6종 漢譯 ≪金剛經≫에 나타난 의미의 전달과 의미의 생성

강경구 대한중국학회 2010 중국학 Vol.37 No.-

此文探討六種漢譯≪金剛經≫所表現的諸般內容與特形式徵, 其硏究結果如何。一、鳩摩羅什譯文出於名詞形思惟方式, 與此相比玄獎譯文出於動詞形思惟方式。通過考察, 我們可以發現, 印度語與動詞形思考有密切關係, 而漢語與名詞形思考有關係。鳩摩羅什考慮中國的傳達性, 將印度的動詞形語言飜譯成中國的名詞形語言。二、鳩摩羅什等人有時爲了佛敎發揮宗敎權威, 在 飜譯過程中把原的內容縮約或變形。而過了一段時間佛敎已在中國社會確保一定的地位, 不需要有意强化佛敎的宗敎權威, 因此玄獎等人把鳩摩羅什的舊譯改譯成新譯, 此新譯回復了≪金剛經≫的原來面目。三、佛爲何佛? 是因爲做了些什麽偉大的工作? 實際上佛給我們開導了的那個新途經, 不外乎回復到現在這個位置, 時時刻刻覺悟認識‘這個’罷了。所以如果有人問佛爲什麽偉大,那我們只能用一個文章回答, 就是因爲佛無處不有。但是中國的文化環境裏,人的偉大, 決定於他所作的偉大工作。鳩摩羅什重視這種文化特徵, 就把佛從原來存在的次元移過來, 在道德主義的次元强調他的偉大性。 .

직역과 의역의 대화 - 我․人․衆生․壽者相의 번역과 해석에 대한 고찰

강경구 중국인문학회 2009 中國人文科學 Vol.0 No.41

直译与意译恐怕是自有人类的翻译实践以来,便一直存在的了. 要取哪種譯法, 飜譯者根據自己的世界觀與語言觀, 採取不同的態度. 但是在讀者接受這些飜譯物時, 只能有每個人獨特的經驗形態. 因此我們應該重視異文化飜譯以後發生如何的影向, 成立如何的意義. 此文考察≪金剛經≫的四相(我相ㆍ人相ㆍ衆生相ㆍ壽者相)飜譯介紹以后有哪些意味轉換與意味生成. 考察的結果如下. 一. 根據梵本, 整理四相的文本意味. 通過考察我們可以知道, 我相指主張眞我實體的想法, 人相指主張輪回主體的看法, 衆生相是指主張有生命的根本核心的說法, 壽者相指主張靈魂實體的觀念. 二. 鳩摩羅什重視讀者接受時的效果, 玄獎重視正確傳達佛敎原來的敎理. 但是鳩摩羅什譯≪金剛經≫的盛行, 就能證明飜譯及接受過程中的互相活潑作用. 三. 各朝代有各不相同的解釋內容. 本文具體考察各朝代有什麽樣的特性. 其結果可以如下簡單整理. 1) 晉隨時期: 向印度學者, 認眞學習的階段. 2) 唐代初期: 了解世親等印度學者的觀點, 深化理解及再整理的階段. 3) 當代後期: 慧能等傑出的宗敎家在佛敎着根于中國這一側面, 已告完成的階段. 4) 宋代: 與新儒學互相交流, 經典解釋相也可以發現其深大的影向. 5) 明代: 幾個皇帝也主持≪金剛經≫的集注事業, 因此在表面上這一個時期可以說是興隆發展時代. 5) 淸代: 考證訓詁學的影向之下, ≪金剛經≫的解釋也經常出現對於個別字與個別句的考證與訓詁.

관동대지진 조선인 학살 전후 ‘불령선인’을 둘러싼 언설과 시책

강경자(康慶子) 한국일본문화학회 2020 日本文化學報 Vol.0 No.86

This paper is a reconsideration of the whole story of the massacre of the Korean people in the Great Kanto Earthquake by examining the discourse and policies of the Japanese government before and after the incident. The Japanese government used this catastrophe to annihilate Korean anti-Japanese nationalists.This paper looked at how the word ‘Criminal Korean’ was made and circulated and how it was used to represent certain images in the Japanese society. A thorough examination of the documents of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs and an exhaustive inspection of the imposition of the Japanese martial law led to the reconstruction of the story of the massacre of the Korean people in the Great Kanto Earthquake. It was confirmed that the majority of ‘criminal Koreans’ were nationalists, independent activists, and officers of the provisional government. A comprehensive review of the content and the process of dispersal of groundless rumors right after the Great Earthquake, the content and purpose of the martial law, army and police movements after the imposition of the martial law, and the slaughter in the Narasino prison camp revealed that the policies and measures of the Japanese government were all focused on the annihilation of ‘criminal Koreans’.

