Pepper transplanting mechanisms and kinematic simulation analysis: A review

HABINEZA ELIEZEL,Md Nasim Reza,Emmanuel Bicamumakuba,Md Asrakul Haque,박석호,이대현,Sun-Ok Chung,이예슬 사단법인 한국정밀농업학회 2024 정밀농업과학기술지 Vol.6 No.1

Pepper production plays a significant role in the global agricultural economy, yet traditional manual transplanting methods lead to labor intensity challenges, inconsistency, and time constraints. Transplanting mechanisms of pepper transplanters significantly affect the efficiency of the entire transplanting process. This study reviewed the available transplanters used in pepper seedling transplantation, transplanting mechanisms, and the kinematic simulation analysis. Pepper transplanters are categorized into manual, semi-automatic, and fully automatic types. Manual types include handheld and pulling types, while semi-automatic types involve manually seedling feeding with automatic planting such walking-behind, riding, and tractor-drawn models. Fully automatic transplanters synchronize seedling extracting, transfer to the conveyor, and continuous planting into the soil. Picking mechanism utilize pick-up pins, pushing action, and grippers, while planting mechanism is achieved through link-driven, wheel-driven, and rotary gear-driven hoppers. Recent advancements have emphasized 4- and 5-bar pick-up pin-type link-driven hoppers with 1 or 2 degrees of freedom for efficient seedling handling and planting. Kinematic simulation analysis emerges as a crucial tool used by engineers to better understand complex interactions, identify strengths and weaknesses in designs for the evaluation and optimization of mechanisms by modelling forces, motion, and system behavior. The transplanting mechanisms survey, the role of kinematic simulation, and key trends involved, such as increased automation, precision planting, and the integration of sensor technologies, could provide valuable information to farmers and manufacturers for identifying current gaps and improvement areas for enhancing innovation in pepper production.

Theoretical analysis of a wheel-driven dibbling mechanism for a single-row automatic pepper transplanter

( Eliezel Habineza ),( Md Nasim Reza ),( Shahriar Ahmed ),( Md Razob Ali ),( Emmanuel Bicamumakuba ),( Seok-ho Park ),( Sun-ok Chung ) 한국농업기계학회 2023 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.28 No.2

Mechanized pepper seedlings transplanting can increase pepper yield and the dibbling mechanism is a vital components of the transplanter that influences the efficiency. This study aimed at theoretical analysis of a wheel-driven dibbling mechanism through 3D modeling to optimize seedling planting speed and intervals based on agronomic requirements. Planting trajectory dimension was used to maintain inter-row distance and planting interval which were depending on wheel diameter and rotational speed. The wheel-driven dibbling mechanism comprised five key components : wheel, wheel support, roller, roller-guide , and transplanting hopper. Five static simulation trials determined the wheel diameters and planting trajectory dimensions , while five dynamic simulation trials selected the optimal operating speed and planting spacing based on forward speed velocity and acceleration. The optimal wheel diameter and planting trajectory dimension were 250 mm at 10 rpm. The optimal forward speed was 0.15 m/s for 39 seedlings/min. With a planting spacing of 150 mm, the velocity and acceleration along the x- and y-axis were 0.131 m/s, and 0.137 m/s², respectively. The findings can enhance wheel-driven dibbling mechanism design and would need validation through field tests.

Vegetable transplanters and kinematic analysis of major mechanisms: a review

Eliezel Habineza,Mohammod Ali,Md Nasim Reza,Jea-Keun Woo,Sun-Ok Chung,Yaxiu Hou 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2023 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.50 No.1

바이오매스 합성가스 적용을 위한 LPG 엔진발전기 개조 및 성능평가

엘리에젤하비네자 ( Eliezel Habineza ),홍성구 ( Hong Seong Gu ) 한국농공학회 2022 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.64 No.5

Syngas, also known as synthesis gas, synthetic gas, or producer gas, is a combustible gas mixture generated when organic material (biomass) is heated in a gasifier with a limited airflow at a high temperature and elevated pressure. The present research was aimed at modifying the existing LPG engine generator for fully operated syngas. During this study, the designed gasifier-powered woodchip biomass was used for syngas production to generate power. A 6.0 kW LPG engine generator was modified and tested for operation on syngas. In the experiments, syngas and LPG fuels were tested as test fuels. For syngas production, 3 kg of dry woodchips were fed and burnt into the designed downdraft gasifier. The gasifier was connected to a blower coupled with a slider to help the air supply and control the ignition. The convection cooling system was connected to the syngas flow pipe for cooling the hot produce gas and filtering the impurities. For engine modification, a customized T-shaped flexible air/fuel mixture control device was designed for adjusting the correct stoichiometric air-fuel ratio ranging between 1:1.1 and 1.3 to match the combustion needs of the engine. The composition of produced syngas was analyzed using a gas analyzer and its composition was; 13∼15 %, 10.2∼13 %, 4.1∼4.5 %, and 11.9∼14.6 % for CO, H₂, CH₄, and CO₂ respectively with a heating value range of 4.12∼5.01 MJ/Nm³. The maximum peak power output generated from syngas and LPG was recorded using a clamp-on power meter and found to be 3,689 watts and 5,001 watts, respectively. The results found from the experiment show that the LPG engine generator operated on syngas can be adopted with a de-ration rate of 73.78 % compared to its regular operating fuel.

