기술강제인가, 기술수용인가?

윤권순(Yoon Kwon Soon) 충북대학교 법학연구소 2018 과학기술과 법 Vol.9 No.1

It is a very interesting question in the area of ‘S&T and law’ whether law can help ‘technological innovation’ by forcing development of a certain level of technology until the future time. The idea is based on the belief that the law can lead science and technology. The evolution of emission standards in the United States is worthy of research in that it provides an empirical example for these questions. The United States has enacted atmospheric environmental legislation to control the release of air pollutants harmful to health and property, and to maintain a clean atmosphere. In the process, air pollution emission standards have been devised in various ways, and the provisions of the Act have been evolved by identifying its advantages and disadvantages. There are two main ways to determine pollutant emission standards for air pollution prevention: ‘technology-based standards’ which is based on the currently developed technology and ‘technology-forcing standards’ which sets the standards by predicting the performance of technology to be developed in the future. History shows us that emission standards of automobile source has been changed from the technology base standards(technology-following standards) to the technology-forcing standards. On the other hand, emission standards of stationary sources has been the technology-base standards. This is because technology-forcing standards is effective to induce new technology, however it is difficult to apply where social and economic effect is large in the case of failure of developing target technology. Technological innovation has two aspects: the development of new technologies and the diffusion of developed technologies. echnologyforcing standards can contribute to the former, and technologyfollowing standards can contribute to the latter. Therefore, in order for the law to induce innovation in science and technology, it is necessary to identify the advantages and disadvantages of these two approaches and apply them considering the given circumstances.

Effects of standardization on the evolution of information and communications technology

Lee, Won Sang,Sohn, So Young Elsevier 2018 TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE Vol.132 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Many studies have suggested that standardization inhibits technological change via lock-in effects. However, the negative side of standardization has been overemphasized because of insufficient empirical evidence. On the basis of the standard and triadic patents registered during 1977–2010, this study examines the associations between standardization and technological evolution in the information and communications technology (ICT) industry. We apply the annual International Patent Classification co-occurrence network to Telecommunications, Computers & Machinery, Consumer electronics, and Other ICTs to measure technological evolution with respect to diversity, openness, and concentration. Consequently, we regressed each aspect of technological evolution against the polynomial distributed lag number of the registered ICT standards per annum. The findings suggest different degrees of associations between standardization and technological diversity, openness, and concentration across each area. We observed that technological diversity increases with technology standardization in telecommunication and consumer electronics. In addition, there is a long time-lag effect on technological diversity in Computer & Machinery. Conversely, negative associations with diversity were observed in Other ICT. No significant associations were found between technology standardization and openness or concentration. These findings support the positive side of technology standards, which can offset the claimed lock-in effects.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We examined the associations between standardization and evolution of ICT industry. </LI> <LI> ICT evolution was regressed on the polynomial time lagged number of ICT standards. </LI> <LI> The diversity of ICT mostly increased as the number of standards increased in ICT. </LI> <LI> ICT openness or concentration was not related with the number of standards in ICT. </LI> <LI> Findings support that technology standards can offset the claimed lock-in effects. </LI> </UL> </P>

한국과 미국의 기술교과교육 기준에 대한 비교 연구

이춘식 한국기술교육학회 2001 한국기술교육학회지 Vol.1 No.2

Nowadays, many countries have been developed various types of standards in order to lift up the quality of technology education. The purpose of this study was to find a useful suggestion through comparison with the general characteristics of technology standards between Korea and United States. The results of the study were as follows; First, there are different types of technology standards those technology achievement standards and assessment standards were developed in Korea, but technology content standards were developed in United Stated. The content standards included benchmark, which are statements that provide the knowledge and abilities to meet a given standard. Second, technology achievement standards of Korea could be meant the statement of detailed teaching-learning objectives or contents based upon the curriculum that will help teachers in Technology subject-matter with practical guideline or standard in classroom. On the other hand, technology content standards and benchmarks have been designed to prescribe the content knowledge and abilities of what students should know and be able to do in order to be technologically literate. Also, a technology content standards is not a curriculum. Third, aspects of scope and characteristic of standards development, technology achievement and assessment standards of Korea will be affected the national curriculum of technology because the standards was developed according to current curriculum. But technology content standards of U.S. was created with developmentally appropriated for students in grades K-12 and it provide a basis for developing meaningful, relevant, and articulated curricula at the local, state, and provincial levels. Finally, in the development of standards, Korea technology standards, achievement and assessment standards, were developed with the short-term about one year. Then the standards have a limit in the consensus-building. But a technology content standards of U.S. was developed with the long-term about five years through the consensus-building, validation processes, and six drafts of the document.

