극소 저체중출생아에서 강화된 모유와 미숙아 전용분유가 성장 및 임상에 미치는 효과

최희원,김묘징,이영아,정진아 대한소아청소년과학회 2008 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.51 No.7

Purpose:A prospective, controlled trial was conducted to evaluate growth, efficacy, safety and nutritional status for very low birth weight infants fed with human milk fortified with Maeil human milk fortifier (Maeil HMFⓇ; Maeil Dairies Co., Ltd.). Methods:We enrolled 45 premature infants with a birth weight <1,500 g and gestational age <33 weeks, who were born at Dong-A University Hospital from October, 2006 through December, 2007. They were divided into 2 groups: infants in one group were fed with human milk fortified with HMFⓇ, and the second were fed with preterm formula. Growth, biochemical indices, feeding tolerance, and other adverse events in each group were assessed serially and compared relatively. Follow-up data were also collected after discharge at 1, 3, and 6 months corrected age. Results:Characteristics of the 2 groups including average gestational age, birth weight, sex, respiratory distress syndrome, patent ductus arteriosus, and other adverse events (sepsis, retinopathy of prematurity, and intraventricular hemorrhage) showed no significant difference. Average feeding start day (8.00±3.27 d vs. 8.86±5.37 d) (P=0.99) and the number of days required to reach full feeding after start feeding (41.78±20.47 d vs 36.86±20.63 d) (P=0.55) were not significantly different in the group fed human milk fortified with HMFⓇ when compared with the group that was fed preterm formula. The duration of total parenteral nutrition and the incidence of feeding intolerance also showed no differences between the 2 groups. Although infants fed with human milk fortified with HMFⓇ showed faster weight gain than those fed with preterm formula at the end stage of the admission period, other growth indices of the two groups showed no significant difference. No significant correlations were found between the 2 groups with regard to weight gain velocity, height gain velocity, head circumference velocity, and post- discharge follow up growth indices. Conclusion:Premature infants fed human milk fortified with HMFⓇ showed no significant difference compared with those fed preterm formula in growth, biochemical indices, and adverse events. Using human milk fortifier can be an alternative choice for very low birth weight infants, who need high levels nutritional support even after discharge from NICU. (Korean J Pediatr 2008;51:704-712) Purpose:A prospective, controlled trial was conducted to evaluate growth, efficacy, safety and nutritional status for very low birth weight infants fed with human milk fortified with Maeil human milk fortifier (Maeil HMFⓇ; Maeil Dairies Co., Ltd.). Methods:We enrolled 45 premature infants with a birth weight <1,500 g and gestational age <33 weeks, who were born at Dong-A University Hospital from October, 2006 through December, 2007. They were divided into 2 groups: infants in one group were fed with human milk fortified with HMFⓇ, and the second were fed with preterm formula. Growth, biochemical indices, feeding tolerance, and other adverse events in each group were assessed serially and compared relatively. Follow-up data were also collected after discharge at 1, 3, and 6 months corrected age. Results:Characteristics of the 2 groups including average gestational age, birth weight, sex, respiratory distress syndrome, patent ductus arteriosus, and other adverse events (sepsis, retinopathy of prematurity, and intraventricular hemorrhage) showed no significant difference. Average feeding start day (8.00±3.27 d vs. 8.86±5.37 d) (P=0.99) and the number of days required to reach full feeding after start feeding (41.78±20.47 d vs 36.86±20.63 d) (P=0.55) were not significantly different in the group fed human milk fortified with HMFⓇ when compared with the group that was fed preterm formula. The duration of total parenteral nutrition and the incidence of feeding intolerance also showed no differences between the 2 groups. Although infants fed with human milk fortified with HMFⓇ showed faster weight gain than those fed with preterm formula at the end stage of the admission period, other growth indices of the two groups showed no significant difference. No significant correlations were found between the 2 groups with regard to weight gain velocity, height gain velocity, head circumference velocity, and post- discharge follow up growth indices. Conclusion:Premature infants fed human milk fortified with HMFⓇ showed no significant difference compared with those fed preterm formula in growth, biochemical indices, and adverse events. Using human milk fortifier can be an alternative choice for very low birth weight infants, who need high levels nutritional support even after discharge from NICU. (Korean J Pediatr 2008;51:704-712)