Development of soil water content monitoring system using Raspberry Pi and Arduino communication

하비네자엘리에젤 ( Eliezel Habineza ),알리모하마드 ( Mohammod Ali ),아흐메드샤리아르 ( Shahriar Ahmed ),레자나심 ( Md Nasim Reza ),장영윤 ( Young Yoon Jang ),정선옥 ( Sun-ok Chung ) 한국농업기계학회 2022 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.27 No.2

Soil water content is a key requirement for plant growth and development. Monitoring the soil water content continuously at several locations may offer accurate water variability data for irrigation scheduling. The aim of the study was to design and fabricate an automated data acquisition system for monitoring the variations of soil water content within the experimental soil bin through Raspberry Pi and Arduino serial communication. For evaluating the sand soil water content variability, a soil bin test bench (3m*3m) containing sandy soil was built and 90 soil water content sensors were inserted at different depths of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm, respectively. For water supply in the soil bin, a drip irrigation system containing 3 rows (60 cm inter-row distance) with 5 drippers each pipeline with 30 cm intervals, was designed. Raspberry Pi (Pi4 model B+) and three Arduino (Mega 2560) were interfaced with sensors and the data were obtained using python programing language. The data was automatically recorded in the external Pi-memory for further processing and remote monitoring was performed using a Raspberry Pi VPN system. During the experiment, the maximum and minimum averages of the ambient temperature, humidity, and the soil water content values were recorded and found to be 42.1±3 to 32.7±3°C, 75±2 to 42.9±4% and 60.91±2 to 26.95±1%, respectively. The water content percentages varied at different depths of sandy soil due to pressure difference, flow rate, and water infiltration rate. The designed automatic irrigation monitoring system would help to monitor water variability in soil.

합성가스를 위한 소용량 상업용 엔진 발전기의 적용

하비네자엘리에젤 ( Eliezel Habineza ),홍성구 ( Seonggu Hong ) 한국농공학회 2020 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2020 No.-

The present research study intends to adapt the existing LPG engine generator for fully operated by syngas. The biomass (woodchips and charcoal) will be underrepresented for syngas production for power generation. During this study a 6.0KW LPG engine generator will be modified and tested for operation on syngas from a woodchip/charcoal powered gasifier. In the experiments, Syngas and LP Gas fuels will be tested as test fuels. For modification along with a flexible air/fuel mixture control system; an electronic control unit will be designed and used for metering the correct amount of air to match the combustion needs of the engine. The heating value of LP Gas vary 46-51MJ/kg while the HV for syngas is approximately 4.5MJ/kg, the power generated from LP Gas is about 6.0KW. The power generated from syngas will be recorded using CW 240 Clamp-on Power meter by varying different loads for performance analysis of LPG engine generator modified.

합성가스 적용 소형 엔진 발전기의 구동특성

하비네자엘리에젤 ( Eliezel Habineza ),홍성구 ( Seonggu Hong ) 한국농공학회 2020 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2020 No.-

Biomass gasification produce a low calorific fuel gas, producer gas which can be used for running engines and various applications. Engines or engine generators dedicated to use the producer gas are mostly expensive compared to existing commercial equipment. This study modified carburettor of small commercial gas engine generator to get proper air-fuel ratio for the producer gas. The biomass such as woodchips and charcoal was used to supply producer gas from a downdraft gasifier. The engine generate 6 kW for LPG and 5 kW for natural gas. In the experiments, syngas and LP Gas will be used for the operation of the genset. For modification along with a flexible air/fuel mixture control system; an electronic control unit is designed and used for configuring the correct amount of air to match the combustion needs of the engine. The heating value of LP Gas vary 46-51MJ/kg while the HV for syngas is approximately 4.5MJ/kg, The power generated from producer gas will be measured using CW 240 Clamp-on Power meter for different loads to investigate its performance.