합리적 국방과학기술 정책수립을 위한 국방과학기술표준분류체계 최신화

강현준,석광호,양진석,장돈훈 한국산학기술학회 2022 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.23 No.8

The standard classification system for defense science and technology is the classification system guided in Attached table 2 of the Defense Acquisition Program Administration's Regulations,「Defense Science and Technology Information Management Work Guidelines」. The defense science and technology standard classification system was first established as a guideline in 2007, and was not revised for 10 years after the 2010 revision, failing to reflect new technologies and convergence technologies. Accordingly, supplementation and improvement of the defense science and technology standard classification system are required. This study analyzed the current state of the defense science and technology standard classification system in consideration of technological development trends in the defense and civil sectors, and proposes a defense science and technology standard classification system that accommodates new technologies and convergence technologies and serves as a standard for the establishment of rational technology policy. 국방과학기술표준분류체계는 국방과학기술정보를 관리하기 위한 방위사업청 예규 「국방과학기술 정보관리 업무지침」 별표2에 명문화 되어있는 분류체계이다. 국방과학기술표준분류체계는 2007년 최초 지침화 되었고, 2010년 개정 이후 10여 년간 미개정되어 신기술과 융·복합 기술을 반영하고 있지 못하여 이에 대한 보완 및 개선이 요구 되어 왔다. 본 논문에서는 국방과 민간 분야기술발전 추세를 고려하여 현 국방과학기술표준분류체계의 현황을 분석하고, 문헌조사와 전문가 설문조사 결과분석을 통해 국방과학기술표준분류체계 최신화 방안을 도출하였다. 본 연구를 통해 신기술과 융·복합 기술을 수용할 수 있고, 합리적인 국방과학기술정책 수립의 기준이 되는 최신화된 국방과학기술표준분류체계를 제안하고자한다.

Standards Harmonization and Asymmetric Compliance Technology

Han-Eol Ryu 한국무역학회 2021 Journal of Korea trade Vol.25 No.3

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the welfare effects of standards harmonization between technologically asymmetric countries, and to determine optimal harmonization strategies for a country with mid-level technological advancement. Design/methodology - Following Salop’s circular city model (Salop, 1979), this study constructs a simple, horizontally-differentiated oligopoly model in which three firms and three countries exist. Each country adopts different compatibility standards and each firm incurs conversion costs for foreign market access due to differences in standards. The conversion costs are related to technology; standards harmonization removes these costs between participating countries. The paper considers three cases: i) no harmonization; ii) harmonization with the more technologically-advanced country and iii) harmonization with the less technologically-advanced country. Findings - The paper first considers a scenario in which all three firms occupy some share of the market in each country. It shows that standards harmonization with both the technologically more-or less-advanced country always increases consumer surplus and social welfare. In addition, the producer surplus will increase if the harmonization partner has a higher technology level, whereas it may decrease if the partner has a lower technology level. It also shows that if most domestic export goods are in sectors with conversion costs above a certain level, harmonizing standards with a technologically more-advanced country should be prioritized. Such strategies, moreover, should be emphasized when there exists a large technology gap among countries. Lastly, the paper considers another scenario, in which harmonization leads to the foreclosure of the non-member firm from the member countries’ markets. It shows that harmonization improves the social welfare of a mid-level technology country regardless of its partner’s technology. It also shows that the country should prioritize harmonization with the technologically less-advanced country. Originality/value - Though some of the existing studies consider the welfare effects of harmonization, their main assumption is that firms have the same conversion technology. Since complying with standards often requires substantial technological advancement and technical expertise, harmonization of compatibility standards between countries with gaps in technological ability carries different implications. This paper investigates the welfare effects of this harmonization and determines an optimal harmonization strategy while considering technological asymmetry among countries in standards compliance.