유아의 급성 설사 치료에 있어서의 저유당 조제 분유의 효과

권오혁,김경아,김상덕,신손문 영남대학교 의과대학 1996 Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine Vol.13 No.2

To evaluate the effect of low lactose special formula (MF-1) for the treatment of acute diarrhea, we studied thirty nine infants who were admitted with acute diarrhea to the Department of Pediatics, Yeungnam University Hospital. 39 infants of under 6 months of age who had been fed on formula feeds were randomly allocated to receive either a diluted regular formula milk or a low lactose special formula. Each infant receive intravenous rehydration during fasting for 6-12 hours. Group 1 (n=15) was fed half strength of regular formula (80-100cc/kg/day) for the first 24 hours, three quarters strength formula (100-120cc/kg/day) for the next 24 hours, and continued feeding with the full strength regular formula milk. Group 2 (n=24), who fed the same amount of milk as Group 1, continued feeding with the full strength low lactose special formula from the start of feeding. Male to female sex ratio was 1.6 to 1. The characteristics of infants on admission were comparable in the age, the duration of diarrhea and the stool frequency before admission, the degree of dehydration. There were no significant differences in the duration of hospitalization, changes in stool weight and stool frequency after admission between two groups.(p>0.05) The Body weight and skin fold thickness were increased in group 2 who fed low lactose formula, but those who fed diluted regular formula showed reduction of body weight and skin fold thickness (64.2 ±51.4g vs -11.4 ±52.2g, 0.6 ±0.8mm vs -0.1 ±0.3mm respectively) during hospitalization. (p<0.05) We conclude that low lactose special formula milk can be recommended instead of diluted regular formula for acute diarrhea treatment in infants.

20대 여성을 위한 새로운 체표면적 산출식에 관한 연구

林珣 服飾文化學會 1999 服飾文化硏究 Vol.7 No.2

The purpose of this study is providing a simple, relatively errorless body surface area calculation. Subjects were 10 married women and 10 singles women whose age was 20 to 29 years old. The Gypsum method has applied for the sampling of body surface. The Weight method has been used to measure body surface by means of transferring gypsum shape on uniform plane polypropylene films. In this study, compare analyzed errors between the traditional formulas for measuring body surface area and measuring data in this experiment. More than all, it has been to induce a regression equation for measuring body surface area, which is so simple to calculate with less errors, with variable factors as weight and height. The results of this experiment as follows: 1. In the traditional formulas, weight formula was shown high average error: Niya's height formula, which was modified K value as 0.62 in the height formula (S=KH) is shown lower average error than Lassabilere's Height formula. 2. In the weight-height formula (S=K WH), it was shown high average error according to the increasing of K value. Kawanami's formula, which 5.378 as K value, was shown low average error both the singles and the married women.

