임파유통에 영향을 주는 인자에 관한 실험적 연구

김기환,엄융의,Kim, Ki-Whan,Earm, Yung-E 대한생리학회 1975 대한생리학회지 Vol.9 No.1

Various factors influencing the lymph flow from thoracic duct were investigated in an attempt to evaluate their contributing degree and the mechanisms. Sixteen mongrel dogs weighing between 10 and 16 kg were anesthetized and polyethylene catheters were inserted into the thoracic duct and femoral veins. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, central venous pressure, lymph pressure and lymph flow were measured under various conditions. Electrical stimulation of left sciatic nerve, stepwise increase of central venous pressure, manual application of rhythmical depressions onto abdomen, injection of hypertonic saline solution and histamine infusion were employed. Measurement of cental venous pressure was performed through the recording catheter inserted into abdominal inferior vena cava. Changes in central venous pressure were made by an air-ballooning catheter located higher than the tip of the recording catheter in the inferior vena cava. Lymph flow from thoracic duct was measured directly with a graduated centrifuge tube allowing the lymph to flow freely outward through the inserted cannula. The average side pressure of thoracic lymph was $1.1\;cmH_2O$ and lymph flow was 0.40 ml/min or 1.9 ml/kg-hr. Hemodynamic parameters including lymph flow were measure immediately before and after (or during) applying a condition. Stimulation of left sciatic nerve with a square wave (5/sec, 2 msec, 10V) caused the lymph flow to increase 1.4 times. The pattern of lymph flow from thoracic duct was not continuous throughout the respiratory cycle, but was continuous only during Inspiration. Slow and deep respiration appeared to increase the lymph flow than a rapid and shallow respiration. Relationship between central venous pressure and the lymph flow revealed a relatively direct proportionality; Regression equation was Lymph Flow (ml/kg-hr)=0.09 CVP$(cmH_2O)$+0.55, r=0.67. Manual depressions onto the abdomen in accordance with the respiratory cycle caused the lymph flow to increase most remarkably, e.g,. 5.5 times. The application of manual depressions showed a fluctuation of central venous pressure superimposed on the respiratory fluctuation. Hypertonic saline solution (2% NaCl) administered Intravenously by the amount of 10 m1/kg increased the lymph flow 4.6 times. The injection also increased arterial blood pressure, especially systolic Pressure, and the central venous pressure. Slow intravenous infusion of histamine with a rate of 14-32 ${\mu}g/min$ resulted in a remarkable increase in the lymph flow (4.7 times), in spite of much decrease in the blood pressure and a slight decrease in the central venous pressure.

적출 유두근에서 근육길이에 따른 계단현상 및 칼슘 수축력의 변화

김기환,엄융의,남기용,Kim, Ki-Whan,Earm, Yung-E,Nam, Kee-Yong 대한생리학회 1980 대한생리학회지 Vol.14 No.2

The effects of various inotropic interventions on the shape of the steady state length tension relation and the length-dependent activation process in cardiac muscle were studied. The influence of inotropic interventions upon the action potential was also observed. The range of varying muscle length was from the optimal length$(l_{max})$, where the active tension production is maximal, to 0.85 $l_{max}$. Changes in stimulus frequency or in external bathing Ca concentration constituted the inotropic interventions in this experiment. The papillary muscles were isolated from the rabbit right ventricles and perfused with $HCO-_3\;-buffered$ normal Tyrode solution which was aerated with $3%\;CO_2-97%\;O_2$ mixed gas and kept at $35^{\circ}C$. Resting Passive tension at $l_{max}$ was approximately 30% of the total tension and appeared from the muscle length of 0.90 $l_{max}$. The effect of stimulus frequency on the steady state level of developed tension was: As the stimulus frequency was increased from 0.1 to 0.5 Hz, there was little change in developed tension. As the frequency was increased further, to a value of about 3 Hz, tension increased steeply. Further increase of the frequency to 5 Hz had little additional effect on the developed tension. The length-tension curves for isometric peak tension became more steeper with the degree of potentiation by inotropic interventions. The relative steepness of the normalized length-tension curves where tension production was expressed as a percentage of maximal tension developed at $l_{max}$, varied inversely with the level of inotropic state and these curves were not superimposable one another. Thus at the stimulus frequency of 2 Hz or at the external Ca concentration of 8 mM, the relative decline in the developed tension for a given change in muscle length was considerably less than the decline observed at the frequency of 0.5 Hz or at the concentration of 2 mM Ca. Action potential duration was prolonged significantly as the frequency increased from 0.2 to 2 Hz, and this change in action potential duration was not observable on the changes in muscle length. There was a tendency of the hyperpolarization of membrane potential when the muscle length was shortened from $l_{max}$ to 0.95 $l_{max}$. These results support the hypothesis that there is a length-dependence of the activation process.