중등 기술교과 교육에서 표준화 관련 단원 내용 구성 방안

이상봉,정진우,이상갑 한국기술교육학회 2009 한국기술교육학회지 Vol.9 No.1

이 연구의 목적은 중학교의 기술․가정 과목의 기술의 세계 영역 ‘제조기술’ 단원과 고등학교의 공학기술 과목의 ‘공학 기술의 기초’ 영역 ‘공학적 소양’ 단원의 학습 내용의 구성 방안을 제시하는데 있다. 학습 내용의 구성 방안을 제시하기 위하여 표준화의 개념, 표준화의 목적, 중등 기술교육에서의 기술 표준화 교육의 중요성을 알아보았고, 표준화 관련 단원의 주요 내용을 살펴 내용 체계 구성 방안을 내용 선정과 조직, 내용 구성 방안으로 구분하여 예시를 들어 제시하였다. 이에 따른 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 중학교 ‘제품의 구상과 설계’ 단원은 하위 단원으로 ‘설계의 개요’와 ‘제품의 설계’로 구성하고 ‘설계의 개요’에는 ‘설계의 뜻’, ‘설계의 과정’을, ‘제품의 설계’는 ‘문제의 이해’, ‘연구와 개발’, ‘실현’, ‘평가’의 문제해결 과정으로 구성한다. 고등학교 ‘공학적 소양’ 단원은 하위 단원으로 ‘표준화의 개념’, ‘표준화의 활용’으로 구성하고 ‘표준화의 개념’에는 ‘표준화의 정의’, ‘표준화의 중요성’을, ‘표준화의 활용’에는 ‘연구와 개발 단계에서의 표준화’, ‘설계 단계에서의 표준화’, ‘생산 단계에서의 표준화’로 구성한다. 또한 ‘읽을거리’, ‘보충/심화학습’, ‘체험활동’을 포함하여 학습자의 표준화에 대한 이해를 돕도록 하였다. The purpose of this study is to propose the method of structure to content of standardization related unit at secondary technology education. In order to suggest the structure for the contents of learning, the concept of standardization, goals of standardization and the importance of standardization at secondary technology education were considered. This study also examined the details of units related to standardization and divided into three parts which are a selection, a structure and an arrangement of the contents with list of examples. The unit 'Ideation and Design of Products' in middle school textbooks is divided into 'Design brief' and 'Design of products'. In particular, 'Design brief' includes 'the definition and the process of Design. 'Design of products' is composed of 'understanding problem', 'research and development', 'realization', and 'evaluation' The unit 'Engineering Literacy' in high school textbooks is divided into 'Notions of Standardization' and 'Application of Standardization'. In detail, 'Notions of Standardization' includes 'the definition and the importance of standardization. 'Application of Standardization' classifies into three stages-research & develop, design, and production stage. This study also added 'further reading', 'supplementary/advanced learning' and 'hand on activity' to help learners' better understanding.

