Hydrogeochemical and microbiological studies on groundwater pollution in rural areas, South Korea : assessment of groundwater pollution caused by livestock manure and human excreta

이정호 Graduate School, Korea University 2020 국내박사

요 약 상수도 보급률이 도심 지역에 비해 상대적으로 낮은 농촌 지역의 경우, 농업용수, 생활용수와 음용수에 대한 지하수의 의존율이 여전히 높은 실정이다. 따라서 환경학적 및 공중보건학적인 측면에서 농촌지역 지하수 자원을 보호하고 적절하게 관리하는 것은 아주 중요한데, 이를 위해서는 농촌지역 지하수의 잠재적 오염원(pollution source)들의 오염 특성을 면밀히 이해하는 것이 필요하다. 본 학위 논문에서는 농촌지역에 존재하는 지하수의 다양한 잠재적 오염원들 중 가축분뇨와 인분에 의한 지하수 오염 특성에 대해 중점적으로 면밀한 연구를 수행하였다. 가축분뇨에서 기인하는 지하수 오염 특성을 이해하기 위하여 농축사 지역 내에 존재하는 부적절하게 적재된 가축분뇨 더미를 중심으로 지하수 유동 방향을 고려하여 4개의 다심도 모니터링 관측정을 설치하여 지하수의 수리지구화학적 및 미생물학적인 모니터링 조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 부적절하게 적재된 가축분뇨 더미에서 기인하는 지하수 오염운(pollution plume)을 연구지역에서 실제로 동정해볼 수 있었고, 해당 오염운의 수리지구화학적 및 미생물학적인 특성을 이해하고 그 잠재적 위해성에 대해 평가해 볼 수 있었다. 아울러, 연구지역의 대수층 내에 혼재된 오염 양상에서 가축분뇨에서 기인하는 지하수 오염운을 정의할 수 있는 index를 다음과 같이 1/√2 ln [〖Ca〗^(2+)+ 〖 Mg〗^(2+)+ 〖 Na〗^++ 〖Cl〗^- ]/[〖SiO〗_2 ] 제시할 수 있었다. 또한 농촌지역 거주지에서 발생되는 인분에 의한 지하수 오염 특성을 살펴보기 위하여, 농촌 마을 거주지에 존재하는 공용 및 가정용 관정들과, 마을 공용 재래식 화장실 인근에 설치된 3개의 다심도 모니터링 관측정 지하수에 대한 수리지구화학적 및 미생물학적인 모니터링 조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 농촌지역 거주지에서 인분에 의한 지하수 오염이 실질적으로 상당 부분 진행되었음을 확인할 수 있었고, 그 오염 특성을 면밀히 살펴볼 수 있었다. 즉, 인분에서 유래한 오염운은 인분 오염원으로부터 약 10-20 m 떨어진 거리까지 이를 수 있음이 관찰되었으며, 얕은 심도(약 6 m 이하 심도)에서는 특히 높은 값의 전기전도도, 총용존고형물 및 주요 이온종(예: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, HCO3-) 농도 분포를 보였다. 아울러, 인분에 오염된 지하수에서 대장균의 위험성은 거의 나타나지 않았지만, 휴먼 노로바이러스의 위험성은 잠재적으로 높았으며 주로 9 m 이상 심도에서 검출되는 양상을 보였다. 본 연구는 인분에서 발생되어질 수 있는 오염물질들(예: 염화 이온, 질산염 이온, 대장균, 휴먼 노로바이러스 등)의 거동 특성이 대수층 내에서 서로 상이한 차이를 나타낼 수 있고 그 특성의 중요성에 대해 고찰한 결론을 담고 있다. 본 학위 논문의 연구는 가축분뇨와 인분에 의한 지하수 오염이 농촌 지역에서 신중하게 다루어져야 함을 시사하며, 아울러 본 연구의 결과들이 농촌지역 지하수 자원을 보다 구체적으로 보호하고 관리할 수 있는 방안을 마련하는데 활용 가능하고 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. Abstract In rural area with relatively low public water supply systems in comparison with urban area, the dependence on groundwater for drinking, domestic, and agricultural purposes is still high. Thus, it is crucial to protect and to manage properly the groundwater resources in the rural area under the perspective of public health as well as environmental problems. For this, it is essential to understand precisely with the characteristics of groundwater pollution that may occur from various pollution sources (e.g., agricultural fertilizers, livestock manures, human excreta, residential wastes, etc.) being existed in the rural area. In this thesis, precise case studies oriented fundamentally with the characteristics of groundwater pollution being caused by livestock manure and human excreta among various pollution sources, have been conducted. In order to understand the characteristics of groundwater pollution caused by livestock manure, 4 multilevel monitoring wells were installed around the livestock manure heaps being improperly loaded within an agro-livestock farming area under the consideration of the groundwater flow directions to implement the hydrogeochemical and microbiological monitoring surveys. As a result, the groundwater pollution plume originated from the livestock manure being improperly loaded was identified in the agro-livestock farming area by hydrogeochemical investigations using multilevel monitoring wells. It also could be understood the hydrogeochemical and microbiological characteristics of the plume, and its potential risks were able to be evaluated. Furthermore, the 1/√2 ln [〖Ca〗^(2+)+ 〖 Mg〗^(2+)+ 〖 Na〗^++ 〖Cl〗^- ]/[〖SiO〗_2 ] molar ratio is suggested as an integrated hydrochemical index to define the groundwater pollution plume originated from the livestock manure in the aquifer where the influences of two pollution sources (e.g., agricultural fertilizers and livestock manure) coexist. Also, the hydrogeochemical and microbiological monitoring surveys were implemented with the public and household wells in residential area and 3 multilevel monitoring wells that were installed near a public latrine under the consideration of groundwater flow directions to examine the characteristics of groundwater pollution being caused by human excreta at residential areas of a rural village. As a result, it is confirmed that the groundwater pollution caused by human excreta sources (e.g., latrines, domestic septic tanks, etc.) in the residential areas of the rural village, was actually happened in certain degree, and its pollution characteristics were able to be closely examined. The excreta-derived contaminant plume extended up to about 10 - 20 m away from the human excreta sources, and was characterized by extremely elevated levels of EC, TDS, and major ions (e.g., Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and HCO3-) especially at shallower (≤ca. 6 m bgl) depths. In addition, the potentially substantial risk by human noroviruses was identified in the polluted groundwater, and the human noroviruses were more frequently detected at deeper (≥ ca. 9 m bgl) depths in the aquifer. The behavioral characteristics and its differences in the aquifer of the diverse pollutants (e.g., chloride, nitrate, E.coli., human norovirus, etc.) that can be incurred from the human excreta were able to be closely examined. In other words, chloride and nitrate show the high risk at shallower (≤ ca. 6 m bgl) depths, whereas human norovirus shows its higher potential risk mostly at deeper depths (≥ ca. 9 m bgl). On the other hand, the risk of E.coli. is not significant. This case study contains a systematic discourse on these characteristics. The case studies in this thesis demonstrate that groundwater pollution by livestock manure and human excreta should be carefully managed in rural areas, and the results of the studies can be helpful and used to protect and to manage the groundwater resources more specifically against the groundwater pollution in rural areas.

Petrology and geochronology of Ogcheon metamorphic rocks in Hwasan area, South Korea : 韓國華山地域の沃川變成岩の岩石學と年代學