비가역성 실혈성 쇽에서 본 가토심근, 혈장의 전해질 및 혈당량 변화

김기환,남기용,Kim, Ki-Whan,Nam, Kee-Yong 대한생리학회 1968 대한생리학회지 Vol.2 No.1

Twenty white rabbits anesthetized with nembutal (30 mg/kg) were employed in this experiment. Five of them served as controls; the remaining rabbits as experimental group were subjected to irreversible hemorrhagic shock. Shock was induced by bleeding the animals until mean blood pressure decreased to a level of 50-40 mmHg. This level of pressure was maintained for 3-4 hours, after which the drawn blood was reinfused. The reinfusion of blood caused the elevation of arterial pressure almost the control level for some minutes, after which a gradual and progressive decline of blood pressure became evident. This decline was thought to be the result from irreversible hemorrhagic shock. When mean blood pressure declined to less than 50 mmHg, chest was opened and samples of arterial blood and left ventricular muscle were taken. Left ventricular muscle and blood plasma were analyzed for potassium, sodium, chloride and water content. Blood glucose concentration was determined by Somogyi-Nelson's method. Extracellular and intracellular myocardial water and electrolyte content were calculated on the basis that electrolytes are distributed between plasma water and interstitial water according to Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium. In this calculation extracellular water was substituted for Na space. The findings obtained were as follows: 1. The concentration of blood glucose was 87mg% in the controls and it rose to 222 mg% in shock (P<0.01). 2. Plasma potassium elevated significantly from 3.3 mEq/l in controls to 8.0 mEq/l in shock (P<0.01), while small decreases in sodium (151-146 mEq/l) and chloride (102-96 mEq/l) were observed (P<0.3, P<0.1), 3. The changes of blood water content (83.1-84.3%) and cardiac water content (77.5-78.3 gm/100gm WT) were observed. 4. In control animals myocardial potassium levels which averaged 30.2 mEq/100 gmDT rose significantly to 40.3 mEq/100 gmDT in shock (P<0.01), while moderate decreases in sodium(16.3-14.3 mEq/100 gmDT) were observed in shock. 5. The calculated transmembrane resting potential of left ventricular muscle of control animals averaged 95 mV, while rabbits in shock averaged 77 mV. (P <0.01). The findings of this experiment do not correspond with the conclusions that myocardial depression seems to be the cause of irreversible hemorrhagic shock, because the excitability of heart muscle is elevated. From the point of view that the lowered transmembrane resting potential, the cause of death in terminal stage of irreversible hemorrhagic shock may be ventricular fibrillation. It can't be said, however, that the lowered transmembrane resting potential is responsible for the transition from reversible to irreversible hemorrhagic shock. The marked increase in blood glucose suggested that glycogenolysis in the liver is favorably active in shock.

