도운동이 뇌졸중 환자의 손 기능과 일상생활능력에 미치는 영향

김영미,황윤태,박래준,Kim, Young-Mi,Hwang, Yoon-Tae,Park, Rae-Joon 대한물리치료학회 2005 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.17 No.4

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on the involved hand function and ADL in stroke patients. Five subjects with fixing unaffected arms by CIMT were assigned to the experimental patient group and the other five patients to control group without fixing unaffected arms. The function of hand for both groups were evaluated by using Jebsen-Taylor hand function test and ADL for both groups were evaluated by FIM(Functional Independence Measure) before and after task practice. In conclusion, results of this study showed that improved hand function and ADL by CIMT in stroke patients. We concluded that CIMT can improved the involved hand function and ADL in stroke patients.

전자정부 활용실태와 서비스컨텐츠의 고도화를 위한 정책방향

김영미,Kim, Young-Mi 한국디지털정책학회 2008 디지털융복합연구 Vol.6 No.1

Electronic service delivery is an integral mission that is shouldered upon e-government to carry out. And it also has become an important way of making client-centered administration work more effectively. It is quite convenient from citizens' perspective to utilize public services that are electronically transformed. This study identifies a set of electronic services currently provided by e-government and proposes policy measures for further driving e-government to develop its services in a direction of making people's life more convenient.

Induction of Cytotoxicity by HexamethyleneBisacetamide is Associated with the Activity of Telomerase in RBL-2H3 Cells

김영미,Kim Young Mi The Korean Society of Environmental Toxicology 2004 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.19 No.3

본 연구는 비만세포의 일종인 RBL-2H3 세포주에 대한 hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA)의 세포독성 유도 기전이 telomerase의 활성과 관계가 있다는 것에 대한 보고이다. RBL-2H3 세포주에 5mM HMBA를 처리시 그 세포주의 세포성장이 억제 되었다. 기전연구로서 HMBA는 telomerase활성을 억제 하였으며 RT-PCR에 의한 결과 telomerase mRNA발현의 억제에 의한 것이었다. Madl은 telomerase의 발현을 억제하는 억제인자로 잘 알려져 왔으며 이를 확인해본 결과 Madl은 발현은 유의성있게 증가 되었다. 이를 종합해보면, HMBA에 의한 RBL-2H3 세포주에 대한 세포독성은 Madl 발현의 증가에 따른 telomerase발현의 억제에 기인하는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

아유르베다의 바타(Vata), 피타(Pitta), 카파(Kapha) 체질에 따른 피부 유형 조사 분석

김영미,최은영,장병수,Kim, Young-Mi,Choi, Eun-Young,Chang, Byung-Soo 대한예방한의학회 2009 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.13 No.2

Objectives : This study was investigated to the relationship ayurvedic constitution and each skin hydration and pH. Methods : The questionaire survey and skin analysis of female students attending university located in Chugnam was carried out in order to assess skin types according to ayurvedic constituion such as vata, pitta and kapha. Data analysis were used describe statistics, ANOVA in Duncan's multiple comparative test and Pearson's correlation by SPSS. Skin hydration and pH was measured by Corneometer and skin-pH meter. Results : The results of this study are as follows. First, in terms of knowledge of ayurvedic constitutional types most students are not aware of that. Second, the most common constitution in the ayurveda medical system was pitta. Third, in the analysis of skin type by constitution of ayurveda, vata had dry skin while pitta and kapha tended to have more combination skin. However, this result didn't show any statistically significant difference either. Forth, the analysis of skin tone by constitution of ayurveda showed that vata was white, and pitta and kapha were just average. Discussion and Conclusion : The results of this study was shown that the difference between Korean and Indian, so we should develop effective diagnosis tool for Korean people. In the future, we expect that ayurvedic skin and body program developed by this study spread and practical use at esthetic industry and domain of esthetics in Korea.

산업장 여성근로자의 월경전증후군에 관한 연구

김영미,정문희,Kim Young-Mi,Jung Moon-Hee 한국보건간호학회 1994 韓國保健看護學會誌 Vol.8 No.1

The purpose of this study is to review in light at women's subjective. Perceptions of manifestations Premenstrual Syndrome which are known to affect their labor productivity. To this end, 364 women workers were sampled from an industrial factory located in Chonan, Chungchongnam-do and supervised by health manager, through questionnaires, and collected data were processed using SPSS package program. The result of survey can be summarized as follows: The fact that some academic circles are recently raising the issue of premenstrual syndrome. Suggests that the syndrome is being accepted in academic terms, which is contary to the position that the syndrome is just the result of women's mental imagination. However, some factors which are concived to affect woman worker' productivity and efficiency seem to be related to their subjective psychological variables involving their working environment rather than their physiological variabls. Therefore, if a health-promotion program handling their subjective psychological variables be introduced, some factors caused by the pre-menstrual syndroml may be reduced thus increasing their working productivity and. efficiency around their menstrual days.

