Eliminating Waste : Strategies for Sustainable Manure Management - Review -

Richard, T.L.,Choi, H.L. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1999 Animal Bioscience Vol.12 No.7

Modern livestock production facilities face both challenges and opportunities with respect to sustainable manure management practices. Nutrient recycling is constrained by the size of modern livestock operations, the low nutrient density of liquid manures, and the spatial and temporal variability of manure nutrient concentrations. These constraints can and must be addressed or farmers will be increasingly drawn to nutrient wasting strategies such as anaerobic lagoons, wetlands, and other systems designed to treat and discharge nutrients to the environment. Intentional discharge of nutrients is difficult to justify in a sustainable agricultural production system, since replacing those nutrients through chemical fertilization requires considerable expenditure of energy. In contrast, there are several currently viable technologies which provide the homogenization and stabilization needed to successfully compete against chemical fertilizers, including composting, pelletization, and anaerobic digestion. Some of these technologies, particularly anaerobic digestion and composting, also open up increased opportunities to market the energy and nutrients in manure to non-agricultural uses. Future advances in biotechnology are likely to demonstrate additional options to transform manure into fuels, chemicals, and other non-agricultural products.

고함수물질의 퇴비화 : 톱밥절약형 계분의 생건조 (생건조) 퇴비화 시스템 개발

최홍림 ( H L Choi ),( T. L. Richard ),김현태 ( H T Kim ) 한국축산학회 1996 한국축산학회지 Vol.38 No.6

A pilot scale enclosed composting reactor was developed and tested to enhance the biologically heated drying of high-moisture materials while minimizing water amendment requirements. This biodryer consisted of two horizontal cylindrical chambers with internal augers for mixing and materials transport as well as a forced aeration system. Two tests were run using poultry manure as a feedstock, with and without sawdust amendment. Manure was added to the biodryer sequentially, every other day during each 6 day run. Moisture content, temperature, H₂S emission, C/N ratio, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and seedling germination rates were measured throughout each run. Results indicated that while amendment was required to maintain aerobic conditions, sequential feeding effectively recycled the amendment through multiple batches of manure, significantly reducing amendment requirements. The average VS removal rate was calculated at 56%o, while moisture removal was estimated at 45% of the total applied. Estimates of the fraction of biologically generated energy used for evaporation ranged from approximately 27% to 46%, which are relatively low due to the high conductive energy losses from this pilot scale reactor. Additional trials with a full scale, well insulated prototype should result in increased moisture removal efficiency.

Malaria Parasites and Red Blood Cells: from Anaemia to Transmission

Richard E. L. Paul,Paul T. Brey 한국분자세포생물학회 2003 Molecules and cells Vol.15 No.2

Lupus and Perioperative Complications in Elective Primary Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty

Keith T Aziz,Matthew J Best,Richard L Skolasky,Karthik E Ponnusamy,Robert S Sterling,Harpal S Khanuja 대한정형외과학회 2020 Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery Vol.12 No.1

Background: The number of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (herein, lupus) undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is increasing. There is disagreement about the effect of lupus on perioperative complication rates. We hypothesized that lupus would be associated with higher complication rates in patients who undergo elective primary THA or TKA. Methods: Records of more than 6.2 million patients from the National Inpatient Sample who underwent elective primary THA or TKA from 2000 to 2009 were reviewed. Patients with lupus (n = 38,644) were compared with those without lupus (n = 6,173,826). Major complications were death, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, stroke, pneumonia, and acute renal failure. Minor complications were wound infection, seroma, deep vein thrombosis, hip dislocation, wound dehiscence, and hematoma. Patient age, sex, duration of hospital stay, and number of Elixhauser comorbidities were assessed for both groups. Multivariate logistic regression models using comorbidities, age, and sex as covariates were used to assess the association of lupus with major and minor perioperative complications. The alpha level was set to 0.001. Results: Among patients who underwent THA, those with lupus were younger (mean age, 56 vs. 65 years), were more likely to be women (87% vs. 56%), had longer hospital stays (mean, 4.0 vs. 3.8 days), and had more comorbidities (mean, 2.5 vs. 1.4) than those without lupus (all p < 0.001). In patients with THA, lupus was independently associated with major complications (odds ratio [OR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 1.7) and minor complications (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.5). Similarly, among patients who underwent TKA, those with lupus were younger (mean, 62 vs. 67 years), were more likely to be women (93% vs. 64%), had longer hospital stays (mean, 3.8 vs. 3.7 days), and had more comorbidities (mean, 2.8 vs. 1.7) than those without lupus (all p < 0.001). However, in TKA patients, lupus was not associated with greater odds of major complications (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.9 to 1.4) or minor complications (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.9 to 1.3). Conclusions: Lupus is an independent risk factor for major and minor perioperative complications in elective primary THA but not TKA.