혈관 및 장관 평활근의 K-경축 발생기전

김기환,황상익,남기용,Kim, Ki-Whan,Hwang, Sang-Ik,Nam, Kee-Yong 대한생리학회 1979 대한생리학회지 Vol.13 No.1

The activation mechanism of K-induced contracture was studied in renal vascular muscle which does not generate an action potential readily and in taenia coli which generates a spike potential spontaneously. Helical strips of arterial muscle from rabbit renal arteries and longitudinal strips of taenia coli from guinea-pig's colons, respectively, were prepared. All experiments were performed in Tris-buffered Tyrode solution which was aerated with 100% $O_2$ and kept $35^{\circ}C$. Renal arterial muscles developed the contracture rapidly, which was composed of a small phasic and a large tonic components, when exposed to a 40 mM K-Tyrode solution. In the absence of external $Ca^{++}$, however, no K-contracture appeared. The contracture induced by K-depolarization was abolished by the treatment with verapamil, which is known to be a selective $Ca^{++}-blocker$ through potential-sensitive $Ca^{++}-channel$. K-contracture of taenia coli showed the contracture composed of a large phasic and a small tonic components. In the $Ca^{++}-free$ Tyrode solution, only the tonic component was abolished and almost no change in the phasic component was observed. The amplitude of tonic component was dependent on the external $Ca^{++}$; The tonic component increased dose-dependently by a stepwise increase of the external $Ca^{++}$, and this component decreased in parallel with the increase of verapamil in the external medium. The results of this experiment suggest that K-contracture of rabbit renal artery is the direct result of the influx of the external $Ca^{++}$, while that of taenia coli is the result of both $Ca^{++}$ influx and the release of sequestered $Ca^{++}$.

학령인구 감소에 따른 지역별 대입지원자 감소에 대한 예측연구

김기환,이창호,최보승,Kim, Ki Whan,Lee, Chang Ho,Choi, Boseung 한국데이터정보과학회 2015 한국데이터정보과학회지 Vol.26 No.6

20년 이상 유지된 낮은 합계출산율은 학령인구 감소로 이어져 고등학교 졸업자 수가 급격히 감소하는 상황에 직면하게 되었고, 교육부는 2014년 1월 향 후 10년간 약 16만 명에 해당하는 대학 입학정원을 강제로 감축하는 대학 구조개혁 추진 계획을 발표였다. 대학의 정원감축은 피할 수 없는 문제이지만, 대학 구조개혁 추진계획의 주된 근거로 교육부가 제시한 것은 통계청의 18세 전국 장래 추계인구와 2014년 전국단위 대학정원의 비교자료뿐이다. 대학정원의 감축이 학생, 대학, 지역경제까지 큰 파장을 미치는 것임을 고려할 때, 교육부의 근거가 세밀하지 못한 것에 아쉬움이 따를 수밖에 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 고3 수험생, 재수생을 포함하는 대학수학능력시험 응시자를 16개 시도 별로 2032년까지 전망하고 지역별 특성을 비교하였다. 16개 시도 별 현재의 대학정원이 2032년까지 계속된다는 가정 아래서 16개 시도 별 대학수학능력시험 응시자 전망결과를 이용하여 지역별 대학 충원율을 산출을 시도하였으나, 수험생의 지역 간 이동을 반영할 수 없어 현실적인 전망결과를 산출하지 못하였다. 이 문제의 해결을 위하여 본 연구에서는 2014학년도 대학배치표 상의 학과순위가 계속 유지된다는 가정에서 전체 일반대학 7,277개 학과 순위를 추정하고, 이 학과들의 정원을 전체 대학 정원에서 차감해 가는 방법으로 지역별 대학 충원율을 2032년까지 산출하였다. 16개 시도 별로 산출된 대학 충원율은 전국단위로 보았을 때보다 지역별 특성과 문제점을 좀 더 확연하게 보여주었다. The Ministry of Education of Korea announced the university structural reform plans which reduces 160,000 of the university entrance quota during 10 years from January 2014. Because the reduction plans of entrance quota influence regional economy as well as students and universities, naive evidence of the Ministry of Education of Korea is disappointed. In this research, we forecast the total number of the university entrance exam candidate by 2032 including not only third grade high school students but also repeaters according to the 16 metropolises and provinces in Korea. We also forecast the regional university recruiting rate using the forecasts of the total number of the university entrance exam candidates. However, we can not make more realistic results because we can not apply the inter-regional movement of students to the forecast. In order to handle this limitation, we first estimated the rank of the whole 7,277 departments of all universities in Korea and assigned the quotas according to the estimated rank for each departments and then we calculated the local university recruiting rate. The estimated the university recruiting rates of 16 metropolises and provinces can provide more noticeable results of characteristics and problems than that of nationwide.