김성원 神戶大學大學院 2002 해외박사

韓國中央部の沃川(オクチョン)變成帶はコリア半島及ひ東アジフの地帶構造發達史を理解する上で重要な位置にある. これまで堆積層序學, 變成岩岩石學, 地質構造學と年代學に基づいて, 沃川變成帶の形成環境に關する2つのテクトニクスモデルが提案されている. 一つは南中國(揚子)地塊と北中��中朝)地塊の衝突帶東方延長の造山帶であリ, 他方はリフト帶の閉銷によって形成された造山帶というモデルである. このような二つの全く異なったモデルが提案されている原因は, 沃川變成帶の正確な岩石學と年代學が十分になさミれていないことがあげられる. そこで, 著者は, 沃川變成帶南西部華山(ファサン)地域を對象として, 變成岩類の岩石學と年代學的硏究を行なった. 華山地域は北西部の皮盤嶺(ピバンリョン)と南東部の執恩(ボウン)の2つの岩相一構造ユニットに分けられる. 兩ユニットは主に變成堆積岩(泥質岩, 砂質岩, 炭質砂質岩, 珪岩, 石灰石など)からなリ, 皮盤嶺ユニットには變成火山岩も産する. ユニットの境界はスラストであるとされている. 華山地域の北西から南西部にかけてジュラ期花崗岩が分布する. 南東部は白亞紀の火山深成複岩體によって部分的に貫入されるか覆われてかる. 華山地域は變泥質岩類の鑛物組み合わせを用いて南東から北西に向って3帶(I, II, III)に分けられる. I帶を特徵づける鑛物組み合わせは,「黑雲母+白雲母+線泥石」又は「黑雲母+白雲母+カリ長石」である. II帶は黑雲母+白雲母+線泥石+斜長石の鑛物組み合わせで特徵づけられ, しばしばザク口石が伴われる. III帶は「十字石+ザクロ石+黑雲母+白雲母士線泥石+斜長石」の鑛物組み合わせで特徵づけられるが, 十字石とザクロ石を欠くこともある. I帶とII帶は執恩ユニットに屬し, III帶は皮盤嶺ユニットに屬する. ジュラ期花崗岩による局所的な接觸變成作用をうけたII帶とIII帶の變泥質岩類に珪線石や紅柱石が形成されている. I帶の變成堆積岩中には黑雲母班狀變晶が産する. この産狀の黑雲母は從來, .先沃川變成作用で形成されたと考えられてきた. しかしマトリクス中の細粒な黑雲母と斑變晶の化學組成は同じであることはその考えを否定する. 一方, I帶の含炭質物變泥質岩類から細粒なカリ長石(10-20㎛)が細粒な白雲母や金雲母と密接に共生していることが見いだされた. その組織觀察からマトリクスにおいて成長しだ變成力リ長石であると判斷した. カリ長石, 金雲母, 石英と共存する白雲母のSi成分(Si p.f.u.=6.5, 0=22)を用いた地質壓力計から, 400℃におかて約5.5kbの壓力が推定された. これは明らかに中壓型變成岩であることを示す. ザクロ石と黑雲母のFe-Mg分配係數はIi帶からIII帶に向かつて上昇している. 變成溫度·壓力は南東から北西お向に上昇していることが示唆される. III帶のザクロ石は斜長石. 黑雲母, ルチル, イルメナイトを包有してかる. 正累帶構造を持つザクロ石とその包有鑛物の共生關係を用いて溫度·壓力を推定した. その結果, ザクロ石の周綠部分に記錄された溫度·壓力條件 (550-620℃, 7.0-8.0kb)は中心部に記線された溫度·壓力條件(420-520℃, 4.0-5.0kb)よリ明らかによリ高溫度·高壓力であった. ザクロ石の周綠部に記錄された溫度·壓力條件はマトリクス中の十字石+ザクロ石+黑雲母+白雲母+斜長石の鑛物組み合わせの最高溫度壓力條件を示す. ザクロ石の周綠部が成長した溫度·壓力條件とI帶のカリ長石を含む泥質岩類の溫度·壓力條件から, 沃川累進變成作用は中壓型であつたと考えられる. 鑛物年代測定はK-Ar法とレ-ザ-加熱による微少量及び微小部分40Ar/39Ar年代測定法を驅使して行った. 各帶から採集した變成堆積岩類から黑雲母と白雲母を分離して行った. 單結晶鑛物を用いた段階加熱40Ar/39Ar年代測定において, ほとんどの鑛物粒はプラト-年代を示し, K-Ar年代と同じであることががかった. 年代は約160Maに集中し, 變成溫度に無關係であった. これは低變成度岩も高變成度岩も黑雲母と白雲母の閉銷溫度(約300-35℃)まで冷却した時期が同じであったことを示唆する. I帶のカリ長石を合む泥質岩の變成溫度が約400℃であるとすれぱ, その溫度は白雲母の閉止溫度に近く, 變成岩の上昇時期がジュラ紀中期であったことを示唆する. これは沃川中壓型變成帶が南中國地塊と北中國地塊間の衝突帶(約250Ma)の東方延長でないことを年代的に示してかる. 本硏究で得られた沃川變成岩類の黑雲母と白雲母のk-Arと40Ar/39Ar年代は上昇冷却時期を示している. 同時期の花崗岩類は同じ場で形成された後, 變成岩類と一緖に上昇した可能性が考えられる. 結果として高變成度岩類が花崗岩類の分布近くに生じてかる. 溫度構造は上昇前の地미殼深部を記錄していると言える. その後の花崗岩類の活動によって改變されずにある. 沃川變成帶の周邊に産する花崗岩類はジュラ紀と白亞紀の令却年代を示す. ジュラ紀の花崗岩類の黑雲母と白雲母年代は沃川變成帶のそれと同じである. これは沃川變成岩上界冷却時期とジュラ紀花崗岩類の冷却時期が同期していたことを示唆する. また, ジュラ紀の花崗岩による接觸變成作用が局所的であリ, 廣域的でないことが確認された. その結果, 沃川變成帶の變成作用と花崗岩類の活動はジュラ紀中期變動と密接な關連があることが示唆される. 沃川變成帶の伸張方向の年代分布について檢討するために, 沃川變成帶中央部の米院(ミウオン)および曹坪-德坪(ズンピョン-ドクピョン)地域のNW-SE橫斷に沿って系統的に變泥質岩類の年代測定を行った. また, 北西に分布するジュラ紀花崗岩額についても白雲母と黑雲母のK-Arと40Ar/39Ar年代測定を實施した. 米院地域のK-Arと40Ar/39Ar年代は華山地域 の年代結果と一致する. しかし, 회坪-德坪地域の黑雲母から明らかにジュラ紀よリ古いにK-Ar年代(219Maと240Ma)が2試料よリ得られた. この年代値は同地域で報告されている黑雲母K-Ar年代と同じである. 沃川帶と原生代嶺山(リョンナン)陸외の境界は右橫ずれ斷層である. このような橫ずれ斷層は沃川帶內部にも存在し, 一連の橫ずれ斷層運勤で潮南(ホナン)剪斷帶が形成されている. その活動時期はジュラ紀初期-中期であつた. 湖南剪斷帶には含硏鹽晶石片岩が報告されている. 大陸地塊內部の變動帶では大規橫な橫ずれ斷層に伴って, 地殼深部物質(變成岩)が上昇していることが知られている(たとえば, ウェトナムの紅河剪斷帶). このような例と照らしあわせると, 沃川變成帶はジュラ紀初期-中期にかけて活動した石橫ずれ斷層によリ形成され, 湖南剪斷帶に伴い上昇したと考えられる. 沃川變成帶の變成堆積岩と調和及ひ非調和的に生じている變鹽基性岩類中の角閃石K-Ar, 40Ar/39Ar, Sm-Nd年代は三○紀から原生代までの報告がある. それらの年代は沃川變成帶の 初期または主變成時期を示すものとして解釋された. この種の岩石類が沃川變成帶の主變成作 用で完全にリセットされないで存在することが變成帶の年代學論に混亂與えてきた. 筆者は, 連續Arレ-ザ-による段階加熟法とNd-YAGパルス·レ-ザ-を用いた点年代測定法を驅使 して單結晶角閃石による40Ar/39Ar年代測定を實施した. その結果, 段階加熱40Ar/39Ar測定 ではプラト-年代が得られずスぺクトルに大きな亂れがあった. 点年代測定では單結晶內に 160-1200Maの年代不均質牲がんられた. 堆積岩類の變成作用には脫水反應を伴うが火成岩類のそれは吸水反應である. 吸水反應を伴った鹽基性岩の變成作用において角閃石が過剩アルゴンを獲得し年代の不一致をもたらしたと考えうれる. The Phanerozoic Ogcheon belt is situated in the middle part of South Korea. The belt is divided into the Ogcheon metamorphic belt in the southwest, which has experienced an intermediate P/T type of regional metamorphism and the Taebaegsan zone in the northeast, which referred to as non- and weakly metamorphosed fossiliferous sedimentary series. The Ogcheon metamorphic belt has been important to understand the tectonics of NE Asian continent. For the formation of the belt, two contradictory tectonic models have been proposed based on sedimentology, stratigraphy, petrology and geochronology of the belt. One is for an eastward extension of Qinling-Dabie-Sulu suture zone of north China. The other is for a closure of aborted rift after an intercontinental extension. These contradictory two models should be due to that the petrology and geochronology of the belt have been poorly studied. Then, the author performed petrology and geochronology of the Ogcheon metamorphic rocks in Hwasan area, South Korea. The Hwasan area studied was divided into two litho-structural units: the Pibanryeong unit in northwestern part and the Boeun unit in southeastern part. Two units consist of metasediments (pelites, psamrnites, carbonaceous psammites, quartzites, pebble-bearing quartzites and limestone). The Pibanryeong unit has metavolcanic rocks too. The unit boundary is considered to be thrust fault with NE-SW strike parallel to the general trend of the belt. The metasedimentary rocks are closely associated with Jurassic granites in the western and northern parts and are partly intruded or covered by Cretaceous igneous complex in the eastern and southern parts. The area studied was divided into three mineral zones of I, II and III. The assemblages of metapelites in the zone I axe biotite + muscovite + chlorite or biotite + muscovite + K-feldspars. The zone II is characterized in the assemblage of biotite + muscovite + chlorite + plagioclase and has sometimes garnet as an additional phase. The zone III has the metapelites with the assemblage of staurolite + garnet + biotite + muscovite chlorite + plagioclase and some without garnet and staurolite. The metasediments closely associated with the granite have sometimes sillimanite or andalusite. In the zone I, biotite porphyroblasts (0.5 - 2mm) are commonly observed together with fine-grained biotites (30 - 60μm). They have been considered to predate the metamorphism. However, the author denied the consideration because both types of biotites have the same chemistry. He found the metamorphic K-feldspars associated with celadonitic muscovite and phlogopite. They occur as extremely fine-grained crystals (5 - 15μm in width and 15 - 25μm in length) recognized by X-ray mapping analyses using an electron-probe microanalyzer. The microscopic texture strongly suggests the direct growth from the matrix. Phengite component in muscovite coexisting with K-feldspar, phlogopite and quartz depends strongly on pressure. This geobarometry gives about 5.5 Kbar at 400℃ using the highest Si value (Si p.f.u. = 6.5, O = 22) of muscovite. The distribution coefficient (Kd) for Fe - Mg partitioning between garnet and biotite increases from the zone II to the zone III, suggesting that the metamorphic grade increases from the zone II to the zone III. Garnets in the zone III have normal chemical zoned structure and include often rutile, plagioclase, biotite and ilmenite. The pressure and temperature were estimated using the geothermobarometery of the zoned garnet and its inclusion assemblages and are 7.0 - 8.0 kbar and 550 - 620 ℃ in garnet rim and 4.0 - 5.0 kbar and 415 - 520 ℃ in the core, respectively. The P-T condition recorded in the garnet rim is consistent with the mineral assemblage of St + Grt + Bt + Ms + Qtz ± Chl in the matrix. P-T conditions recorded in the K-feldspar-bearing pelitic rocks in the zone I and in the rim of the zoned garnet in zone III confirm an intermediate P/T type of regional metamorphism of the belt. To reveal the metamorphic evolution of the Ogcheon metamorphic belt, K-Ar and 40Ar/39 Ar, analyses were carried out for muscovite, biotite and hornblende in the rocks collected systematically from the Hwasan area, SW Ogcheon Metamorphic belt. Muscovite and biotite 40Ar/39Ar age spectra using a single grain give always plateau ages of ca. 160 Ma. K-Ar ages of muscovite and biotite also show similar age distribution in each mineral zone. This suggests that all the rocks from low- to highgrade zones in the Hwasan area cooled down simultaneously to the blocking temperatures (ca. 300 - 350℃). The K-feldspar bearing pelitic schists in the zone I have about 160Ma of muscoite and biotite ages. This suggests that the rocks exhumed in middle Jurassic because the metamorphic temperatures are close to the blocking temperatures of muscovite. This clearly postdates the collision event (ca. 250Ma) of north and south China blocks. Muscovite and biotite K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages of the metasediments indicate cooling age during the exhumation of rocks. The granites associated with the metamorphic rocks are Jurassic and Cretaceous and the former has the muscovite and biotite K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages similar to that of the metamorphic rocks, suggesting that the metamorphic and granitic rocks cooled down simultaneously. This also suggests that the exhumation and cooling of metamorphic rocks matched with the cooling of granitic rocks in middle Jurassic. The Jurassic granite has affected locally the metamorphic rocks and never disturbed the metamorphic sequence. The Ogcheon metamorphism and granitic activity are closely associated with Jurassic event. To delineate age distribution in the belt, age dating has been carried out on the samples collected systematically along the NW-SE traverse in the Miwon and Jeungpyeong-Deokpyeong areas, central Ogcheon metamorphic belt. In the Miwon area, the 40Ar/39Ar and K/Ar ages of biotite and muscovite from metasediments and granitic rocks are almost the same and are consistent with the age result of the Hwasan area. The biotite K/Ar ages are 142-240 Ma in the Jeungpyeong-Deokpyeong areas where the biotite K-Ar ages of 80 - 319 Ma have been previously reported. There is a large-scale dextral strike slip fault between the Ogcheon belt and the Precambrian Yeongnam massif. The series of strike slip fault movements have developed the Honam shear zone. The shear zones also occur in the SW part of the Ogcheon belt. The fault movement was in Early Jurassic based on the U-Pb zircon and CHIME monazite ages (ca. 180 Ma) of the foliated granite and the associated granites intruding into the foliated granite. Kyanite-bearing pelitic rocks have also been reported in the Honam shear zone. Metamorphic rocks often exhume along the shear zone by large-scale strike sip fault movement as Day Nui Con Voi along the Red River fault zone in Vietnam. This tectonic situation may be applicable to the Ogcheon metamorphic belt that exhumed by the dextral strike slip fault movement to form the Honam shear zone. Recent K-Ar, 40Ar/39Ar, and Sm/Nd ages of hornblende from the metabasic rocks and the amphibolite massif show big variation ranging from Early Triassic to Neoproterozoic. These ages have been hotly discussed as evidences of early or main metamorphic event of the Ogcheon metamorphic belt. The author also analyzed hornblendes from the metabasic rocks occurring as lens and layer shapes in the metasedimentary rocks from the SW part of the belt using single grain with 40Ar/39Ar, step heating technique by a continuous Ar laser and laser-probe technique by Nd-YAG puts laser. These types of hornblendes have so large variation in age. In particular, its spot dating revealed the heterogeneous hornblende (160 - 1200 Ma) in age. These ages clearly predated the Ogcheon metamorphism, suggesting that hornblendes have been incorporated by heterogeneous excess argon during the hydration metamorphism of mafic igneous rocks.