The Association of Delirium with Perioperative Complications in Primary Elective Total Hip Arthroplasty

Keith T Aziz,Matthew J Best,Zan Naseer,Richard L Skolasky,Karthik E Ponnusamy,Robert S Sterling,Harpal S Khanuja 대한정형외과학회 2018 Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery Vol.10 No.3

Background: Our goal was to determine whether postoperative delirium is associated with inpatient complication rates after primary elective total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods: Using the National Inpatient Sample, we analyzed records of patients who underwent primary elective THA from 2000 through 2009 to identify patients with delirium (n = 13,551) and without delirium (n = 1,992,971) and to assess major perioperative complications (acute renal failure, death, myocardial infarction, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and stroke) and minor perioperative complications (deep vein thrombosis, dislocation, general procedural complication, hematoma, seroma, and wound infection). Patient age, sex, length of hospital stay, and number of comorbidities were assessed. We used multivariate logistic regression to determine the association of delirium with complication rates (significance, p < 0.01). Results: Patients with delirium were older (mean, 75 ± 0.2 vs. 65 ± 0.1 years), were more likely to be male (56% vs. 52%), had longer hospital stays (mean, 5.7 ± 0.07 vs. 3.8 ± 0.02 days), and had more comorbidities (mean, 2.8 ± 0.03 vs. 1.4 ± 0.01) (all p < 0.001) versus patients without delirium. Patients with delirium were more likely to have major (11% vs. 3%) and minor (17% vs. 7%) perioperative complications versus patients without delirium (both p < 0.001). When controlling for age, sex, and number of comorbidities, delirium was independently associated with major and minor complications (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.7 to 2.3). Conclusions: Delirium is an independent risk factor for major and minor perioperative complications after primary elective THA.

심방세동의 수술적 치료

Cox, James L.,Boineau, John P.,Schuessler, Richard B.,Ferguson, T. Bruce,Cain, Michael E.,Lindsay, Bruce D.,Corr, Peter B.,Kater, Kathy M.,Lappas, Demeterios G.,장낭수 대한의학협회 1992 대한의학협회지 Vol.35 No.5

Will Dengue Vaccines Be Used in the Public Sector and if so, How? Findings from an 8-country Survey of Policymakers and Opinion Leaders

Douglas, Don L.,DeRoeck, Denise A.,Mahoney, Richard T.,Wichmann, Ole Public Library of Science 2013 PLoS neglected tropical diseases Vol.7 No.3

<▼1><P><B>Background</B></P><P>A face-to-face survey of 158 policymakers and other influential professionals was conducted in eight dengue-endemic countries in Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam) and Latin America (Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Nicaragua) to provide an indication of the potential demand for dengue vaccination in endemic countries, and to anticipate their research and other requirements in order to make decisions about the introduction of dengue vaccines. The study took place in anticipation of the licensure of the first dengue vaccine in the next several years.</P><P><B>Methods/Principal Findings</B></P><P>Semi-structured interviews were conducted on an individual or small group basis with government health officials, research scientists, medical association officers, vaccine producers, local-level health authorities, and others considered to have a role in influencing decisions about dengue control and vaccines. Most informants across countries considered dengue a priority disease and expressed interest in the public sector use of dengue vaccines, with a major driver being the political pressure from the public and the medical community to control the disease. There was interest in a vaccine that protects children as young as possible and that can fit into existing childhood immunization schedules. Dengue vaccination in most countries surveyed will likely be targeted to high-risk areas and begin with routine immunization of infants and young children, followed by catch-up campaigns for older age groups, as funding permits. Key data requirements for decision-making were additional local dengue surveillance data, vaccine cost-effectiveness estimates, post-marketing safety surveillance data and, in some countries vaccine safety and immunogenicity data in the local population.</P><P><B>Conclusions/Significance</B></P><P>The lookout for the public sector use of dengue vaccines in the eight countries appears quite favorable. Major determinants of whether and when countries will introduce dengue vaccines include whether WHO recommends the vaccines, their price, the availability of external financing for lower income countries, and whether they can be incorporated into countries' routine immunization schedules.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>Information gleaned from surveys of country-level policymakers and other opinion leaders can assist in planning the development, production and introduction of new or upcoming vaccines into public sector immunization programs. In the case of dengue vaccines, prevailing views among these leaders about the importance of the disease, their expressed level of interest in the government's use of the vaccine, and preferred strategies for vaccine introduction (e.g., geographically-targeted vs. nation-wide vaccination, specific age groups to target) can help to identify “early adopter” countries and indicate the level of demand for the vaccine. This information can be critical to current producers of the vaccine in planning their production capacity and to potential future producers in deciding whether to pursue development of the vaccine. This information also helps donors and international technical agencies, such as WHO and UNICEF, in setting their priorities and determining their level of technical and financial support to countries for the introduction of dengue vaccines. In addition, these surveys can provide crucial information to national governments and the above stakeholders about potential barriers to introducing dengue vaccines into national immunization programs, and what additional studies and data countries will require in order to make decisions about use of the vaccines in the public sector.</P></▼2>

OH (1720 MHz) MASERS: A MULTIWAVELENGTH STUDY OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE W51C SUPERNOVA REMNANT AND THE W51B STAR FORMING REGION