청소년 자살의 특성과 유형에 관한 연구

김기환(Ki Whan Kim),전명희(Myung Hee Chun) 한국아동복지학회 2000 한국아동복지학 Vol.- No.9

청소년의 자살 문제는 삶을 위협하는 매우 중대한 일임과 동시에 가족, 학교 및 사회에 영향을 미치는 사회 문제임에도 불구하고 청소년 자살의 특성을 규명하는 체계적인 연구가 매우 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 최근 6년간 신문기사에 나타난 청소년 자살자들의 특성과 유형을 밝혀내고자 하였다. 이를 위해 스트레스-취약성 모델의 관점에서 청소년 자살의 원인을 자살의 취약성 요인과 촉발사건과의 관계에서 분석하여 청소년 자살의 특성을 살펴보았다. 또한 취약성 요인과 촉발사건의 두 축에 의하여 청소년 자살을 취약형 자살(33.3%), 사건반응형 자살(51.1%), 그리고 복합형 자살(15.6%)로 유형화하였다. 사건반응형 자살은 다시 충동형과 지연형으로 나누었으며, 이러한 유형에 따라 사회사업적 개입방법을 제시하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 신문기사의 자료를 분석한 한계점을 가지고 있으나, 최근 우리 나라 청소년 자살의 특성을 살펴보고 이를 유형화하여, 각 유형에 따라 차별적 자살예방의 전략을 제공해준다는 점에서 의미가 있다. Teenage suicide is not a personal problem caused by suicidal individual`s characteristics but a social problem influenced by various social factors. However research studies identifying causes, types, and intervention of teenage suicide has been limited. The purpose of this study is to identify the types and characteristics of teenage suicides by analyzing the reports that have appeared in daily newspapers for the last 6 years. The results of this study are: 1) 44.4% of the suicide reports mention risk factors, such as divorced parents, 2) 56.9% of the suicidal reports mention precipitating events, such as failure to enter college, 3) types of teenage suicide are categorized as risk type, event-response type (which is further divided into impulse and delayed responses) and compound response type. Based on the types of teenage suicide, this paper suggests prevention and intervention methods in school settings.

결장뉴 전기활동도에 대한 칼슘 길항제의 영향

김기환(Kim, Ki-Whan),김우겸(Kim, Woo-Gyeum) 대한생리학회 1985 대한생리학회지 Vol.19 No.1

The influences of Ca²⁺-antagonists, verapamil and Mn²⁺, upon the spontaneous electrical activity and contractions were studied in guinea-pig taenia coli. Spontaneous contractions were recorded with force transducer, and spike action potentials were measured extracellularly by use of suction electrode. All experiments were performed in tris-buffered Tyrode solution Which was aerated With 100% O₂ and kept at 35℃. The results obtained were as follows : 1) Verapamil suppressed the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous contractions dose dependently, and blocked completely mechanical responses at the concentration of 1 mg/1. 2) The frequency of bursts of spike discharge(bursts frequency) and the number of spikes in a burst(spikes frequency) were reduced in a dose¡¤dependent manner within the concentration range of 10^-5 to 10^-3g/l, and bursts frequency was affected more readily at a low concentration of 10^-5g/l verapamil. 3) The verapamil_induced suppression of spontaneous contractions in the Tyrode solution containing 1 mM Ca²⁺ was completely antagonized by the addition of extra Ca²⁺ to the Tyrode solution (2 m MCa²⁺). 4) Mn²⁺ suppressed the amplitude of spontaneous contractions, whereas Mn²⁺ accelerated the frequency dose-dependently within the range of low concentrations(10^-7 to 10^-4 M Mn²⁺). 5) The bursts frequency determining frequency of spontaneous contractions was increased in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the spikes frequency known to determine the contractions amplitude was reduced within the range of low concentrations. At a high concentration of 1 mM Mn²⁺, however, all spontaneous contractile responses were blocked simultaneously with the disapperance of electrical activity. 6) The frequency and amplitude of spontaneous contractions altered by Mn²⁺ in 1mM Ca²⁺ Tyrode were increased by extra Ca²⁺(2mM).

