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오윤경,장미영,강인철,오종석,이현철,Oh, Yoon-Kyeong,Chang, Mee-Young,Kang, In-Chol,Oh, Jong-Suk,Lee, Hyun-Chul The Korean Society for Radiation Oncology 1997 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.15 No.3
목적 : 방사선조사가 세포내재성 병원균인 Listeria monocytogenes (LM)의 감염에 미치는 영향과 함께 감염면역과 밀접한 관계가 있는 대식세포에서의 $TNF-\alpha$ 및 Nitric oxide (NO) 생산능의 변화와 비장세포에서의 $IFN-\gamma$ 및 IL-2생산능에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 본 실험을 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 실험동물로는 BALB/c 마우스를 사용하였으며 Co-60 원격치료기를 이용하여 방사선을 조사하였다. LM감염에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위해서 방사선조사 1일후 $10^5$의 LM균을 복강내에 주사하고 1일, 3일, 5일후에 비장조직에서 LM생균수를 측정하였다. 방사선조사가 마우스의 생체내에서와 시험관내에서의 $TNF-\alpha$의 생산능에 미치는 효과를 관찰하기 위해서 각각 LPS로 유도하여 L929/Actinomycin D assay에 의해 $TNF-\alpha$량을 측정하였다. $IFN-\gamma$의 생성능은 방사선조사후 비장을 적출하여 비장세포액을 제조하여 Concavalin A (Con-A)로 자극한 후 정량검사를 하였다. IL-2의 생성능은 $IFN-\gamma$실험에서와 같이 비장세포를 얻어서 Con-A로 자극하여 CTLL-2세포의 성장촉진능력을 관찰함으로써 판정하였다. 방사선조사가 복강내 대식세포에서 생산되는 NO에 미치는 영향도 관찰하였다. 결과 : 방사선 (300cGy)을 조사한 군에 LM을 감염시킨 1일후 비장으로부터 검출되는 생균수는 대조군에 비해 감소하였으나 감염 3일 5일후의 생균수는 대조군에 비하여 오히려 증가하였다. 시험관내 복강대식세포에 방사선 (100-850cGy)을 조사하면 1일후 생산되는 $TNF-\alpha$의 양은 대조군에 비하여 증가하였으나, 방사선조사 (100-600cGy) 5일후 수집된 복강대식세포에 의한 $TNF-\alpha$의 생산은 오히려 감소하였고. 방사선조사 (300cGy)후 LM감염시 5일후 유도된 생체내 $TNF-\alpha$의 생산도 대조군에 비해 감소하였다. 방사선 (300cGy)을 조사한 마우스로부터 적출한 비장세포로부터 생산되는 $IFN-\gamma$와 IL-2의 양은 대조군에 비해 감소하였다. NO의 양은 100cGy 및 300cGy조사시 대조군에 비해 증가하였으며 그 이상 조사량을 증가하면 점차 감소하였다. 결론 : 방사선조사후 세포내재성 병원균인 LM감염에 대한 초기 저항성의 증가와 감염중반이후의 저항성 감소는 대식세포에서의 초기 $TNF-\alpha$ 생산능 증가후 감소, 그리고 T림프구에서의 $IFN-\gamma$및 IL-2 생산능 감소와 관련이 있을 것으로 사료된다. Purpose : To evaluate the qualitative immunologic changes by ionizing radiation. we studied the altered capacities of the macrophages and lymphocytes to produce cytokines in conjunction with resistance to Listeria monocytegenes (LM) infection in mice Materials and Methods : BALB/c mice and Listeria monocytogenes were used. The mice were infected intraperitoneally with $10^5LM$ at 1 day after irradiation (300cGy) and sacrificed at 1, 3, 5 days after infection, and then the numbers of viable LM per spleen in the irradiated and control group were counted. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($TNF-\alpha$), interferon-gamma ($IFN-\gamma$). interleukin-2 (IL-2), and nitric oxide (NO) were assessed after irradiation. Results : Under gamma-ray irradiation with a dose range of 100-850cGy, the number of total splenocytes decreased markedly in a dose-dependent manner, while peritoneal macrophages did so slightly Cultured peritoneal macrophages produced more $TNF-\alpha$ in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during the 24 hours after in vitro irradiation, but their capacity of $TNF-\alpha$ Production showed a decreased tendency at 5 days after in vivo total body irradiation. With 100cGy and 300cGy irradiation, cultured peritoneal macrophages produced more NO in the presence of LPS during the 24 hours after in vitro irradiation than without irradiation. Activated splenocytes from irradiated mice (300cGy) exhibited a decreased capacity to Produce IL-2 and $IFN-\gamma$ with Concavalin-A stimulation at 3 days after irradiation. When BALB/c mice were irradiated to the total body with a dose of 300cGy, they showed enhanced resistance during early innate phase, but a significant inhibition of resistance to LM was found in the late innate and acquired T-cell dependent phases. Conclusion : These results su99es1 that increased early innate and decreased late innate and acquired immunity to LM infection by ionizing radiation (300cGy) may be related to the biphasic altered capacity of the macrophages to produce $TNF-\alpha$ and the decreased capacities of the lymphocytes to produce IL-2 and $IFN-\gamma$ in addition to a marked decrease in the total number of cells.
여인철,강인철,Yeo, In-Chul,Kang, In-Cheol 한국분말야금학회 2015 한국분말재료학회지 (KPMI) Vol.22 No.1
In this study, the control of microstructure for increasing surface roughness of Al with an electro-chemical reaction and a post treatment is systematically investigated. The Al specimen is electro-chemically treated in an electrolyte. In condition of the post treatment at $100^{\circ}C$ for 10 min, a change of the surface microstructure occur at 50V (5 min), and a oxidized layer is at 400V, to which lead a decreasing surface roughness. The minimum temperature of the post treatment for a change of microstructure is $80^{\circ}C$. Moreover, in the condition of 300V (5 min), the electro-chemical reaction is followed by the post treatment at $100^{\circ}C$, the critical enduring time for the change of microstructure is 3 min. The longer post treatment time leads to the rougher surface. The treated Al specimen demonstrate better heat release ability owing to the higher surface roughness than the non-treated Al.
강인철 ( In-chul Kang ) 한국사회사학회 1997 사회와 역사 Vol.52 No.-
This pa per is based upon two concerns. One is to find the characteristics of Korean religious nones in comparative contexts. The other is to trace recent changes in the size, social demographic composition, and religiosity of the Korean religious nones. The main findings of this study can be summarized into (1) the sharp decrease in the size of religious-none population during last five decades, (2) the differentiation of social demographic composition of religious nones, (3) the decrease of religious concerns and polarization of religiosity on the part of the religious nones, and (4) the increase of the critical attitude of religious nones toward the existing religions and religious people. Therefore, typical images of the Korean religious nones, who were believed to be relatively homogeneous and highly religious, must be redefined. And seeing this change, rapid growth of religious population would be slackened and therefore competitions among existing religions would be strengthened.