이동통신 표준특허 분석을 통한 표준기술 제공자 유형별 표준특허 획득 전략 연구

전영상 한국지식재산연구원 2014 지식재산연구 Vol.9 No.1

The strategies of technology providers for obtaining the essentialpatents based on the analysis of 3G/4G declared essential patents andpatent pool patents are studied. According to the results, the number of the essential patentsowners is getting large and the dominant firms are losing their forces forthe standards, so the standards tend to be the commons. Therefore, thestandardizations are good chances for innovative technology providers. Technology providers are classified into the three types. Type Iplays the role of only providing technologies related to the standards,type II providing the technologies and producing intermediate goodslike chipsets, and type III providing the technologies and the endproducts. It is showed that type I/II obtain essential patents throughadvanced R&D before standardization, while type III obtains themthrough strategic R&D during standardization. It is also discovered thatobtaining of essential patents is related to the technologicalcontributions for type I/II, while it is related to the market contributionsfor type III. Therefore type I/II should focus on innovative advancedR&D, while type III should make efforts to actively participate instandardization and increase market share of the products in order toeffectively obtain essential patents. This paper also suggests strategies of technology providers forobtaining the essential patents through analysis of the successful essential-patent business cases. Essential patents are only a value-addedprocess for type I, so what to research is the most important for it. Standard technology is classified into the ‘general element technology’which can be commonly applied to other standards of the same or thesimilar fields, and the ‘standard specific proprietary technology’ whichis only used to the specific standard. It is better for type I/II to focus itsresearch on the general element technology, because it is clearlyappraised and adopted to the standard from a view point of onlytechnology. On the other hand, it is better for type III to focus on thestandard specific proprietary technology, because it is adopted accordingto the influence and agreement between firms. 본 논문에서는 3G/4G 이동통신 표준화 기구에 선언된 특허와 MPEG LA특허풀에 등록된 특허를 분석하여, 표준기술을 제공하는 기술제공자의 효율적인표준특허 획득 전략에 대해 연구하였다. 표준특허를 분석한 결과 표준이 진화함에 따라 표준특허를 보유한 기업의 수는 점점 늘어나고 표준에 대한 특정 기업들의 지배력은 계속 감소하여, 표준은 점차 공동 소유화되는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 기술의 표준화는 혁신적 R&D를수행하는 기술제공자에게 좋은 기회가 된다. 기술제공자는 기업의 생산유형에 따라 기술제공 역할만을 하는 타입Ⅰ, 기술제공 역할과 중간생산물인 칩을 생산하는 타입Ⅱ 및 기술제공 역할과 최종 완제품을 생산하는 타입Ⅲ으로 나눌 수 있는데, 타입Ⅰ/Ⅱ는 주로 표준화 전에 선행연구를 통해 표준특허를 획득하였고 타입Ⅲ은 주로 표준화 중에 전략적 R&D를 수행하여 표준특허를 획득한 것으로 나타났다. 기술제공자의 표준특허 획득은 타입Ⅰ/Ⅱ의 경우 기술기여도와 연관되며, 타입Ⅲ의 경우 해당제품에 대한 시장기여도와비례한 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 효율적 표준특허 획득을 위해서 타입Ⅰ/Ⅱ는혁신적 선행연구에 집중해야 하며, 타입Ⅲ은 적극적인 표준화 활동과 제품의 시장점유율확대에 집중해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 또한 성공적인 표준특허 비즈니스 사례 분석을 통해 기술제공자의 유형에 따른 효율적인 표준특허 획득 전략을 제시하였다. 타입Ⅰ은 표준특허가 기업의 유일한 가치창출 수단이므로 선행연구 대상을 결정하는 것이 가장 중요하다. 표준기술은 동일기술 분야의 복수표준 혹은 유사 분야의 표준에도 공통으로사용되는‘일반 요소기술’과, 특정표준에만 전용으로 사용되는‘특정표준 전용기술’로 분류할 수 있다. 일반 요소기술은 성능이 명확히 판단되고 오로지 기술적관점으로만 표준의 채택이 결정되므로, 타입Ⅰ/Ⅱ는 선행기술 연구를 수행함에 있어 일반 요소기술 연구에 집중하는 것이 유리한 것으로 나타났다. 반면 타입Ⅲ는기업 간의 합의와 영향력에 의해 표준의 채택이 좌우되는 특정표준 전용기술에 집중하는 것이 유리하다.

An Evolutionary Approach to Technology Standard Competition: Focusing on 4th wireless telecommunication technology

윤광식,설성인,조대명 융합연구학회 2023 융합연구학회지 Vol.7 No.1

Technology standard competition is a fierce competition between tech- nologies to become a de facto standard. This is because a company or a group that develops and secures a de facto standard technology can gain an edge in the market and industry. This study applies the evolutionary perspective of natural selection to interpret the competition between technologies. By genetically interpret- ing the process of natural selection, the traits suitable for the environment spread to the group through generations through a mechanism called differential reproduction. By culturally interpreting the process of natural selection, the strategies to get higher payoffs spread to the group through generations by diffusion. In order to compare the payoffs between WiMAX technology and LTE technology, the measurement indicators were extracted from the patent data and defined. As a result, it was confirmed that LTE technology standard was technologically superior to the WiMAX technology standard. The main academic contribution of this study Is to compare the technol- ogy-related indicators such as diffusion, scope and profitability to figure out strategies to get higher payoffs between the WiMAX technology standard and LTE technology standard based on the evolutionary perspective.