20대 성인남자를 위한 한국형 최대심박수 추정식 개발

성봉주,서지원,고병구,한상근,곽봉현 한국스포츠학회 2023 한국스포츠학회지 Vol.21 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 한국 20대 남자 성인을 위한 한국형 최대심박수 추정식을 개발하고 기존 추정식과의 관계를 알아보는 데 있다. 연구 참여대상은 20대 한국 남성 277명을 대상으로 하였다. 점증운동부하검사(KISS protocol, GXT)를 All-out까지 실시하여 실제 최대심박수를 측정하였다. 실제 측정한 최대심박수와 연령(세), 신장(cm), 체중(kg), BMI를 이용하여 통계처리(단계적 회귀분석) 하였고, 한국형 최대심박수 추정식을 개발하였다. 새로운 한국형 최대심박수 추정식을 개발하고자 한 첫 번째 연구결과, 연령(세)과 신장(cm)이 최대심박수와 유의미한 관련성을 보였다. 결국 연령이 높을수록 최대심박수가 낮았으며, 키가 클수록 최대심박수는 낮았다. Dr. SUNG 최대심박수 추정모델은 HRmax=274.486-(1.710×연령(세))-(0.249×신장(cm))이었다. 기존 제시된 다양한 최대심박수 추정식과 실제 최대심박수의 관계를 비교한 두 번째 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 본 연구에서 실제 측정된 최대심박수를 Fox, Astrand, Hunt 추정식은 과대 추정하였다. 또한, Gellish, Gulati 추정식은 과소 추정하였으며, Dr. SUNG과 Tanaka 추정식이 실제 최대심박수와 가장 근사한 추정치를 보여주었다. 결론적으로 이번에 개발한 한국형 20대 남자성인을 위한 최대심박수 추정식(신장과 나이 변수)은 현장활용 가치가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. The purpose of this study was to develop a Korean-type maximum heart rate estimation formula for Korean men in their 20s and to examine the relationship with the existing estimation formulas. Two hundred twenty-seven young people in their 20s participated in this study. A graded exercise test (KISS protocol) was conducted until All-out to measure the real maximum heart rate. Stepwise regression was performed using the real measured maximum heart rate, age, height, weight, and BMI, and a Korean-type maximum heart rate estimation formula wsa developed. As a result of the first purpose to develop a Korean-type maximum heart rate estimation formula, age and height showed a significant relationship with maximum heart rate. The higher the age or height, the lower the maximum heart rate. Dr. SUNG model reflecting age and height was HRmax=274.486-(1.710×age)-(0.249×height(cm)). The results of the second purpose comparing the relationship between the various existing maximum heart rate estimation formulas and the actual maximum heart rate are as follows. The Fox, Astrand, and Hunt estimation formulas overestimated the actual measured maximum heart rate. The Gellish and Gulati formulas were underestimated, and Dr. SUNG and Tanaka estimation formulas showed the closest estimate to the actual maximum heart rate. In conclusion, it was confirmed that the maximum heart rate estimation formula for Korean adults developed in this study are useful.

포뮬러 형태 자작자동차의 경량화 및 주행 성능 향상을 위한 최적설계에 관한 연구

신상원(Sang-Won Shin),강신욱(Sin-Wook Kang),하승현(Seung-Hyun Ha),박진표(Jin-Pyo Park),김대완(Dae-Wan Kim),이무연(Moo-Yeon Lee) 한국산학기술학회 2017 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.18 No.10

경량화는 현재 자동차 산업에 있어 가장 중요하게 여겨지는 화두 중 하나이다. 내연기관은 물론 미래형 자동차, 친환경 자동차 개발을 위해 경량화는 자동차 산업에 있어서 결코 빠질 수 없는 소재이다. 친환경 자동차를 개발하는데 있어 연비향상과 주행성능향상은 경량화가 핵심이기 때문이다. 본 연구팀에서도 포뮬러 형태의 자작자동차를 제작하면서 경량화와 최적설계를 통한 주행 성능 향상에 주안점을 두고 연구를 시작하였다. 본 연구는 전년도 제작 차량을 바탕으로 다음의 네 가지 항목으로 나누어 진행하였다. 첫 번째, 엔진의 교체를 통한 엔진룸의 구조설계 및 경량화. 두 번째, 프레임의 최적설계를 통한 부재의 단순화 및 경량화 연구. 세 번째, 프레임의 최적설계에 따른 서스펜션의 구조설계 및 해석. 마지막으로, 업라이트와 허브의 설계 및 경량 부품 사용을 통한 경량화 등이다. 이러한 목표설정을 두고 차량 설계를 진행하였으며 결과적으로 전년도 차량대비 48 kg을 감량하여 19.5% 만큼의 경량화 하였고 이에 가속도 또한 80 m 기준 6.65 s에서 5.8 s만큼 단축시켰다. Weight reduction is one of the important issues in the automotive industry and the development of internal combustion engines vehicles, future vehicles, and eco-friendly vehicles for improving fuel efficiency. The objective of this study is to investigate the improvement of driving performance by weight reduction and optimum design for a formula-type self-designed on-road vehicle. This study is divided into the four steps. Firstly, the engine room was replaced and designed with a lighter engine. Secondly, an optimization study was conducted to simplify and lighten the vehicle components with the design of the frame. Thirdly, the structure design was optimized and the suspension was analyzed with the design of the frame. Finally, the design of an upright and hub with reduced weight was carried out usinglighter parts. As a result, we reduced the weight of the vehicle by 48.5kg compared to the previous year (19.5%) and increased the acceleration from 6.8 s to 5.8 s.s.