단삼추출물의 Src-family Kinase 억제에 의한 항앨러지 효과

김영미,Kim, Young-Mi 대한약학회 2008 약학회지 Vol.52 No.5

In this study, the anti-allergic activity and mechanim of Salviae radix (SR) were investigated. The ethanol extract of SR showed significant inhibitory effect on degranulation from antigen-stimulated mast cells and it also inhibited the expression and secretion of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-4 in antigen-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. In the mast cell-mediated local animal allergy model, it suppressed the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in a dose-dependent manner. As its mechanism of action, SR inhibited the activating phosphorylation of Syk, a downstream signaling molecule of Src-family kinase, for the activation of mast cells. The results of the study indicate that the anti-allergic activity of SR is mediated by the inhibition of Src-family kinase in mast cells.

알칼리 이온수의 의치 미생물에 대한 세정효과에 관한 연구

김영미,최유성,조인호,Kim, Young-Mi,Choi, Yu-Sung,Cho, In-Ho 대한치과보철학회 2011 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.49 No.2

연구 목적: 본 연구는 최근 개발된 알칼리 이온수 e-WASH의 의치에 부착된 미생물 의치세정 효과에 대해 위상차현미경을 이용한 미생물 관찰법을 통하여 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 실험군 41개, 대조군 26개의 의치를 무작위로 선정하여 실험군에서는 알칼리 이온수e-WASH로, 대조군에서는 수돗물에 5분간 침지 전, 후 의치 내면의 치면세균막을 채취하였다. 위상차현미경으로 구강미생물의 형태적, 종류별 양과 운동성에 대하여 세정 전, 후별 구강미생물의 상태를 관찰하였다. 결과: 1. 알칼리 이온수 e-WASH로 의치를 세정한 실험군에서는 세정 전보다 세정 후 구균의 양, 간균의 양, 간균의 운동성, 실사균의 양, 실사균의 운동성, 콤마/나선균의 양, 콤마/나선균의 운동성 등 모든 조사항목에서 감소하였다 (P<.05). 한편 대조군에서는 구균의 양은 감소하였으나 (P<.05), 다른 조사항목에서는 모두 세정 전, 후 간에 차이가 없었다. 2. 알칼리 이온수e-WASH로 의치를 세정한 실험군에서는 구균의 양, 간균의 양, 간균의 운동성, 실사균의 양, 실사균의 운동성, 콤마/나선균의 양, 콤마/나선균의 운동성 등 모든 조사항목에서 수돗물로 의치를 세정한 대조군보다 각 구강미생물의 양과 운동성이 적게 나타났다 (P<.05). 결론: 위의 결과를 통해 알칼리 이온수 e-WASH가 의치표면의 각종 미생물의 양과 운동성을 효과적으로 감소시키므로 의치세정제로 추천된다. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cleansing effect of recently developed alkaline ionized water, e-WASH, on microorganisms of the denture surface. Materials and methods: Removable partial and complete dentures were randomly assigned to the experimental group of 41 dentures, and the control group of 26. The denture was immersed in the e-WASH solution (experimental group), or tap water (control group) for 5 minutes. The plaque was collected from the denture surface before and after immersion, and smeared on the slide glass. Amount and motility of microorganisms were compared according to the morphology and strain of microorganisms, using the phase contrast microscope. Statistical analysis was accomplished with paired t-test and independent t-test at 95% confidence level (P<.05). Results: 1. The amount of cocci, bacilli, filamentous, spiral/comma, and the motility of bacilli, filamentous, and spiral/comma were decreased after denture cleansing with the alkaline ionized water, e-WASH (P<.05). But in the control group, only the amount of cocci showed a significant difference (P<.05), but no difference from the others. There were no differences in other analysis. 2. In the experimental group, the amount of cocci, bacilli, filamentous, spiral/comma, and the motility of bacilli, filamentous, and spiral/comma were smaller and more inactive compared to the control group (P<.05). Conclusion: These results indicated that the alkaline ionized water, e-WASH could effectively reduce the amount and motility of the experimented microorganisms on the denture surface, and that e-WASH could be recommended as an effective denture cleanser.