Flooded area analysis using remotely sensed data and GSIS in mountainous area

송영선 Graduate School, Yonsei University 2005 국내박사

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) with its own energy sources is very applicable to flooded area analysis due to its sensitivity to water area and the capacity of data acquisition under bad weather condition. However, not only is it very difficult to acquire sufficiently well-defined control points (CPs) due to poor illumination in SAR image, but also radiometric distortion caused by local terrain relief area must be carefully considered for a flood disaster application in mountainous area, even though it may require a complicated process. The aim of this research is to develop the efficient method of flooded area analysis suitable for mountainous areas based on SAR image acquired during a flood event.This study developed satellite orbit parameters determination method using the ephemeris data and a single control point (CP) to resolve the control point problem. To check the accuracy of the developed method, geocoding and 3-D positioning using radargrammetric technique were performed. The root mean square error (RMSE) of gocoding showed 2.29 pixels to azimuth direction and 1.59 pixels to range direction. The RMSE of 3-D positioning were 26.8m in east-west direction, 19.6m in north-south direction, and 29.3m in elevation, respectively.In addition, this study investigated the efficient and effective method to classify water area during a flood event in mountainous area. Five different cases using various SAR image processing techniques and additional information such as digital slope model (DSM), digital elevation model (DEM), and grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) were tested for it. The result showed that the combination of a SAR image and DSM applied by minimum (MIN) filter was the most efficient method among the cases for water area classification.Finally, water areas, which were classified from SAR image processed by the above methods, were used for flooded area analysis using landuse map based on Geo-Spatial Information System (GSIS) techniques. SAR의 경우 마이크로웨이브를 사용하므로 수계지역에 매우 민감하고 반응하고 대기와 태양조건에 상관없이 영상의 취득이 가능하므로 홍수재해분야에 그 활용성이 매우 크다. 하지만 SAR 영상은 광학영상과는 달리 대상물이 명확하게 표현되지 않아 정확한 기준점의 취득이 매우 어려울 뿐만 아니라 한반도와 같이 지형의 기복이 심한 지역에 있어서는 지형효과로 인한 방사학적 왜곡이 심하므로 정확한 수계지역을 추출하기가 매우 어렵다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 홍수시 취득된 SAR 영상을 활용하여 산악지역에서 효과적인 홍수지역의 분석이 가능한 기법의 개발을 목적으로 하였다.기준점 취득에 소모되는 시간과 비용을 줄이기 위해서 단일 기준점과 위성의 천체력자료를 이용하여 위성궤도를 결정하는 기법을 개발하였다. 개발된 기법을 통해 정확도를 분석한 결과 기하보정의 정확도는 위성진행방향으로 2.29 영상소, 경사거리 방향으로 1.59 영상소의 RMSE를 보였으며, 3차원 위치결정의 정확도는 동서방향으로 26.8m, 남북방향으로 29.3m의 RMSE의 보였다. 또한 다양한 SAR 처리기법과 DEM, DSM 등과 같은 부가정보를 활용하여 지형의 기복이 심한 지역에 최적의 수계지역분류기법에 관한 연구를 수행한 결과 DSM을 활용하는 것이 가장 우수한 성과를 보였다. 최종적으로, 본 연구에서 제시한 기법들을 적용하여 분류된 홍수시 수계지역을 토지이용도 및 GSIS 기법과 연계하여 홍수지역을 분석하였다.

Impacts of biogenic isoprene emission on ozone air quality in the Seoul metropolitan area

이광연 서울대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

The impacts of biogenic isoprene emission on ozone air quality and the effect of interaction between biogenic isoprene emission and urban breeze circulation on ozone air quality during an episode of weak synoptic forcing in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea, are investigated using WRF model coupled with Seoul National University Urban Canopy Model and CMAQ model. The biogenic isoprene emission increases daily maximum ozone concentration by 37 ppb in the urban area. The biogenic isoprene emitted from the surrounding region of Seoul has larger impacts on the ozone concentration in the urban area than the biogenic isoprene emitted from the Seoul region. The gas-phase chemistry is the most important process to the ozone concentration in the daytime when the urban breeze circulation is well developed in the presence of the biogenic isoprene emission. The lifetime of isoprene is not long enough (around 30 minutes) to directly affect ozone concentration in the urban area. Rather than isoprene, MA_PAN which is produced from isoprene by gas-phase chemistry links the biogenic isoprene emitted from the surrounding region and ozone in the urban area. MA_PAN produced in the surrounding area is transported into the urban area and dissociate into other species which produce ozone in the urban area. Urban breeze circulation is an important atmospheric phenomenon that affects ozone concentration in the urban area. When the urban and industrial surfaces are artificially replaced with the cropland surface, urban breeze circulation is not well developed. In this case, the ozone concentration generally decreases by about 10% and the contribution of gas-phase chemistry to the ozone concentration is decreased in the urban area. It is caused by the decrement of transport of the ozone precursor from the surrounding area to the urban area. The results from this study can be give some insight about how biogenic isoprene affect the ozone concentration in the urban area. 본 연구에서는 종관 강제력이 약할 때 자연 발생 이소프렌 배출이서울 지역 오존 대기질에 미치는 영향과 자연 발생 이소프렌 배출과 도시풍의 상호작용이 서울 지역 오존 대기질에 미치는 영향을 서울대학교 도시 캐노피 모형과 결합된 WRF 모형과 CMAQ 모형을 이용하여 연구 하였다. 자연 발생 이소프렌 배출은 도시 지역의 일 최고 오존 농도를 37 ppb 증가시키며, 서울 지역에서 배출된 자연 발생 이소프렌보다 주변 지역에서 배출된 자연 발생 이소프렌이 도시의 오존 농도에 더 큰 영향을 준다. 도시풍이 잘 발달하고 자연 발생 이소프렌 배출이 있는 경우 낮 동안에는 화학 반응이 오존 농도에 가장 큰 영향을 준다. 이소프렌의 대기 중 체류 시간은 도시의 오존 농도에 직접적으로 영향을 줄 만큼 충분히 길지 않다. 따라서 이소프렌 대신 이소프렌으로부터 생성되는 MA_PAN이 주변 지역에서 배출된 자연 발생 이소프렌과 도시의 오존 사이를 연결시켜준다. 주변 지역에서 생성된 MA_PAN은 도시로 수송되어 오존을 만드는 다른 물질들로 분해된다. 도시풍은 도시의 오존 농도에 영향을 주는 중요한 기상 현상 중 하나다. 도시 지역과 공업 지역 토지 피복이 농경 지역으로 대체된 경우 도시풍은 뚜렷이 발달하지 않는다. 도시풍이 약해짐에 따라 도시 내부의 오존 농도는 전반적으로 약 10% 낮아지며 화학 반응이 도시의 오존 농도에 미치는 영향 또한 낮아진다. 이것은 주변 지역에서 도시로 유입되는 오존 전구체의 양이 줄어들기 때문에 발생한다. 본 연구 결과는 자연 발생 이소프렌이 도시의 오존 농도에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지에 대해 알려준다.

농촌재생력에 관한 탐색적 연구 : 진단지표의 개발 및 적용

최문식 전북대학교 일반대학원 2022 국내박사

The decrease in rural population leads to the deterioration of the local economy, the decadence of social services and the decline in the reproductive population. Such a situation further results in the extinction of local community, a hindrance to balanced national development, and deterioration of national competitiveness. Rural areas have been recognized as the periphery providing primary products and labor force in the process industrialization in Korea. Through economic growth process, the population outflow in the rural areas had been continued in long-run. In addition, depopulation made, the problem of an aging society and under-depopulation in villages worsened. Furthermore, intensive farming and reckless rural development have destroyed the scenery and the ecosystem of rural areas. Based on the risk index of local extinction, most rural areas are now classified as near-extinction areas due to the critical decline in social and economic vitalities in the rural areas. Nonetheless, the need for rural regeneration is on the rise as the multi-functionality of rural areas, and low population economy is reperceived as a place of new opportunity. The concept of rural regeneration entails revitalizing the social, economic, cultural, environmental, and life-related matters of dwindling rural areas. Identification and diagnosis of the rural regeneration competency are necessary for rural regeneration. The goals of this research were to identify and examine the competency in rural regeneration for rural regeneration amidst the crisis faced by rural areas, such as the decline of the rural economy, worsened settlement environment, threats to undermining the quality of life, decline in social and economic activities and the danger of extinction in many rural areas. Based on the concept of the competency in rural regeneration, the researcher developed the diagnostic indicators for rural regeneration potentiality, established data per indicators for rural areas under the study to yield quotients for the rural regeneration diagnostic indicators for each life sphere. This study examined the competence in rural regeneration for each category in the index. The diagnostic indicators for rural regeneration competency was produced into 37 minor indicators from 4 categories, namely, human resources, material resources, industrial resources, and spacial resources, that were suggested as the area of examination from the theoretical perspective. By reviewing 8 similar indicators in Korea and overseas, the researcher came up with a preliminary indicators from the following perspective: "the totality of tangible and intangible internal availabilities that can be used or used for regeneration, including society, economy, culture, environment and life in rural areas." The criteria for indicators selection were obtainability, representativeness, directionality, and ease of measurement. The degree of consistency and stability for indicators were evaluated through consultation with experts over two rounds, in which the definitions and calculations of detailed indicators were also supplemented through the course. AHP survey was used to yield the weight factors for each detailed indicator, define the detailed indicators, and for the comprehensive indexing of each indicator. Data were collected for each Eup and Myeon for areas under study using statistical data from related institutions to examine rural regeneration competencies. In addition, a diagnostic indicators and comprehensive rural living area index per Eup and Myeon within rural living areas were derived, and they were visualized for comparison per area to examine the competence in rural regeneration. The mobile O-D data cluster analysis was utilized to determine the relation to daily lives. The analytical hierarchy process was applied to determine the dependence of daily lives, and the process also set two spatial scopes, the western living area and the eastern living area, for the examination of rural regeneration competency. The comprehensive indicators of rural regeneration competency of the examined cases showed that the eastern living area has twice higher calculations than the western living area. This shows that the difference in the rural living area is high within the region. Furthermore, the difference between Eup and Myeon was pronounced within the eastern living area, which indicated a higher rural regeneration competency. The eastern living area showed low accessibility and human resources scores, but it had a high environmental score. The eastern living area had a low score for the environment and high scores for human resources and accessibility for the rural regeneration competency. The rural regeneration competency diagnostic indicators developed by the researcher identifies and examines the rural regeneration competency based on the theoretical structure. The previous policies in the rural areas had the "rural = agriculture = vicinity = living space" perspective. However, this study suggests the new rural policy to change its perspective into the "rural=living space=social ecosystem space." Examining rural areas must consider the elements influenced by the diverse and complex environments and the relationship between each factor. Thus, the significance of this study shall be found in terms of developing a systematic diagnostic indicators for rural regeneration competency and providing a methodology for the examination of rural areas. The indicators for rural regeneration competency proposed in this study is useful in inducing the voluntary participation of residents in rural communities. The comprehensive index derived from the rural regeneration indicators and the visualized data showing the level of each area shall be a useful tool for residents in the rural areas where local issues are shared with.