근대무역과 화북경제권의 변화

강경락(姜京洛) 중국근현대사학회 2011 중국근현대사연구 Vol.49 No.-

[소설] 신호

강경은(姜景恩) 새얼문화재단 2024 황해문화 Vol.122 No.-

『서유기』 車遲國 도술시합의 불교적 독해

강경구(Kang, Kyong-Koo)(姜鯨求) 대한중국학회 2019 중국학 Vol.69 No.-

『서유기』는 삼장, 孫悟空 일행이 서천여행을 하면서 겪는 81가지 고난을 주된 내용으로 하고 있다. 이 81難은 완전한 진리의 성취에 이르기까지 거치게 되는 점차적 단계를 상징하는 것으로서 각각의 에피소드는 자기완결성과 전후맥락성을 동시에 갖추고 있다. 그래서 출발에서 도착에 이르기까지의 맥락적 관점에서 보면 전체 81난은 하나의 큰 원형고리를 형성하며, 자기완결적 관점에서 보면 각 에피소드는 전체의 큰 고리에 꿰어지는 작은 원형고리들이 된다. 그것은 중국선에서 완성된 돈오선과 점수선의 도리를 하나로 통합하여 수용한 결과로 보인다. 본고에서는 각각의 에피소드가 자기완결성을 갖고 어떻게 전체적인 전후맥락성을 구성하는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 그것은 車遲國의 도술시합이 中道, 對法 등과 같은 불교적 진리와 실천을 어떻게 비유적으로 형상화하고 있는지를 해석하는 방식을 취하게 될 것이다. The Journey to the west(西遊記) mainly deals with the 81 trials, that the monk Xuanzang(玄奘) s travel group suffers from the traveling to India. These 81 trials symbolize the gradual steps that lead to the attainment of perfect truth, each episode having both self-completeness and contextuality. So from departure to arrival, the whole 81 trials form a large circular ring, and each episode becomes a small circular ring that fits into the big ring of the whole. It seems to be the result of accepting the two types of Chinese Zen: Zen of sudden-enlightenment & Zen of Gradual practices. In this paper, we will analyze the magic matches in the Che-Chi country(車遲國). It includes raining matche, meditation matche, clairvoyance matche, and the matche of dead and Resurrection. In the Che-Chi country the monk, the three taoists, and the king obsessed with me and mine and are losing their balance of midway(中道). Sun wu kong(孫悟空) breaks down their obsession through the series of matches. First, Sun Wu Kong save the monks by breaking the carts. and he throw out the Statue of god into the toilet In order to break down the error of the ultimate sublime dimension and existence. This is the way of emphasize relativity(對法) of Hui-Neng(惠能). In the raining matche it teaches the way of put down obsession of the self, in the meditation matche it teaches the way of stop the assimilation with a subject, in the clairvoyance matche it teaches that all things have no substance, and finally in the matche of dead and resurrection it teaches that life appears in various forms.

20世紀 前半期 天津近代貿易과 農産物市場

강경락(姜京洛) 중국근현대사학회 2010 중국근현대사연구 Vol.45 No.-

Effects of Gardening Activities on Parenting Stress and Mental Health of Parents of Children with Developmental Disabilities

강경임,윤숙영 인간식물환경학회 2022 인간식물환경학회지 Vol.25 No.4

Background and objective: This study was conducted to investigate the psychological and emotional effects of gardening activities held on the campus of D University on parents of children with developmental disabilities. Methods: There were 12 study subjects, including 11 parents of children with developmental disabilities, and 1 grandmother as a primary caregiver. A gardening program was conducted for 30 sessions twice a week over 3 months, from August 21 to November 27, 2021. Gardening activities including gardening practice and plant monitoring were performed in a 'healing garden' on the campus of D University, in a program designed to combine activities on the trail and those in an outdoor garden on the campus. Tests were conducted to verify the effects of such activities, including the Parenting Stress Index (K-PSI-4) and Korean-style mental health assessment (MHA) with 5 types of scales (depression, anxiety, daily vitality, quality of life, and mindfulness). Results: Based on the K-PSI-4 results, the total parenting stress level was decreased from 261.6 points in the pre-test to 241.5 points in the post-test, and notably, the stress level in the Child domain decreased by a significant level, from 120.1 to 109.1 points (p < .05). In the subscale of Acceptability in the Child domain, and the subscale of Isolation in the Parent domain, there were significant changes, from 19.6 to 17.2 points and from 16.2 to 12.6 points, respectively (p < .05). Based on the Korean-style MHA results, there were significant changes in depression, from 3.34 points in the pre-test to 1.24 points in the post-test, and in the daily vitality scale, from 18.25 to 21.38 points (p < .05). In a survey of participants' satisfaction with the program, all participants answered that their daily stress was relieved, which was the most common response given. This was followed by "acquiring knowledge about plants and gardens" and "maintaining physical health." Conclusion: The gardening program had psychological and psychological effects on parents of children with developmental disabilities, including the effects of reducing parenting stress and lowering depression and anxiety. It is expected that gardening programs will play a good role as a support program for persons with disabilities or diseases, as well as for their caregivers and guardians.