의약품 품목허가제도의 자기결정권, 보건권 침해 여부 : 약사법 제31조 제8항 등 위헌확인을 중심으로

차승현 이화여자대학교 생명의료법연구소 2013 생명윤리정책연구 Vol.7 No.2

In mid 2000’s, Korean society experienced a stem cell storm. Afterward, lots of patients suffering from incurable or obstinate diseases continued to put hope in curing their disease by stem cells. However, there have been controversy in the medical world over whether stem cell treatments can open a way to cure their disease. Meanwhile, there was a decision that Paragraph 8, Article 31 of the Act on Pharmaceutical Affairs is unconstitutional in last June. The decision turned down the claims of the patients with incurable or obstinate diseases, and the concerned law was accepted for deliberation under the constitution to decide whether the concerned law infringes on the freedom for the manufacturers of autologous cell theraphy products to choose jobs. But the author of this paper thinks that the concerned law can infringe upon the right for the patients with incurable or obstinate diseases to make decisions, and likes to re-compose the decision. The nature of the right for patients to make decisions is permitting the patients to make important decisions for themselves without restrictions by anyone else. What matters in this regard is whether the scope of exercising patients’ right to make decisions themselves includes a decision which can endanger the right of the patients. In principle, regarding the scope of exercising the right for making decisions, if the right is made by the individual after deliberation, the decision should be respected even though the decision endangers the decision maker. Of course, because we live in a society, our standing needs to be adjusted. Therefore, if the self-determination endangers or harms others, it can be restricted. Concerning the exercising of the self-determination of the patients with incurable or obstinate diseases as they want to use autologous cell theraphy products, the restriction on the self-determination is limited in that the exercising of the self-determination of the patients has no factor to harm others. This paper tries to verify it by applying the “Weight Formula” of R. Alexy. Of course, this “Weight Formula” can have a value bias. However, this paper claims that a decision on the infringement upon basic rights can be significant only when it is made in specific individual matters and that the value of the self-determination should be a priority over any supplementing law or regulation within the scope that the exercising of the right does not harm others.

Growth in Exclusively Breastfed and Non-exclusively Breastfed Children: Comparisons with WHO Child Growth Standards and Korean National Growth Charts

Kang Sinyoung,Lee Seung Won,Cha Hye Ryeong,Kim Shin-Hye,Han Man Yong,Park Mi Jung 대한의학회 2021 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.36 No.47

Background: This study examined the relationship of infant feeding with anthropometric indices of children during their first six years of life relative to the Korean National Growth Charts (KNGC) and the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards (WHO-CGS). Methods: The study population consisted of 547,669 Korean infants and children who were 6 months-old to 6 years-old (born in 2008–2009) and participated in the National Health Screening Program for Infants and Children. Data on height, weight, and type of feeding during the first 6 months (exclusively breastfed [BF] vs. mixed- or formula-fed [FF]) were analyzed. Results: BF boys and girls were significantly shorter and lighter than FF counterparts from the age of 6 months to 4 years, but these differences were not significant after the age of 4 years. BF boys and girls only had significantly lower body mass index at the age of 2 years. Under the age of 2 years 6 months, and especially under the age of 1 year, BF boys and girls were significantly taller and heavier than the 50th percentile values of the 50th percentile value of the WHO-CGS. Conclusion: In this study using large-scaled national data, Korean breastfed children are shorter and lighter by 3 years 6 months–4 years 6 months, but afterward, there is no significant difference from those who had mixed- or formula-feeding. Substantial disparities in the anthropometric indices of Korean infants under the age of 1 compared to KNCG and WHO-CGS were found, regardless of their infantile feeding types. Our results emphasize the importance of constructing a nationwide reference chart based on actual measurements of BF Korean infants.