문화기반 농촌지역개발 전략 연구

윤홍권 중앙대학교 대학원 2021 국내박사

Rural areas are evaluated as a stage for low-density innovative growth with ecological environment, agriculture, rural culture, and community culture values. As cities undergo rapid quantitative expansion, relatively rural areas are attracting attention as a low-density economic growth space with growth potential centering on the ecological environment. In Korea's rural policy, more than 10 trillion won is invested annually, focusing on rural convergence industries and rural development projects, with the aim of increasing the value of rural space and the quality of life of rural residents. However, the contribution of rural convergence industry and rural development projects to resident participation and capacity building is insufficient, lack of expertise for discovering and developing local resources, lack of service innovation and quality management system, creation and interaction of internal and external cooperative networks It has been criticized for lack of strategy. In addition, as a result, the settlement satisfaction and population in rural areas are continuously decreasing, and the GDP of rural areas is also showing unstable or declining trend. In Korea's rural policy, more than 10 trillion won is invested annually, focusing on rural convergence industries and rural development projects, with the aim of increasing the value of rural space and the quality of life of rural residents. However, the contribution of rural convergence industry and rural development projects to resident participation and capacity building is insufficient, lack of expertise for discovering and developing local resources, lack of service innovation and quality management system, creation and interaction of internal and external cooperative networks It has been criticized for lack of strategy. In addition, as a result, the settlement satisfaction and population in rural areas are continuously decreasing, and the GDP of rural areas is also showing unstable or declining trend. In a situation where there are criticisms that rural industry and rural development projects are not performing well, culture-based regional development can be an alternative strategy that can strengthen the capabilities of rural residents, strengthen communities, and promote economic vitalization. Culture is deeply linked to the development and innovation of new products and services, and is actively involved in consumer choices and decisions. In addition, as it is widely recognized that it has a direct or indirect effect on regional development and economic growth, it is being used as a regional development strategy. In order to utilize the value of culture, the governments, local governments, and companies of each country have actively promoted culture and arts-related policies and projects, and various cultural-based regional development strategies and methods have been proposed by many researchers. However, culture-based regional development research has been actively used as a way to revitalize developing countries or old towns, but the case of application to rural areas is scarce. In addition, prior research on rural development argues that physical environment, social capital, residents' intention to participate in regional development projects, leadership, reciprocity, and strategies to secure sustainability are important for regional development, but focusing on culture-based regional development strategies There is insufficient research on the development plan. Therefore, this study adopts culture-based rural areas development as a regional development strategy for rural areas, and intends to promote omnibus research including deriving key factors necessary for successful implementation, deriving business ecosystem models, and analyzing consumer perceptions. To this end, first, the main factors for the successful promotion of culture-based rural areas development are deduced and the direction for culture-based rural areas development is set by examining their relative importance. Next, we intend to derive a business model for the development of culture-based rural areas by using the business ecosystem model. Finally, the effect of service quality and trust in rural areas on visit intention is reviewed. Through this, if service quality and trust in rural areas are improved, it is possible to increase consumers' intention to visit rural areas. Accordingly, the following research questions were established. Research Question 1: What are the major factors for culture-based rural development, and what is their relative importance? Research Question 2: What is the culture-based and rural development business ecosystem model? Research Question 3: What is the consumer's perception of the relationship between service quality, trust, and visit intention in rural areas? In order to examine the above research questions, this study was conducted in Research 1 Analysis of major factors and relative importance of culture-based rural areas development, Study 2 culture-based rural areas development business ecosystem model study, Study 3 Rural service quality and trust on intention to visit rural Impact studies were performed in turn. First, in Study 1, the main factors of culture-based and rural development were derived and their relative importance was analyzed using the DHP analysis, which combines Delphi analysis and AHP. To this end, the 1st and 2nd Delphi and 3rd AHP surveys and analysis were conducted targeting 18 experts in culture-based and rural development. As a result of the analysis, it was analyzed that in order to succeed in culture-based rural development, it is necessary to promote culture-based local industries and create an environment for regional development and to promote human and material support policies in advance. In addition, it was found that the overall competitiveness of local culture-based products and services and the establishment of a continuous competitiveness reinforcement system, and the competence of local residents in cultural arts, learning and technical competence, and regional identity related to regional development were important. Next, it was analyzed that it was important to establish a system that creates additional or new values ​​and solves local problems in cooperation with the local community, experts, companies, and local governments within the village. Finally, the importance of establishing a productive business network, an efficient service innovation system, and securing overall health of the network's sustainability was evaluated in relatively low order. From a detailed perspective, it was analyzed that the most important thing was the formation and effective operation of a cooperative system such as residents, experts, companies, and local governments that can contribute to solving local problems. In addition, policies for attracting human and material support from external companies, institutions and organizations, the willingness of local residents to actively support and participate in regional development and regional development projects, the government and local government’s material support policies for regional development, and local cultural resources It was analyzed that the operation of the program for service innovation is important. Other factors were evaluated relatively later. In Study 2, we tried to derive a conceptual model and business ecosystem model (As-is) for the development of cultural and rural areas focusing on the service value network method. In addition, an improved (To-be) model was derived through the review and evaluation of 10 experts. As a result of the analysis, three characteristics of the ecosystem business model for culture-based rural development were derived. First, the service provider's local cultural and artistic group provides fine arts services to local residents as cultural and artistic creators and provides cultural and artistic values ​​to farmhouses and processors, restaurants, lodgings, and experience companies, which are important in the development of cultural and rural areas. analyzed to play a role. Second, the first combination of private certification and cooperation support institutions was added as an entity that serves as a platform to promote and mediate the quality certification and management of goods and services for strengthening the competitiveness of local cultural resources and the cooperation of stakeholders. It was analyzed that private certification and cooperation support institutions can essentially increase the value of rural goods and services, and can play an intermediary role that enables stakeholders related to cultural and rural development to share values ​​and cooperate. Third, the local cultural resource innovation and management organization of the second association was included as the main body for discovering and upgrading local cultural resources. The local cultural resource innovation and management group is the main body that continuously discovers cultural resources in rural areas, upgrades existing cultural resources, and promotes commercialization. It was analyzed that cooperation could play a role in managing and sharing the value of local cultural resources. In Study 3, the E-TPB model was constructed by adopting service quality and trust, which are reported to have an important influence on the decision to purchase and enjoy rural goods and services, as expansion factors. In order to verify the E-TPB model on the intention to visit rural areas, the causal relationship between service quality, trust, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and visit intentions perceived by consumers when visiting rural areas was comprehensively analyzed. As a result of the survey, a total of 241 data were collected, and SPSS and AMOS were used for empirical analysis. First, as a result of direct effect analysis, service quality in rural areas was found to have a significant effect on trust, attitude, and subjective norms, but it was analyzed that it had no effect on perceived behavioral control. Next, trust in rural goods and services was found to have a significant effect on attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Lastly, the attitude toward rural areas and perceived behavioral control were found to have a significant effect on the intention to visit, but it was analyzed that they had no significant effect on the subjective norm. Combining the results of mediating effect analysis, all mediating effects of this study were analyzed to be significant. It was confirmed that service quality had a positive effect on attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control through trust. In addition, trust was found to have a positive effect on visit intention through attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control, confirming that trust plays an important mediating role in the relationship between service quality and the TPB model. Next, service quality was found to have a positive