도쿄재판이 전후 일본국민의 평화의식에 미친 영향

강경자(康慶子) 한국일본문화학회 2018 日本文化學報 Vol.0 No.76

This study aims to examine the effects of the Tokyo Trial on the peace awareness of postwar Japanese people. By investigating the arguments of the Tokyo Trial defendants and their lawyers in court, the attitudes of the media towards the Tokyo Trial, and postwar public opinion polls, this study demonstrates the impacts of the Tokyo Trial on Japanese society and public awareness. All the testimonies of the defendants and the claims of the defense attorneys denied the war responsibilities of the war criminals, the Japanese emperor, and the nation. Additionally, the defendants and the defense attorneys questioned the validity of the Trial, justifying Japan’s aggressive war as self-defense war. Moreover, the media at the time shifted the war responsibilities only to some warlords, exonerating the Japanese emperor, political leaders, and citizens. Thus, the Japanese people perceived themselves as victims of warlords, and the negative image of the Trial made them feel that they were victims of a lost war. The opinion polls reveal that signs of repentance about the Japanese invasion and a sense of guilt towards Asian countries was absent in the Japanese public attitude. Rather, the victimhood of a lost war resulting from the Trial was detrimental to postwar Japan’s peace awareness and accelerated the rightward shift. Critical studies and discussions of the Tokyo Trial are required in order for Japanese people to recognize the aggressive war crimes perpetrated by their country and establish peace awareness.

통제적 불교관리를 통한 불교중국화의 지향과 현실 : 「坚持佛教中国化方向五年工作规划纲要」를 중심으로

강경구(Kang, Kyong-koo)(姜鯨求) 대한중국학회 2020 중국학 Vol.70 No.-

본고는 불교중국화 5개년 계획에 제시된 8대 중점사업 중 전반부 4가지 사업을 중심으로 고찰을 진행한 논문이다. 8대 중점사업을 개관해보면 그 전반부 4가지 사업은 통제성, 수렴성이 농후하다는 점에서 확산성, 팽창성을 특징으로 하는 후반부 4가지 사업과 차별화된다. 사상 및 법률법규의 학습을 통한 불교중국화에 대한 고찰에서는 사회주의 사상, 애국주의 사상, 법률과 법규에 관한 학습이 자발적이라는 명목 하에 규범화, 제도화되어 시행되고 있는 상황을 살펴본다. 불교사상의 새로운 해석을 통한 불교중국화에 대한 고찰에서는 사회주의 핵심가치관에 의한 불교 교리의 해석과 인간불교 사상의 계승발전을 중심으로 그 지향과 현실적 상황을 살펴본다. 교풍의 건설을 통한 불교중국화에 대한 고찰에서는 승려관리의 강화와 설법교류활동의 확대, 상업화 차단 등에 대한 지향과 실천을 중심으로 고찰한다. 마지막으로 제도 및 관리체계의 수립을 통한 불교중국화에 대한 고찰에서는 다양한 규정의 제정을 통한 제도화 움직임에 대해 살펴보고, 관리시스템이 민주관리위원회를 중심으로 재편되고 있음을 살펴본다. This study examined The Sinicization of Buddhism. it places importance on learning about socialist thoughts, patriotism thoughts, and laws. This learning Activities are standardized and institutionalized. Second, Sinicization of Buddhism promotes a new interpretation of Buddhist thought. It is centered on the interpretation of Buddhist doctrine by The core values of Chinese socialism. and the development of human Buddhism is added here. Third, Sinicization of Buddhism Pursues the establishment of Pure Buddhist ethos. It includes strengthening religious discipline, strengthening Temple Management management, strengthening monk management, expanding Preaching Exchange activities, and blocking commercialization. In this review, we have argued that the assertion of the Pure Buddhist ethos is justification and that political control is the real purpose. Fourth, The Sinicization of Buddhism intends to promote the establishment of institutions and management systems. Various regulations are being enacted for this purpose, and the establishment of the Temple Democratic Management Committee is institutionalized. The establish of Corporation, one of the important sub-projects of the Temple Management, is also actively underway. The most important thing here is the establishment and operation of the committee.