학생복지를 위한 학교사회사업의 필요성

김기환(Ki Whan Kim) 한국아동복지학회 1996 한국아동복지학 Vol.- No.4

학교사회사업은 사회사업실천의 전문분야로서 학생들의 심리사회적 역기능을 수정 보완하는 사회사업의 궁극적인 목적은 물론 모든 학생들이 자신의 잠재력을 개발하여 자아실현을 이루는 교육 목적도 실현하도록 하는 이중적 기능을 수행한다. 따라서 학교사회사업은 학교부적응으로 인해 발생되는 청소년 비행, 가출, 폭력, 범죄 등의 학생문제를 예방할 수 있으며 모든 학생들이 질적으로 향상된 학교생활을 영위하도록 도와줌으로서 학생복지를 달성하는 기초가 되기도 한다. 이러한 학교사회사업의 도입은 우리 나라의 사회복지계와 교육계에서 시급히 요구되어지는 당면과제로서 본 연구는 학교사회사업에 대한 특성과 역할을 살펴보면서 초등학교에서부터 이의 도입이 필요한 이유를 제시하고 지역사회복지관과 연계된 학교사회사업의 도입 방안을 제시하였다.

조건부 가치측정법을 이용한 지불의사비교에 관한 연구

김기환 ( Ki Whan Kim ) 한국행정학회 2004 韓國行政學報 Vol.38 No.3

이 연구는 조건부 가치측정법을 이용하여, 낙동강의 상·하류지역의 주민들을 대상으로 수질에 대한 가치를 지불의사를 통해 측정하였다. 연구의 결과는 응답자의 거주지역에 따라 수질에 대한 지불의사 차이가 생기며 이는 상이한 지역적 이해관계에 근거한다는 것이다. 즉, 상류지역 주민들은 상류지역에 건설될 산업공단으로 인해 경제적 혜택을 기대하는 심리에서 상대적으로 높은 지불의사를 보인 반면, 하류지역 주민들은 산업시설이 입지함으로써 식수원이 오염될 것을 예상하면서 수질에 대한 낮은 지불의사를 보였다. 하류지역 주민들의 상대적으로 낮은 지불의사수준은 산업시설로 인한 수질오염에 대한 관리비용은 오염에 책임이 있는 상류지역 주민들이 부담해야 한다는 입장에서 연유한다고 여겨진다. 이렇듯 지역적으로 차이가 나는 지불의사수준은 현재 지역적으로 차별 없이 부과됨으로 인해 일부지역 주민들로부터 반발을 불러일으키고 있는 물이용부담금제를 오염자부담원칙의 시각에서 정책적으로 재고할 수 있는 시사점을 제공해준다. 이밖에 이 연구의 결과를 토대로 향후 상류지역에 입지할 예정인 대규모 산업시설의 정책적 타당성에 대한 비용편익분석을 통해 논란이 되고 있는 위천공단 건설사업에 대한 합리적인 정책대안을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Session 1 : Korea-Japan Joint Session ; Regulation of Colonic Motility

김기환 ( Ki Whan Kim ) 대한소화관운동학회 2004 심포지움 Vol.10 No.1