effect on visit intention through trust, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. I confirmed that the model exists. The results of the analysis of phantom variables to examine individual mediating effects are as follows. First, as a result of examining the mediating effects of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control in the relationship between service quality and visit intention, it was found that attitude has a mediating effect in the relationship between service quality and visit intention. On the other hand, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control were analyzed to have no mediating effect. Next, since service quality was found to have mediating effects on attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control through trust, this study tried to examine the effect of individual mediating effects on visit intention. As a result of the analysis, it was found that attitude and perceived behavioral control had a significant mediating effect in that service quality affects visit intention through trust. On the other hand, subjective norms were analyzed to have no mediating effect. Finally, as a result of analyzing the mediating effects of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control in the relationship between trust and visit intention, it was found that attitude and perceived behavioral control had a significant mediating effect. On the other hand, subjective norms were analyzed to have no mediating effect. Combining the results of the phantom variable analysis, it was analyzed that the mediation pathways including the relationship between service quality and perceived behavioral control, subjective norms and visit intention, which showed that the direct effects of this study were insignificant, were all analyzed to be insignificant. The theoretical implications of this study are as follows. Study 1 has theoretical implications in that it derives major factors and relative importance levels for culture-based rural development by analyzing previous studies on rural industry, rural development, and culture-based regional development. Study 2 did not suggest regional development strategy innovation methods for cultural and rural development centered on the business ecosystem model and service value network, but rather presented the composition, roles, and value chains of stakeholders from a comprehensive perspective. It has academic significance. Study 3 is meaningful in that it derived an extended E-TPB model by adding service quality and trust to the TPB model to predict consumers' intention to visit rural areas. The practical implications of this study are as follows. For successful promotion of culture-based rural areas development, Study 1 shows 'local business environment creation and policy support', 'local cultural resource competitiveness', 'local people's competency', 'internal cooperation and service innovation system', 'cooperation system with outside' This suggests that it is necessary to derive strategies and plans that focus on In addition, it provides practical implications for establishing strategies for strengthening and increasing specific factors by providing detailed factors for upper factors. Study 2 suggests that culture-based rural areas development needs to be promoted based on a comprehensive and systematic promotion system and strategy from the perspective of a business ecosystem model. In particular, organizations that can discover and upgrade rural cultural resources and induce external cooperation are needed. In addition, it suggested that an institution that can support public accreditation and operate a better level of private accreditation system and lead the process of sharing knowledge and value among stakeholders is needed. Study 3 suggested that innovation in service quality is necessary to increase consumers' intention to visit rural areas, and service quality innovation needs to be promoted with a focus on providing consumers with trust and confidence in performance. Although this study provides various implications necessary for applying the culture-based regional development strategy to the overall rural area, it has limitations in that it does not consider regional diversity and product and service differentiation of individual regions. Therefore, in future research, it is expected that more practical and effective business models and service innovation implementation studies can be conducted centered on individual regions or villages. 농촌은 생태환경, 농업, 농촌문화, 공동체 문화 가치를 가진 저밀도 혁신 성장의 무대로 평가되고 있다. 도시가 급속한 양적 팽창을 겪으면서 기반시설 부족, 노후시설 정비 지체, 지역산업 쇠퇴 및 부재, 지역문화 자산 방치, 지역공동체 해체로 고밀도 성장포화 상황에 직면하면서 상대적으로 농촌이 생태 환경을 중심으로 성장 잠재력을 가진 저밀도 경제 성장 공간으로 주목받고 있다. 우리나라 농촌정책은 농촌이라는 공간의 가치와 농촌지역민의 삶의 질 증대를 목적으로 농촌융복합산업과 농촌지역개발사업을 중심으로 연간 약 10조원 이상의 예산을 투입하고 있다. 그러나 농촌융복합산업과 농촌지역개발 사업이 주민 참여 및 역량 강화에 기여하는 바가 미진하고 지역자원 발굴 및 개발을 위한 전문성 부족, 서비스혁신 및 품질관리 체계 부재, 내·외부 협력적 네트워크 창출과 상호작용 전략 부재 등의 비판을 받고 있다. 또한, 결과적으로 농촌의 정주 만족도와 인구는 지속적으로 감소하고 있으며, 농촌의 GDP도 불안정하거나 하락하는 추이를 보이고 있다. 농촌산업 및 농촌지역개발 사업의 성과가 미진하다는 비판이 존재하는 상황에서 문화적 지역개발은 농촌지역민의 역량을 강화하고 공동체를 강화하며 경제적 활성화를 도모할 수 있는 대안적 전략이 될 수 있다. 문화는 새로운 제품과 서비스의 개발과 혁신에 깊이 연결되어있으며, 소비자의 선택과 의사결정에 적극적으로 개입되기 때문에 지역발전 및 경제성장에 직·간접적인 영향을 미친다는 인식이 널리 인정되면서 지역개발 전략으로 활용되고 있다. 문화의 가치를 활용하기 위해 각국의 정부 및 지자체, 기업은 문화예술 관련 정책 및 사업을 적극적으로 추진했으며, 다수 연구자에 의해 다양한 문화적 지역개발 전략 및 방법이 제안되어왔다. 그러나 문화적 지역개발 연구는 개발도상국 또는 구도심의 재생을 위한 방안으로는 적극적으로 활용되었으나, 농촌에 적용한 사례는 미진한 상황이다. 또한, 농촌지역개발 선행연구는 물리적 환경, 사회적 자본, 주민의 지역개발사업 참여의도, 리더십, 호혜성, 지속 가능성 확보 전략이 지역개발에 중요하다고 보고하고 있으나, 문화적 지역개발 전략을 중심으로 농촌지역개발 방안을 검토한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 농촌의 지역개발 전략으로 문화기반 농촌지역개발을 채택하고, 이를 성공적으로 추진하기 위해 필요한 주요요인 도출, 비즈니스 생태계 모델 도출, 소비자 인식 분석을 포함한 옴니버스 연구를 추진하고자 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 문화기반 농촌지역개발의 성공적 추진을 위한 주요요인을 도출하고 이들의 상대적 중요도 검토를 통해 문화기반 농촌지역개발을 위한 방향성을 설정하고자 한다. 다음으로 비즈니스 생태계 모델을 활용하여 문화기반 농촌지역개발을 위한 비즈니스 모델을 도출하고자 한다. 마지막으로 농촌의 서비스품질과 신뢰가 방문의도에 미치는 영향을 검토하고자 한다. 이를 통해 농촌의 서비스품질과 신뢰가 높아진다면 소비자의 농촌 방문의도를 높일 수 있는지, 높일 수 있다면 소비자의 인지 구조적 관계는 어떠한지를 종합적으로 분석하고자 한다. 이에 다음과 같은 연구문제를 설정했다. 연구문제 1 : 문화기반 농촌지역개발을 위한 중요한 주요요인은 무엇이며, 상대적 중요도는 어떠한가? 연구문제 2 : 문화기반 농촌지역개발 비즈니스 생태계 모델은 무엇인가? 연구문제 3 : 농촌의 서비스품질, 신뢰, 방문의도의 관계에 대한 소비자 인식은 어떠한가? 위와 같은 연구문제를 검토하기 위해 본 연구는 연구 1 문화기반 농촌지역개발 주요요인 및 상대적 중요도 분석 연구, 연구 2 문화기반 농촌지역개발 비즈니스 생태계 모델 연구, 연구 3 농촌의 서비스품질과 신뢰가 농촌방문의도에 미치는 영향 연구를 차례로 수행했다. 먼저, 연구 1에서는 델파이 분석과 AHP를 결합한 DHP 분석을 활용하여 문화기반 농촌지역개발 주요요인 도출 및 상대적 중요도 분석을 실시했다. 이를 위해 문화기반 농촌지역개발 관련 전문가 18명을 대상으로 1~2차 델파이, 3차 AHP 조사·분석을 실시했다. 분석결과, 문화기반 농촌지역개발 성공을 위해서는 문화기반 지역산업 육성 및 지역개발을 위한 환경조성과 인적·물적 지원 정책이 선행되어 추진될 필요가 있는 것으로 분석됐다. 더불어 지역문화 상품 및 서비스의 전반적 경쟁력과 지속적 경쟁력 강화 체계 구축과 지역개발과 관련된 문화예술, 학습 및 기술 역량, 지역 정체성 등에 대한 지역민 역량을 중요한 것으로 나타났다. 다음으로 마을 내부의 지역 공동체와 전문가, 기업, 지자체 등이 협력하여 부가적이거나 새로운 가치를 창출하고 지역문제를 해결하는 체계를 구축하는 것이 중요한 것으로 분석됐다. 마지막으로 생산적 비즈니스 네트워크 구축 및 효율적 서비스혁신 체계, 네트워크의 지속가능성 전반의 건강성 확보의 중요도는 비교적 후 순으로 평가됐다. 세부적 관점에서 지역 문제해결에 기여할 수 있는 주민, 전문가, 기업, 지자체 등 협력체계의 구성 및 효과적 운영이 가장 중요한 것으로 분석됐다. 더불어 외부의 기업 및 기관, 단체의 인적·물적 지원 유치를 위한 정책, 지역민이 지역개발 및 지역개발사업을 적극적으로 지지하고 참여하려는 의지, 지역개발을 위한 정부 및 지자체의 물적 지원 정책, 지역문화자원의 서비스혁신을 위한 프로그램 운영이 중요한 것으로 분석됐다. 그 외 요인은 비교적 후 순으로 평가됐다. 연구 2에서는 서비스 가치 네트워크 방법을 중심으로 문화기반 농촌지역개발을 위한 개념적 모형과 비즈니스 생태계 모델(As-is)을 도출하고자 했다. 또한, 전문가 10인의 검토 및 평가를 거쳐 개선된(To-be) 모델을 도출했다. 분석결과, 문화기반 농촌지역개발을 위한 생태계 비즈니스 모델의 특징이 세 가지 도출됐다. 첫 번째로 서비스 공급자의 지역문화예술 단체가 문화예술 창작자로써 지역민에게 순수예술 서비스를 제공하며, 농가와 가공업자 식당·숙박·체험업자에게 문화·예술적 가치를 제공하는 주체로써 문화기반 농촌지역개발에서 중요한 역할을 할 수 있는 것으로 분석됐다. 두 번째로 제1결합의 민간인증·협력지원기관이 지역문화자원 경쟁력 강화를 위한 상품 및 서비스의 품질 인증·관리와 이해관계자의 협력을 촉진하고 중재하는 플랫폼 역할을 수행하는 주체로써 추가됐다. 민간인증·협력지원기관은 농촌 상품 및 서비스 가치를 본질적으로 높일 수 있으며, 문화기반 농촌지역개발과 관련된 이해관계자가 가치를 공유하며 협력할 수 있도록 하는 중간자적 역할을 수행할 수 있는 것으로 분석됐다. 세 번째로 제2결합의 지역문화자원 혁신 및 관리 단체가 지역문화 자원 발굴 및 고도화 주체로서 포함됐다. 지역문화자원 혁신 및 관리 단체는 농촌지역의 문화자원을 지속적으로 발굴하고, 기존의 문화자원을 고도화하며, 상품화를 추진하는 주체로써 지역 전문가, 지역 교육기관, 인근 지역민공동체, 외부 문화예술단체와의 협력을 통해서 지역문화자원의 가치를 관리하고 공유하는 역할을 수행할 수 있는 것으로 분석됐다. 연구 3에서는 농촌 상품과 서비스 구매 및 향유 결정에 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 보고되고 있는 서비스품질, 신뢰를 확장 요인으로 채택하여 E-TPB 모델을 구성했다. 농촌방문의도에 대한 E-TPB 모델 검증을 위해 농촌 방문 시 소비자가 인식하는 서비스품질, 신뢰, 태도, 주관적 규범, 지각된 행동통제, 방문의도의 인과적 관계를 종합적으로 분석하고자 했다. 조사결과 총 241개의 자료를 수집했으며, 실증분석에는 SPSS 및 AMOS를 활용했다. 먼저 직접효과 분석결과 농촌의 서비스품질은 신뢰와 태도, 주관적 규범에는 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나, 지각된 행동통제에는 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 분석됐다. 다음으로 농촌의 상품 및 서비스에 대한 신뢰는 태도, 주관적 규범, 지각된 행동통제에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 농촌에 대한 태도, 지각된 행동통제는 방문의도에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나, 주관적 규범에는 유의미한 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 분석됐다. 매개효과 분석결과를 종합하면 본 연구의 매개효과는 모두 유의미한 것으로 분석됐다. 서비스품질은 신뢰를 매개로 태도, 주관적 규범, 지각된 행동통제에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 점을 확인했다. 또한, 신뢰는 태도, 주관적 규범, 지각된 행동통제를 매개로 방문의도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나, 신뢰가 서비스품질과 TPB 모델의 관계에서 중요한 매개적 역할을 수행한다는 사실을 확인했다. 다음으로 서비스품질은 신뢰, 태도, 주관적 규범, 지각된 행동통제를 매개로 방문의도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나, 서비스품질과 신뢰를 추가한 E-TPB 모델이 방문의도를 예측하는 가치 있는 모델이라는 점을 확인했다. 개별 매개효과 검토를 위한 팬텀 변인 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저 서비스품질과 방문의도의 관계에서 태도, 주관적 규범, 지각된 행동통제의 매개효과를 검증한 결과, 태도는 서비스품질과 방문의도의 관계에서 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 주관적 규범과 지각된 행동통제는 매개효과가 없는 것으로 분석됐다. 다음으로 서비스품질은 신뢰를 매개로 태도와 주관적 규범, 지각된 행동통제에 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으므로, 개별 매개효과가 방문의도에 미치는 영향을 검토하고자 했다. 분석결과, 태도와 지각된 행동통제는 서비스품질이 신뢰를 매개로 방문의도에 영향을 미침에 있어서 유의미한 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 주관적 규범은 매개효과가 없는 것으로 분석됐다. 마지막으로 신뢰와 방문의도의 관계에서 태도, 주관적 규범, 지각된 행동통제의 매개효과 분석결과, 태도와 지각된 행동통제는 유의미한 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 주관적 규범은 매개효과가 없는 것으로 분석됐다. 팬텀 변인 분석결과를 종합하면 본 연구의 직접효과가 유의미하지 않은 것으로 나타난 서비스품질과 지각된 행동통제, 주관적 규범과 방문의도의 관계를 포함한 매개경로는 모두 유의미하지 않은 것으로 분석됐다. 본 연구의 이론적 시사점은 다음과 같다. 연구 1은 농촌산업, 농촌지역개발, 문화적 지역개발 전반의 선행연구를 분석하여 문화기반 농촌지역개발을 위한 주요요인과 상대적 중요도 수준을 도출했다는 점에서 이론적 시사점이 있다. 연구 2는 비즈니스 생태계 모델과 서비스 가치 네트워크를 중심으로 문화기반 농촌지역개발을 위한 지역개발 전략 혁신 방안을 일부분에 국한하여 제안하지 않고 종합적인 관점에서 이해관계자의 구성과 역할, 가치사슬을 제시했다는 점에서 학술적 의미가 있다. 연구 3은 소비자의 농촌 방문의도를 예측하기 위해 TPB 모델에 서비스품질과 신뢰를 추가하여 확장한 E-TPB 모델을 도출했다는 점에서 의미가 있다. 본 연구의 실무적 시사점은 다음과 같다. 연구 1은 문화기반 농촌지역개발의 성공적 추진을 위해서는 ‘지역사업 환경조성 및 정책적 지원’, ‘지역문화자원 경쟁력’, ‘지역민 역량’, ‘내부 협력 및 서비스혁신 체계’, ‘외부와의 협력체계’를 중점적으로 고려한 전략 및 계획 도출이 필요하다는 점을 시사한다. 또한 상위요인에 대한 세부요인을 제공함으로써 구체적인 요인 강화 및 증대 전략 수립에 실무적 시사점을 제공한다. 연구 2는 문화기반 농촌지역개발은 비즈니스 생태계 모델의 관점에서 종합적이고 체계적인 추진 체계 및 전략을 기반으로 추진될 필요가 있다는 점을 시사하고 있다. 특히, 농촌문화자원을 발굴하고 고도화하며, 외부 협력을 이끌어 낼 수 있는 단체가 필요하며, 더불어 공공인증지원과 보다 나은 수준의 민간인증 제도를 운영하고 이해관계자 간 지식과 가치의 공유 프로세스를 이끌어 갈 수 있는 기관이 필요하다는 점을 시사했다. 연구 3은 소비자의 농촌방문의도를 높이기 위해서는 서비스품질에 대한 혁신이 필요하며, 서비스품질 혁신은 소비자에게 신뢰와 성과에 대한 믿음을 제공하는 것에 초점을 맞춰 추진될 필요가 있다는 점을 시사했다. 본 연구는 농촌 전반에 문화적 지역개발 전략 적용하는데 필요한 다양한 시사점을 제공하고 있으나, 지역 다양성과 개별 지역의 상품 및 서비스 차별성 등을 고려하지 못했다는 점에서 한계가 있다. 따라서 추후 연구에서는 개별 지역 또는 마을을 중심으로 보다 실제적이고 실효성 높은 비즈니스 모델과 서비스혁신 실행 연구가 수행될 수 있기를 기대한다.