Brogan, C. L.,Goss, W. M.,Hunter, T. R.,Richards, A. M. S.,Chandler, C. J.,Lazendic, J. S.,Koo, B.-C.,Hoffman, I. M.,Claussen, M. J. IOP Publishing 2013 The Astrophysical journal Vol.771 No.2

<P>We present a comprehensive view of the W51B H II region complex and the W51C supernova remnant (SNR) using new radio observations from the VLA, VLBA, MERLIN, JCMT, and CSO along with archival data from Spitzer, ROSAT, ASCA, and Chandra. Our VLA data include the first lambda = 400 cm (74 MHz) continuum image of W51 at high resolution (88 ''). The 400 cm image shows non-thermal emission surrounding the G49.2-0.3 H II region, and a compact source of non-thermal emission (W51B_NT) coincident with the previously-identified OH (1720 MHz) maser spots, non-thermal 21 and 90 cm emission, and a hard X-ray source. W51B_NT falls within the region of high likelihood for the position of TeV gamma-ray emission. Using the VLBA, three OH (1720 MHz) maser spots are detected in the vicinity of W51B_NT with sizes of 60-300 AU and Zeeman effect magnetic field strengths of 1.5-2.2 mG. The multiwavelength data demonstrate that the northern end of the W51B HII region complex has been partly enveloped by the advancing W51C SNR and this interaction explains the presence of W51B_NT and the OH masers. This interaction also appears in the thermal molecular gas which partially encircles W51B_NT and exhibits narrow pre-shock (Delta v similar to 5 km s(-1)) and broad post-shock (Delta v similar to 20 km s(-1)) velocity components. RADEX radiative transfer modeling of these two components yield physical conditions consistent with the passage of a non-dissociative C-type shock. Confirmation of the W51B/W51C interaction provides additional evidence in favor of this region being one of the best candidates for hadronic particle acceleration known thus far.</P>

Elemental Sulfur and Molybdenum Disulfide Composites for Li–S Batteries with Long Cycle Life and High-Rate Capability

Dirlam, Philip T.,Park, Jungjin,Simmonds, Adam G.,Domanik, Kenneth,Arrington, Clay B.,Schaefer, Jennifer L.,Oleshko, Vladimir P.,Kleine, Tristan S.,Char, Kookheon,Glass, Richard S.,Soles, Christopher American Chemical Society 2016 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.8 No.21

<P>The practical implementation of Li-S technology has been hindered by short cycle life and poor rate capability owing to deleterious effects resulting from the varied solubilities of different Li polysulfide redox products. Here, we report the preparation and utilization of composites with a sulfur-rich matrix and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) particulate inclusions as Li-S cathode materials with the capability to mitigate the dissolution of the Li polysulfide redox products via the MoS2 inclusions acting as 'polysulfide anchors'. In situ composite formation was completed via a facile, one-pot method with commercially available starting materials. The composites were afforded by first dispersing MoS2 directly in liquid elemental sulfur (S-8) with sequential polymerization of the sulfur phase via thermal ring opening polymerization or copolymerization via inverse vulcanization. For the practical utility of this system to be highlighted, it was demonstrated, that the composite formation methodology was amenable to larger scale processes with composites easily prepared in 100 g batches. Cathodes fabricated with the high sulfur content composites as the active material afforded Li-S cells that exhibited extended cycle lifetimes of up to 1000 cycles with low capacity decay (0.07% per cycle) and demonstrated exceptional rate capability with the delivery of reversible capacity up to 500 mAh/g at 5 C.</P>

Phytonutrients Differentially Stimulate NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase, Inhibit Proliferation, and Trigger Mitotic Catastrophe in Hepa1c1c7 Cells

Steven J.T. Jackson,Keith W. Singletary,Laura L. Murphy,Richard C. Venema,Andrew J. Young 한국식품영양과학회 2016 Journal of medicinal food Vol.19 No.1

Phytonutrients have rapidly emerged as natural food chemicals possessing multifaceted biological actions thatmay support beneficial health outcomes. Among the vast array of phytonutrients currently being studied, sulforaphane, curcumin, quercetin, and resveratrol have been frequently reported to stimulate the expression of endogenous detoxification enzymes and may thereby facilitate the neutralization of otherwise harmful environmental agents. Some of these same phytonutrients, however, have also been implicated in disrupting normal cell proliferation and hence may possess toxic properties in and of themselves. In this study, we characterize the respective minimum threshold concentrations of the aforementioned phytonutrients in Hepa1c1c7 cells that stimulate NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), a key enzyme in the hepatic neutralization of menadione, other biological oxidants, and some environmental carcinogens. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that relatively low concentrations of either sulforaphane or curcumin significantly (P < .05) increase NQO1 protein expression and activity without triggering G2/M cell cycle arrest or mitotic catastrophe. The minimal quercetin concentration inducing NQO1, however, was 100-fold higher than that which disrupted mitosis. Also, while resveratrol modestly stimulated NQO1, the minimally effective resveratrol concentration concomitantly induced evidence of cellular apoptosis. Taken together, these findings indicate that only particular phytonutrients are likely efficacious in upregulating NQO1 activity without also leading to hepatic cytotoxicity.