원칙이론의 기본권이해와 헌법국가

유승익 ( Seung Ik Yoo ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2013 고려법학 Vol.0 No.70

This article tries to analyse the premises of Principle Theory and those effects on theories of constitutional law. Principle Theory presents fundamental rights as principles, and principles as optimization commands. The range of protection of fundamental rights is, therefore, determined by a balancing which means the optimization commands. The concept of optimization commands is reinterpreted as the Weight Formula. This formula provides the mechanism for the solution of constitutional problems. There are three methodical requirements in Principle Theory. First, the scales the theory has set forth cannot be handled in constitutional law, for those are too demanding. Second, the theory can create the commensurability of constitutional values that can be scales as cardinal. Third, the theory is likely to eliminate legislative power. It can be said that principle theory does not endorse the Rahmenordnung-model, but the Grundordnung-model. Since Principle Theory is founded on the conception of optimization, this approach has various effects on theories of constitutional law. The theory conforms with the constitutional state in which the constitutional court achieves a dominant position. Functions of lawmaking and jurisdiction are likely to converge. The idea of Principle Theory is based on the idea of substantial constitutional state that requires the sovereign position of the constitutional court.

논문(論文) : 본초 구성을 이용한 방제 효능 예측 연구 및 본초의 효능 강도 설정안

오용택 ( Yong Taek Oh ),김상천 ( Sang Chan Kim ),이병욱 ( Byung Wook Lee ) 대한한의학원전학회 ( 구 대한원전의사학회 ) 2008 대한한의학원전학회지 Vol.21 No.2

EFFECT OF THE FRONT AND REAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION RATIO OF A FORMULA CAR DURING MAXIMUM-SPEED CORNERING ON A CIRCUIT

H. NOZAKI 한국자동차공학회 2008 International journal of automotive technology Vol.9 No.3

Because Formula cars are lighter than ordinary cars, the optimal settings for this type of car are thought to be different from those of a ordinary car. The front and rear weight distribution ratio of a vehicle is an important parameter that exerts a significant influence on critical cornering. The tendency of a ordinary car to under-steer during critical cornering is determined by the front and rear weight distribution ratio of the vehicle. Specifically, when the front of an ordinary FR (frontengine, rear wheel drive) vehicle is slightly heavier than the rear, the car tends to understeer during critical cornering. However, the optimal weight distribution ratio for critical cornering is not obvious for a formula car because of its lightness. This observation was investigated using a driving course similar to a real driving course to perform a maximum speed cornering simulations. It was found that a front to rear weight distribution ratio of 40:60 resulted in the fastest lap time. This ratio also gave the best results in the maximum-speed driving experiment performed using a driving simulator. Moreover, the maximum lateral acceleration during turning, the driving force, and the load movement of the inside and outside wheels was calculated using experimental driving force data and the concept of a tire friction circle. As a result, driving mechanics have been determined for a vehicle having a front/rear weight distribution ratio of 40:60 while traveling at maximum speed. Because Formula cars are lighter than ordinary cars, the optimal settings for this type of car are thought to be different from those of a ordinary car. The front and rear weight distribution ratio of a vehicle is an important parameter that exerts a significant influence on critical cornering. The tendency of a ordinary car to under-steer during critical cornering is determined by the front and rear weight distribution ratio of the vehicle. Specifically, when the front of an ordinary FR (frontengine, rear wheel drive) vehicle is slightly heavier than the rear, the car tends to understeer during critical cornering. However, the optimal weight distribution ratio for critical cornering is not obvious for a formula car because of its lightness. This observation was investigated using a driving course similar to a real driving course to perform a maximum speed cornering simulations. It was found that a front to rear weight distribution ratio of 40:60 resulted in the fastest lap time. This ratio also gave the best results in the maximum-speed driving experiment performed using a driving simulator. Moreover, the maximum lateral acceleration during turning, the driving force, and the load movement of the inside and outside wheels was calculated using experimental driving force data and the concept of a tire friction circle. As a result, driving mechanics have been determined for a vehicle having a front/rear weight distribution ratio of 40:60 while traveling at maximum speed.