The Study on the Factors for Target Region Selection of Support Projects in Underdeveloped Areas : Focusing on local government conditions

김영아 서울대학교 대학원 2023 국내석사

All citizens have the right to live in a good environment, and the state should create an environment in which people can maintain a minimum quality of life and lead a humane life. To fulfill these obligations, the state is pushing for various projects to support underdeveloped areas to improve the poor living environment and revitalize the local community. Support projects for underdeveloped areas, which are distributed and promoted by various administrative agencies, are commonly targeted at areas where the physical environment is weak, threatening the safety and hygiene of residents, and poor economic conditions. Although it is not a large project, these projects are receiving positive reviews for their project design based on the demand of residents and their visible performance over a short period. Despite the positive evaluation, problems have been pointed out regarding the process of selecting a project target area. This is because the selection method of target areas is not a top-down method for underdeveloped areas that do not meet certain standards, but a bottom-up method when local governments that claim to need support apply for support projects. This local government public offering method seems to be a fair system that provides opportunities equally to all regions, but it is difficult to say that fair competition is achieved due to limitations in the selection process and procedure. As a result, in some cases, areas that are difficult to classify as underdeveloped areas themselves or do not meet the criteria for selecting projects even if they are underdeveloped are selected. Therefore, this thesis analyzed the effects of the physical or socioeconomic environment of the region, the capabilities of basic local governments applying for the public offering, and the political and social surroundings in determining whether to select the target area for the underdeveloped area support project. First of all, this thesis attempted to verify whether the existing target area selection criteria were working effectively. In addition, by identifying factors that affect other than the selection criteria, it was intended to derive implications that could increase the validity of the method of selecting target areas of the support project. To analyze this, the dependent variable was set as whether it was selected as a target area for the underdeveloped area support project in the public offering procedure, and the independent variable was divided into demand factors, local government capability factors, and surrounding conditions factors. First, as a physical environmental factor, the ratio of old houses, the ration of empty houses, the water supply installation ratio, the and sewage installation ratio were applied, and the ratio of the elderly population and GRDP per capita were applied as socioeconomic environmental factors. Second, the size of the local government personnel, the size of local government expenditure budget, and the degree of financial independence were set as capability factors. Third, the number of universities, the number of non-profit private organizations, and the number of lawmakers elected were applied as factors of surrounding conditions. For analysis, the relationship between independent and dependent variables was verified through binary logistic regression analysis using national approval statistics published through the Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS) and the National Balanced-Development Information System (NABIS). The analysis results are as follows. First, the ratio of old houses, the ration of empty houses, and the sewage installation ratio, which are stipulated as one of the physical indicators in the selection criteria for support projects in underdeveloped areas, are factors that influence the selection of target areas. However, contrary to predictions, the higher the sewage installation ratio, the higher the possibility of selecting the target area. Second, the water supply installation ratio is not currently included in the selection criteria for the target area, but is a factor that influences the determination of whether to select the target area. Third, the proportion of the elderly population is a factor that affects the selection of the target area, but contrary to predictions, the lower the proportion of the elderly population, the higher the possibility of selection. Fourth, the size of the workforce of basic local governments, that is, the number of public officials, is a factor that affects whether or not the target area is selected. Through the research results, the following implications and policy implications could be derived. First, it is necessary to further solidify the current selection criteria that use physical environment indicators as a key criterion for selecting target areas. This is because it was confirmed that some indicators included in the current selection criteria are functioning as effective indicators in the selection process of the target area. However, it is necessary to supplement the selection criteria in the direction of increasing the validity. It is possible to consider adding a water supply installation ratio to the current selection criteria, and removing or lowering the sewage installation ratio and the proportion of the elderly population. On the other hand, in the long run, it is necessary to deviate from the existing public offering method of the current project target area selection method. In other words, it is necessary for the state to comprehensively evaluate the vulnerable level of the region and convert it into a system that supports the establishment of project plans while giving opportunities to promote projects in underdeveloped areas. This is because, in addition to the objective selection criteria, various exogenous factors that may affect the public offering review process can be blocked. Second, it is necessary to simplify the public offering procedure and form so that the administrative or financial burden of basic local governments participating in the public offering of support projects can be reduced. This is because participating in the public offering process itself causes a considerable administrative burden on local governments and a financial burden in the preparation process. Simplification of procedures and forms is necessary not only to minimize the impact of local governments' capabilities on the selection of target areas, but also to minimize resources wasted in the selection process. Third, it is necessary to strengthen the representation and independence of the review committee, which has the authority to make final decisions, to increase the validity of selecting areas subject to support projects for underdeveloped areas. Fourth, there is a need for a control tower that can comprehensively manage support projects for underdeveloped areas distributed and implemented by various administrative agencies. If there is an institution that integrates and coordinates support projects in underdeveloped areas and manages them to achieve mutual synergy, it will not only reduce the burden on local governments, but also help to continuously maintain support projects and create results. 모든 국민은 양호한 환경에서 살아갈 권리를 갖고 있으며, 국가는 국민들이 최소한의 삶의 질을 유지하고 인간다운 생활을 영위할 수 있는 환경을 만들 의무를 가지고 있다. 국가는 이런 의무를 이행하기 위해 재정을 투입하여 열악한 생활환경 개선과 지역사회 활성화를 도모하는 다양한 낙후지역 지원사업을 추진하고 있다. 다양한 행정기관에 분산되어 추진되고 있는 낙후지역 지원사업들은 공통적으로 물리적 환경이 취약하여 주민들의 안전과 위생이 위협받고, 경제적 여건이 열악한 지역을 대상으로 하고 있다. 대형 프로젝트는 아니지만 이들 사업은 주민들의 수요를 기반으로 하는 사업설계와 단기간 동안의 가시적 성과 등을 이유로 긍정적인 평가를 받고 있다. 긍정적인 평가에도 불구하고, 사업 대상지역을 선정하는 과정에 대해서는 문제점이 지적되고 있다. 대상지역 선정방식이 일정 기준에 미달하는 낙후지역을 대상으로 일괄 지원하는 방식(Top-down)이 아니라 지원이 필요하다고 주장하는 지방자치단체가 지원사업을 신청하면 심사를 통해 선정하는 방식(Bottom-up)으로 진행되기 때문이다. 이러한 지자체 공모 방식은 모든 지역에 기회를 균등하게 제공하는 공평한 시스템으로 보이지만, 선정 과정과 절차상 한계로 인해 공평한 경쟁이 이루어진다고 보기 어려운 측면이 있다. 결과적으로 일부 사례의 경우 낙후지역 자체로 분류하기 어렵거나 낙후되었더라도 사업의 선정기준에 적합하지 않은 지역이 선정되기도 한다. 따라서, 본 논문은 지역의 물리적 또는 사회경제적 환경, 공모를 신청하는 기초 지방자치단체의 역량, 정치사회적 주변 여건 등이 낙후지역 지원사업의 대상지역 선정여부를 결정하는데 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 기존의 대상지역 선정기준이 유효하게 작동하고 있는지 검증하고, 선정기준 이외에 영향을 미치는 요인을 찾아냄으로써 지원사업 대상지역 선정방법의 타당성을 높일 수 있는 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 이를 분석하고자 종속변수를 공모 절차에서 낙후지역 지원사업 대상지역으로 선정되었는지 여부로 설정하고, 독립변수를 수요 요인, 지자체 역량 요인, 주변 여건 요인으로 나누어 분석을 실시하였다. 첫번째, 수요 요인은 물리적 환경 요인으로 노후주택 비율, 빈집 비율, 상수도 보급률, 하수도 보급률을, 사회경제적 환경 요인으로 노인인구 비율, 1인당 GRDP를 적용하였다. 두번째, 역량요인으로 지자체 인력 규모, 지자체 세출예산 규모, 재정자립도를 설정하였다. 세번째, 주변 여건 요인으로 대학 수, 비영리 민간단체 등록건수, 국회의원 당선횟수를 적용하였다. 분석을 위해 국가통계포털(KOSIS)과 국가균형발전 종합정보시스템(NABIS)을 통해 공표된 국가승인통계와 각 행정기관에서 발표하는 공식통계를 활용하여, 이항 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통해 독립변수와 종속변수 간의 관계를 검증하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 낙후지역 지원사업 선정기준에서 물리적 지표 중 하나로 규정하고 있는 노후주택 비율, 빈집 비율, 하수도 보급률은 대상지역 선정여부를 결정하는 데 영향을 미치는 요인이다. 그러나, 하수도 보급률은 예측과 달리 하수도 보급률이 높을수록 대상지역 선정가능성이 높아진다. 둘째, 상수도 보급률은 현재 대상기준 선정기준에 포함되어 있지 않으나 대상지역 선정여부를 결정하는 데 영향을 미치는 요인이다. 셋째, 노인인구 비율은 대상지역 선정에 영향을 미치는 요인이나, 예측과는 달리 노인인구 비율이 낮을수록 선정 가능성이 높아진다. 넷째, 기초 지방자치단체의 인력 규모 즉, 공무원의 수는 대상지역 선정 여부에 영향을 미치는 요인이다. 연구 결과를 통해 다음과 같은 시사점과 정책적 함의를 도출할 수 있었다. 첫째, 지역의 낙후도를 판별할 수 있는 물리적 환경 지표를 대상지역 선정의 핵심기준으로 활용하고 있는 현재의 선정기준을 보다 공고히 할 필요가 있다. 이는 현재의 선정기준에 포함된 다수의 지표가 대상지역 선정과정에서 유효한 지표로 기능하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었기 때문이다. 다만, 타당성을 높이는 방향으로 선정기준을 보완할 필요가 있다. 현재의 선정기준에 상수도 보급률을 추가하고, 하수도 보급률 및 노인인구 비율은 제거 또는 비중을 낮추는 방안 등을 고려해볼 수 있다. 한편, 장기적으로는 현재의 사업지역 발굴 방식을 기존의 공모방식에서 벗어나 국가가 지역의 주거취약 수준을 종합적으로 평가 후 낙후지역에 사업 추진 기회를 부여함과 함께 사업계획 수립을 지원하는 시스템으로 전환할 필요가 있다. 이러한 방식으로 전환하는 경우 객관적인 선정기준 이외에 공모심사 과정에서 영향을 미칠 수 있는 다양한 외생적 요인을 차단할 수 있기 때문이다. 둘째, 지원사업 공모에 참여하는 지방자치단체의 행정적 또는 재정적 부담을 경감시켜줄 수 있도록 공모절차와 형식을 간소화할 필요가 있다. 공모 절차에 참여하는 것 자체가 지방자치단체에 상당한 행정적 업무부담을 유발하고, 준비과정에서 재정부담을 야기하기 때문이다. 절차와 형식의 간소화는 지방자치단체의 역량 자체가 대상지역 선정에 미치는 영향을 최소화함으로써 지원 필요성이 높은 지역이 대상지역으로 선정될 수 있도록 할 뿐 아니라 선정 과정에서 낭비되는 자원을 최소화하기 위해서도 필요하다. 셋째, 낙후지역 지원사업 대상지역 선정의 타당성을 높이기 위해 최종 결정 권한을 가지고 있는 심사위원회의 대표성과 독립성을 강화할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 여러 행정기관에 분산되어 실시되고 있는 낙후지역 지원사업을 총괄적으로 관리할 수 있는 종합 컨트롤 타워가 필요하다. 분산 추진되고 있는 낙후지역 지원사업을 통합 및 조정하고, 상호 시너지를 거둘 수 있도록 관리하는 기관이 있다면 지방자치단체의 부담도 경감될 뿐 아니라 지원사업의 지속적인 유지관리와 성과 창출에도 큰 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다.