Soil water content distribution mapping using an automatic monitoring system

( Nasim Reza ),( Eliezel Habineza ),( Rejaul Karim ),( Mohammod Ali ),( Shaha Nur Kabir ),( Young Yoon Jang ),( Sun-ok Chung ) 한국농업기계학회 2023 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.28 No.1

Soil water content plays a crucial role in plant growth, irrigation scheduling, and soil erosion prediction. Automatic sensor-based monitoring systems have emerged as efficient tools to provide continuous soil water content mapping against the traditional method, which is time consuming and limited to single point measurement. This study aimed to develop a sensor-based monitoring system for real-time mapping of soil water content distribution. To assess the variability of soil water content in sandy soil, a soil test bin of 3 m by 3 m was constructed. The system consisted of a series of sensors (SEN0193) installed at different depths, ranging from 0 to 60 cm. The monitoring system was equipped with wireless transmission technology using Arduino Mega 2560 and Raspberry Pi 4B microcontroller. Water content sensors were placed at predetermined locations and the geographic coordinates were obtained using GPS. The microcontroller collected data from the sensors, which was then evaluated using GIS to prepare a map of the soil moisture distribution. The results suggested that the monitoring system had the potential to revolutionize soil water content mapping and monitoring. The system can provide valuable insights into the spatial and temporal variations of soil water content, which can inform irrigation scheduling, crop management, and soil conservation practices.

Theoretical Working Speed Analysis of a 1.54 kW One-row Biodegradable Potted Seedling Transplanting Mechanism

( Md Razob Ali ),( Samsuzzaman ),( Eliezel Habineza ),( Md Shaha Nur Kabir ),( Mohammod Ali ),( Beom-seon Kang ),( Sun-ok Chung ) 한국농업기계학회 2023 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.28 No.2

Plastic seedling pots have been widely used due to their light weight and durable nature, but they hinder root establishment efficiency. However, recent studies have demonstrated that biodegradable potted seedlings could improve seedling resilience, while also being eco-friendly through natural decomposition. In this research, a transplanting mechanism for biodegradable potted vegetable seedlings was designed using commercial software, incorporating working speed analysis to enhance smooth collection and plantation of leafy vegetable seedlings. Theoretical analysis of the vegetable transplanting mechanism for biodegradable seedling pots was conducted, including calculations of position, velocity, acceleration, and input driving torque. Additionally, the selection of appropriate link combinations within the mechanism was explored to ensure smooth transplantation of potted seedlings in optimum depths and spacings. The kinematic model of the transplanting mechanism was simulated using commercial mechanical design and simulation software. The transplanter was comprised of a 4-bar mechanism: a driving link, a driven link, a connecting link, and a supporting bar. In order to enable better hopper motion, a spring was affixed between the driven link and the ground. The movement of the mechanism was primarily controlled through a crank-rocker mechanism, where the arm lengths play a crucial role in determining the planting trajectory. The mathematical model analysis and simulation revealed that a forward speed of the transplanter of 300 mm/s and a rotating speed of the dibbling mechanism of 40 rpm were favored of 48 seedlings/min in order to obtain a high degree of seedling uprightness. The simulated velocities and accelerations of the end hopper in ‘X’ and ‘Y’ directions for suitable link combination were found to be 430mm/s,530mm/s,and 975 mm/s2,2091mm/s2,respectively.The required driving torque was observed to be 603N-mm,and the vertical linear displacement of the hopper was 281mm.

Impact Of Variability In Dynamic And Solar Intensity On Ground Canopy Sensors Detecting Vegetation Indices

하케아스라쿨 ( Asrakul Haque ),레자나심 ( Nasim Reza ),하비네자엘리에젤 ( Eliezel Habineza ),강영호 ( Yeong Ho Kang ),이경도 ( Keong Do Lee ),정선옥 ( Sun-ok Chung ) 한국농업기계학회 2022 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.27 No.2

The popularity of ground based sensors (active crop canopy sensors) is going upward for determining crop growth status and recommending additional fertilizer. By employing these sensors, Vegetation indices (VI) amplified the significance of identification in determining crop nutritional status. However, The sensor output might be continuously affected by operating and ambient factors such as movement speed and solar radiation respectively. In this study, we investigated the effects of movement speed and PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) on the consistency of Crop Circle ACS-435 & DAS44X during NDVI (normalized differential vegetation index) measurement. The effects of these two parameters were evaluated on different platforms. Several movement speeds (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 ms-1) and PAR at different times of a sunny day with no cloud interference (10.00- 11.00, 13.00- 14.00, and 16.00- 17.00 hrs) were considered as factors to be assessed for enhancing the sensors' accuracy in plant health detection. In addition, linear regression models, Root mean square error (RMSE), and additional graphical analysis was employed to assess the effects of sensor movement speed and solar source intensity. A significant difference in speed was found in Crop-circle and DAS44X during the calculation of the NDVI. However, the difference in illumination intensity didn’t appear to have much effect on Crop-circle and DAS44X. Data acquisition has been shown to be most effective at speeds up to 0.3 ms-1 and at any time of day for both sensors in order to produce the highest output feasible. These findings illustrated the speed range certainty and daytime flexibility of Crop-Circle and DAS44X.