2015 개정 중학교 기술.가정 과 교육과정의 정보통신기술의 문제해결 체험 활동에 관한 성취기준과 교과서에 제시된 체험 활동 과제의 부합도

장민수(Minsoo Jang),이상봉(Sangbong Yi) 한국기술교육학회 2021 한국기술교육학회지 Vol.21 No.1

본 연구에서는 중학교 ‘기술‧가정’과 교과서에 제시된 정보통신기술의 문제해결 체험 활동 과제가 2015 개정 ‘기술･가정’과 교육과정의 ‘기술 시스템’영역에 제시된 정보통신기술의 문제해결의 체험 활동에 관한 성취기준에 부합하는 것을 확인하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 2015 개정 ‘기술‧가정’과 교육과정과 12종의 중학교 ‘기술･가정’ 교과서를 분석하였으며, 연구의 결과를 도출하기 위한 분석틀을 개발하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 12종의 중학교 ‘기술･가정’ 교과서 중에서 정보통신기술의 문제해결 체험 활동에 관한 성취기준에 매우 부합하는 체험 활동 과제를 제시하고 있는 교과서는 (주)교학도서, (주)삼양미디어이다. 둘째, 12종의 중학교 ‘기술･가정’ 교과서 중에서 정보통신기술의 문제해결 체험 활동에 관한 성취기준에 부합하는 과제를 제시하고 있는 교과서는 9종((주)교문사, (주)금성출판사, 두산동아, (주)미래엔, 비상교육, 씨마스, 원교재사, 지학사, 천재)이다. 셋째, 12종의 중학교 ‘기술･가정’ 교과서 중에서 정보통신기술의 문제해결 체험 활동에 관한 성취기준에 보통 수준의 과제를 제시하는 교과서는 교학사이다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 현행 중학교 ‘기술･가정’교과서의 정보통신기술 단원에 제시된 대부분의 체험 활동 과제들이 2015 개정 중학교 ‘기술･가정’과 교육과정의 정보통신기술의 문제해결 체험 활동에 관한 성취기준에 부합하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. The purpose of this study is to confirm that the problem-solving activities of information and communication technology presented in the middle school ‘Technology and Home-Economics and textbooks meet the achievement criteria for the problem-solving hand-on activities of information and communication technology. To this end, the revised 2015 ‘Technology and Home-Economics curriculum and 12 middle school Technology and Home-Economics textbooks were analyzed, and an analysis frame was developed to produce the results of the research. The results of this study are as follows. First, among the 12 middle school ‘Technology and Home-Economics textbooks, the textbook that presents the task of hand-on activities that meet the achievement criteria for solving problems information and communication technology is the Kyohakdoseo and Samyang Media. Second, out of 12 middle school ‘Technology and Home-Economics textbooks, 9 kinds of textbooks that meet the achievement criteria for information and communication technology problem-solving hand-on activities are Kumsung Publishing, Doosan Dong-A, Mirae-n, VISANG education, CMASS, Wonngyojaesa, Jihak-sa. Third, out of 12 middle school ‘Technology and Home-Economics textbooks, the textbook that presents the average level of tasks to achievement standards on problem-solving hand-on activities of information and communication technology is a Kyohaksa. The results of this study showed that most of the hand-on activities presented in the chapter of information and communication technology of the current middle school ‘Technology and Home-Economics textbook meet the achievement criteria for problem-solving hand-on activities of the 2015 revised middle school ‘Technology and Home-Economics and curriculum.

중소기업의 표준화 활동 참여의 필요성과 정책방향에 관한 연구

정명선,공희정 한국디지털정책학회 2019 디지털융복합연구 Vol.17 No.3

The technical standard is an important factor in the national economy, and its importance is gaining more attention due to the emergence of the convergence industry. This is an essential element for implementing fusion technology because it ensures interoperability. Since standardization activities are essential for the growth of domestic SMEs, this study aims to diagnose the status of standardization activities of SMEs and to suggest policy directions accordingly. And we sought to clarify the status of the standardization activities of domestic SMEs and to draw some implications for the domestic promotion plan by examining the major promotion policies for overseas standardization successfully. As a result, it was found that the investment cost for the standard activities is burdensome, the professional manpower is needed, and the participation of SMEs is low due to the complexity of the standard technology. In addition, standardization activities have weaknesses in terms of technology protection, and SMEs tend to avoid technology disclosure. Therefore, in order to solve the difficulties of standardization of companies, it is necessary to establish cooperation system of supporting organizations. In order to promote standardization activities, it is necessary to establish legal basis necessary for technology protection. 기술표준은 국가 경제에 중요한 요소로서 융복합 산업의 출현으로 인해 그 중요성이 더욱 주목받고 있는데, 이것은 상호운용성을 확보해주므로 융복합 기술을 구현하기 위해서는 필수적인 요소이다. 표준화 활동은 국내 중소기업의 성장을 위하여 반드시 필요한 요소이기 때문에 본 연구에서는 중소기업의 표준화 활동의 현황을 진단하고, 그에 따른 정책적 방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 그리고 국내 중소기업의 표준화 활동 현황을 확인하고, 성공적으로 추진중인 해외 표준화 주요 진흥정책을 확인함으로써 국내 진흥방안의 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 표준활동을 위한 투자비용이 부담되고 전문인력이 필요하며 표준기술의 복잡성으로 인해 중소기업의 참여도가 낮은 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 표준화 활동은 기술보호에 취약하다는 약점이 있어 중소기업들은 기술공개를 기피하는 성향을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 기업의 표준화 어려움을 해결하기 위해서는 지원조직의 협력체제 구축이 필요하며, 표준화 활동을 장려하기 위해서는 기술 보호에 필요한 법적근거의 마련이 요구된다.