The Empirical Relationships Between Green Space Characteristics and Flood Events

김효민 서울대학교 환경대학원 2016 국내박사

Countermeasures for increasing resilience to urban flooding should consider long-term perspectives because climate change impacts are unpredictable and complex. Recent approaches to climate change adaption have emphasized disaster control, sustainable development, and urban green spaces. For flood control, green spaces can evolve dynamically depending on the physical environment of an urban flood; therefore, identifying the regional features of green spaces is necessary to maximize their effect. In this study, flood vulnerable areaflooded areas in Seoul, Korea, were divided into four flooded area types, and statistical analysis was performed to determine how the flooding probability change with green space area, type, and pattern. In this way, regional features that maximize the effects of green spaces on flood resilience were identified and can now be reflected in the planning and design of green spaces. First, a model to evaluate flood vulnerable areas in Seoul city was developed using MaxEnt. The variables selected for model simulation included those related to the physical environment, climate environment, green space environment, and flood risk management infrastructure (FRMI). The model was simulated by extracting random points 1000 times considering uncertainty. Flood was not taken place in 43 of 239 drainage basins in Seoul. On this basis, the flood vulnerable areas identified were: Seocho4, Gildong, Shinwol3, Bangbae1, and Hwagok2 drainage basins. Second, flooded area types were divided into 4 types based on features of flooded area by using multivariate statistics. Type 1 included regions where flooding occurred in a drainage basin that had a FRMI. These basins were located around the Han River and major streams and were bordered by mountains. Basin slopes were gentler than the slope of Seoul city and the was the second highest identified. These basins were characterized by residential and commercial mixed land use. Type 2 is the regions with steep slopes, low TWI, and the best drainage identified. Compared with the other types, the green space ratio was high. These basins were bordered by steep mountains allowing the downward flow of water without attenuation, which was identified as regional feature of flood resistance. Type 3 represented the gentlest sloping areas, and these were associated with the highest TWI value, and the worst soil drainage. In contrast to type 2, the dominant regional feature was the attenuation of standing water. Type 4 had features that were intermediate to those in type 2 and type 3 (e.g., moderate slopes, imperfect soil drainage, and lower than average TWI value). Third, differences in flooding probability based on green space area, type, and pattern for each flooded area type was comparatively analyzed using logistic regression analysis. We found that green spaces exerted a considerable influence on urban flooding probabilities in Seoul and flooding probabilities could be reduced by over 50% depending on the green space area and the locations where green spaces were introduced. Increasing the area of green spaces was the most effective method of decreasing flooding probability in type 3 areas. In type 2 areas, the maximum hourly precipitation affected the flooding probability significantly, and the flooding probability in these areas was high despite the extensive green space area. On the basis of the results, a formula was developed to identify the green space areas required to reduce flooding probability. Green spaces were categorized as planted area, grassland, wetland, paddy field, field, orchard, or forest based on their CN value, and the contributions of green space areas to flood control for each flooded area type were analyzed. For type 1, grassland showed the highest contribution, followed by forests and then planted areas. For type 2, only the forest type was analyzed with respect to flood control. For type 3, paddy fields showed the highest contribution, followed by fields, planted areas and forests. As most farmland in Seoul is located on gentle slopes bordered by mountains, natural rainwater is often retained in the basin as confined water. For type 4, forests showed the highest contribution, followed by planted areas and fields. For the green space patterns of types 1 and 2, the area-weighted Mean Shape Index (AWMSI) represented as significant variable, with complexity increases correlated with increased flooding probability. Type 3 contained an area in which the flood control efficiency of the green space area was high, and the green space area (CA), number of green space patches (NumP), MPS, and AWMSI were found to be significant variables that exerted a positive influence on flooding probability reduction. In Type 4, increases in NumP were correlated with reduced flooding probability. The results of this study show that green spaces in urban areas can impact upon flooded area type; however, flood control functions also correspond to topographic factors (i.e., slope, TWI, soil drainage); therefore, green spaces should be introduced to areas that will ensure maximum efficiency for flood control. Green space area, type, and pattern were suggested as a factor to reduce flooding probability according to the properties of the flooded area type. In addition, guidelines for increasing flood resilience were developed to assist with the spatial planning of green spaces as countermeasures for urban flooding. In the case of artificial FRMI such as rainwater retention basins, their value may decrease over time, but increasing the green space area is an eco-friendly solution that will benefit humans and nature over a long period of time. The role of existing green spaces is often limited to the production of ecological benefits for wildlife and aesthetically pleasing landscapes for human residents, but functionally, proper design plans for green space locations could maximize their impact on flood control. Therefore, this study recommends that urban areas devote planning resources for green spaces, and such efforts should determine where the best areas are for their introduction. It is expected that the approach used in this study and the results obtained will provide a framework for diverse research on green spaces in the future. Furthermore, the techniques employed may be useful for predicting flood probabilities in urban areas, i.e., the models, which were based on empirical data, had a high explanatory capability.

결합개발관련 주요쟁점에 대한 전문가 인식차이 분석

이현화 서울시립대학교 도시과학대학원 2012 국내석사

This paper grasped the major issues about conjoin regeneration program, one of the floor-area-ratio(FAR) transfer systems which have studied as a plan of efficient use of urban land and drew the major issues. The purpose of the study is to try to investigate, grasp, and analyze the experts' perception differences about the major issues related to conjoint regeneration program. Seoul is now arranging the conjoint regeneration program which is included in the regeneration promotion project of Imun·whigyeong in Dongdaemun and the conjoint regeneration program between redevelopment areas of Haebangchon·Huam-dong in Yongsan. The conjoint regeneration program of Imun·whigyeong zone is the project which is promoted by establishing the two zones as the single union in management disposal, the two lawsuits to confirm the invalidation of union establishment are now being arranged by opposition of local residents in the station influence areas, and the residents in the hill areas are demanding public compensation for regulations due to the histo-cultural preservation areas. The conjoint regeneration program of the Haebangchon area made the entire residents of the transmission area receive the rights to move into Huam-dong whose house prices of the station influence area were higher than others as the entire Haebangchon areas were created as the green corridor. But 73% of the residents opposed it in that they should move to Huam-dong unconditionally without the options including extinction of rent profit, tenant compensation, and continuous residence in Haebangchon because the area to create green corridor was the concentration ones of shopping malls and amenities and the voluntary meeting of the residents was held for opposition of green corridor on Apr. 11th, 2011. And in the case of this area, the residents had a deep distrust of the government after the policy announcement without gathering their opinions. And actually the conjoint regeneration project foundered as Huam-dong was just arranging the reconstruction project due to development requirement of the deteriorated house areas by the residents in Huam-dong. Therefore, it tries to analyze the perception differences by expert of the academic world which has arranged many studies about the conjoint regeneration program, public officials, and the companies which participate in the floor-area-ratio(FAR) transfer system and grasp the present condition. The questions of the important issues of the floor-area-ratio(FAR) transfer system were made out with 4 subjects of separation of development rights from ownership, calculation of their values, institutions to deal them, and residents' agreement and the role of public development agencies and it was the total 14 questions. It tried to conduct the same survey with the one which was intended for the expert groups to the residents, but most of residents refused to answer the questions because of the conflicts of the development. So it was replaced by interviews. The survey result to have more problems than other groups has found that public officials chose separation of the development rights from ownership, nonestablishment of the standard to calculate values and the residents' conflicts, the companies did nonestablishment of the standard to calculate values and the problem of payment system, and the academic world did separation of the development rights from ownership, nonestablishment of the standard to calculate values, the residents' conflicts, and insufficiency of the role of public development agencies. When these points are considered, as the public officials concentrated on the legal bases or they systems which are the public standard, the companies did on paradigms of future-oriented plans, the plans and the role of public development agencies which are the fundamental concept of the development rights, they showed the perception differences. As shown in conclusion, it is thought that separation of the development rights from own should be gradually accomplished, it should be limited in the target, the system improvement should be implemented setting priorities of the change in law when the systems are introduced, social agreement about calculation of the floor ratio ratio's values and the system to specify ownership should be done after establishing them. The case of Imun·whigyeong, Haebangchon·Huam-dong has found that the residents opposed the development and had a deep distrust about the administrative organs as the policies were announced without gathering their opinions. The floor-area-ratio(FAR) transfer system could effectively utilize the limited land sources in Seoul and it is the good system to compensate the residents in the regulation areas for loss without the greater burden of the public development agencies. But discreet approach to it should be done because it could shake foundation of use districts and the use district system which is the basis of Korean land planning. In the future, it is hoped that the floor-area-ratio(FAR) transfer system will be restrictively introduced to prepare compensation for loss in the preservation districts and preservation of cultural assets as shown in the examples of US and Japan, not the current entire development method and be the new paradigm of urban planning in Seoul. Key words: the floor-area-ratio(FAR) transfer system, the conjoint regeneration system, separation of the development rights from ownership, Calculation of the development rights' values, the institution to deal the development rights, The residents' agreement and the role of public development agencies 본 논문은 도시토지의 효율적 이용의 한 방안으로 연구 되어 왔던 용적이전제도의 하나인 결합개발에 대한 주요 이슈들을 파악하고, 주요 쟁점등을 도출하였다. 연구의 목표는 결합개발 관련 주요 쟁점에 대한 전문가별 인식차이를 조사하여 파악하고, 분석하고자 함이다.현재 서울시에서 진행하고 있는 동대문 이문·휘경 재정비촉진사업내 포함된 결합개발과 용산 해방촌·후암동의 재개발구역간 결합개발이 진행되고 있다. 이문·휘경지구 결합개발은 관리처분에 있어 2개구역을 단일조합으로 설립하여 추진하고 있는 사업으로, 역세권 지역주민들의 반발로 조합설립 무효확인소송이 2건 진행중에 있으며, 구릉지 주민들은 역사문화보존지구로 인한 앙각규제에 대하여 공공의 보상을 요구하고 있었다.해방촌구역 결합개발은 해방촌일대 전체를 녹지축으로 조성함에 따라 송출구역 전체주민이 역세권인 집값이 더 비싼 후암동으로 입주권을 받을수 있도록 하였으나, 녹지축 조성지역이 해방촌내 상가 및 편의시설 밀집지역이어서 임대수익 소멸, 세입자보상금, 해방촌에 계속거주를 원하는등 선택권 없이 무조건적으로 후암동으로 이전한다는 점에서 주민 73%가 반대하였으며, 2011.04.11일 녹지축 반대를 위한 주민들의 자발적인 회의 개최등이 있었다. 또한 이지역의 경우 주민의 의견수렴 없는 정책발표후 공공에 대한 불신이 깊어져 있고, 후암동지역주민의 노후불량주택지역의 개발요구등으로 인하여 후암동만 재건축사업을 진행중에 있어 사실상 결합개발사업이 무산되었다고 볼 수 있다.그러므로, 결합개발제도에 대하여 많은 연구를 진행하였던 학계, 행정을 집행하는 공무원, 용적이전제도 사업에 참여하는 기업종사자를 대상으로 전문가별 인식의 차이를 분석하고, 현황을 파악하고자 한다. 용적이전제도의 중요 이슈로는 개발권과 소유권의 분리, 개발권가치산정, 개발권거래기관, 주민합의 및 공공의 역할로 크게 4가지 주제를 가지고 문항을 작성하였으며, 총 문항은 14문항으로 작성하였다. 전문가 집단외에 주민들도 동일한 설문을 실시하려고 하였으나, 개발에 대한 갈등으로 주민들 대부분이 응답을 거부하여, 인터뷰로 대체하였다. 조사결과 공무원은 개발권소유권분리,가치산정기준미확립,지불방식,주민갈등, 기업종사자는 가치산정기준 미확립 및 지불방식문제, 학계는 개발권소유권분리 및 가치산정기준 미확립, 주민갈등, 공공의 역할미흡부분에 다른 집단보다 많은 문제가 있다고 선택하였다. 이러한 점들로 미루어 보아 공무원은 공적인 기준인 법적근거나 제도, 기업종사자는 사업리스크와 관련한 주민 갈등요소등에 집중되어 있었으며, 학계는 미래지향적 계획의 패러다임, 개발권소유권의 근본개념인 계획과 공공의 역할등에 집중되어 있는 인식의 차이를 보여주었다. 결론에서도 나왔듯이 개발권과 소유권의 분리는 점진적으로 이루어져야 되며, 그대상을 한정적으로 적용하고, 제도도입에 있어서 법률개정의 우선 순위를 정하여 제도개선을 시행하고, 용적률 가치산정에 대한 사회적 합의, 소유권에 대한 명기제도등을 정립후 도입하여야 된다고 생각한다.이문·휘경, 해방촌·후암동등의 경우는 주민의 의견수렴없이 정책발표가 되어, 주민들의 개발반대 및 행정기관에 대한 불신이 깊어졌다는 것을 주민 인터뷰를 통해서 알수 있었다.용적이전제도는 서울시의 한정적인 토지자원을 효과적으로 활용할수 있고, 공공의 큰 재정부담없이 규제지 역의 주민들에게 손실보상을 해줄수 있는 좋은 제도이나, 한정적이고 선 택적으로 접근하지 않으면, 우리나라의 국토계획의 근간인 용도지역 및 용도지구제도를 뿌리부터 흔들수도 있으므로, 신중하게 접근하지 않으면 안될것이다. 앞으로 용적이전제도가 지금의 전면개발방식이 아닌 미국이나, 일본의 사례에서 보여주듯이 보존지역의 손실보상이나 문화재보존등의 재원마련 등을 위하여 한정적이고, 제한적으로 제도도입이 되길 바라며. 서울시 도 시계획의 새로운 패러다임이 되길 바란다.

Modeling and simulation of area-fill connected with ground plane on a typical desktop PC motherboard

이승주 Graduate School, Yonsei University 2005 국내석사

본 논문에서는 분산 신호선 격자모델 이론을 바탕으로 일반 데스크 톱컴퓨터 마더보드에서 접지층과 연결되는 area-fill을 가진 다층 구조 PCB의 모델링 방법과 해석에 관한 연구로서 area-fill과 접지층을 연결하는 via를 디커플링 캐패시터로 특성화 하여 해석에 적용 하였다. 이 해석을 이용하여 일반적으로 널리 알려진 area-fill에서의 via를 위치 시키는 설계지침을 확인하고 보완할 수 있는 방법에 대해서도 시뮬레이션을 통해 적용하였고 이것은 실제 실험결과와의 비교를 통해 동일함을 확인 할 수 있었다. 또한 여기에 사용된 모델링 방법은 간단한 샘플보드의 제작을 통해 그 유효성을 검증 하였고, 그 모형을 바탕으로 area-fill의 바깥부분에 소스가 위치 해 있을 때 via의 위치에 따른 다층기판의 전원 임피던스가 달라짐을 이용하여 via배치에 따른 다층기판의 전원층에 대한 성능시뮬레이션을 실행 할 수 있었다. 성능시뮬레이션 결과 전원그라운드평판에 area-fill을 삽입했을 경우에 변하는 임피던스는 주로 area-fill의 가장자리에 위치한 via들임을 확인 할 수 있었다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 기존에 알려진 바 대로 그라운드 평판과 area-fill을 연결하는 via를 area-fill 전체에 걸쳐 분포된 경우, 주로 가장자리에 위치한 via들이 임피던스의 변화에 주된 영향을 미친다는 사실을 이용하여 area-fill의 가장자리에만 via를 위치한 경우와 시뮬레이션을 통해서 비교 하였다. 시뮬레이션을 통해 두가지 경우가 일치함을 확인 할 수 있었고 실제로 두가지 경우의 샘플보드를 제작하여 측정한 결과도 일치 함을 확인 하였다. This paper deals with the effect of via placement on the area-fill that causes Power Distribution Network (PDN) impedance at the general desktop-PC motherboard. The inner powerground planes connected with the outer area-fill are modeled in mesh structure. The each unit cell is composed of circuit elements, including the effect of DC and AC (frequency dependent losses). In the real situation of desk-top PC motherboard, there are many parts of ground area-fill connected by vias have been founded. The sample PCB board has the same structure of PC motherboard was modeled by unit cell grid that is composed of electrical circuit parameters and simulated it. It was good agreement with measurement data using vector network analyzer (VNA) and simulation data with this modeling method. By this verified modeling method, the effect of vias set on the area-fill in several real cases according to the placement of vias was examined. It was found that the vias have effect on the area-fill according to the location of placement of vias and the number of vias. In the first examination for variation of the number of vias, more vias installed on the area-fill move the resonance frequency to higher region. In the second examination for spreading vias, the vias at widely distributed at the area-fill also move the resonance frequency to higher region. The resonance frequency in the higher region is desirable on the electric field strength. It is prevalent guideline of via placement that more vias are placed widely distributed at the area-fill.The vias connected with area-fill and ground plane is modeled by via inductance and plane capacitance at sight of the source out of the area-fill. It is also considered by equivalent circuit model of decoupling capacitor composed by serial inductor and capacitor. It was verified in the comparison of via connected with area-fill and decoupling capacitor calculated by geometrical plane. The decoupling capacitor should be placed near the source in other to minimize the plane inductance. Similarly, the vias connected with area-fill should be placed near the source because they are regarded as decoupling capacitor. This is also verified by simulation in several scenarios of vias placement at the area-fill according to the location of source. Finally, it was compared by this simulation data and measurement data with manufacturing sample PCB.According to the previous examination, this paper show that the vias placed near the source is more effective than other center ones far from the source, so the vias are placed at the edge of area-fill have the same effect as the vias regularly distributed at the area-fill and it was also considered as prevalent guideline of via placement.