秦漢反坐制度考釋

周靜怡(Zhou jingyi) 경북대학교 아시아연구소 2014 아시아연구 Vol.- No.19

반좌(反坐)는 중국 고대의 중요한 형별 원칙이다. 진한시기에 이미 존재하였고, 수당에서 송명에 이르기까지 일관되었으며 명청에 비교적 큰 변화가 있었다. 청말 법률 수정시 유럽 대륙의 입법 체제를 받아들여 이 제도는 마침내 폐지되었다. 현재 반좌에 대한 연구는 상당히 풍부하지만 대체로 "誣告"와 연관된 시각에서 살펴보고 있다. "誣告反坐"의 원칙은 이미 진한시기에 있었으며 한대에 답습되었고 적용범위가 확장되어 증인과 증언에까지 이르렀다고 설명하고 있으며, 더욱 많은 연구는 "反坐"를 "誣告"의 부속품으로 보아 중국역사상 오랫동안 잔류해 온 독특한 형벌원칙으로 보지 않는 것이다. 고대에서 전해지는 문헌과 출토된 簡牘에는 "反坐"와 상관된 것이 많이 묘사되어 있는데, 예를 들어 "反其罪", "反罪之", "以所辟罪罪之", "反受其罪" 등이 있는데, 이러한 서술은 모두 "罪"와 관련이 있다. 그러나 실질적으로 중국고대 특히 진한시기에 "罪"와 "밤" 사이에 한계가 분명하지 않아 어의상 자주 혼동이 발생하였다. 따라서 "反坐"를 구체적인 적용에서 어떻게 함의를 정확하게 이해할 것이냐 하는 것은 본문의 중요한 부분으로 즉, 반좌는 당연히 "罪"로 적용할 것인지 아니면 죄에서 파생된 "罰"로 볼 것인지가 핵심이다. 따라서 본문에서는 먼저 "反坐"의 함의를 분석하고 몇가지 다른 주체와 적용상황에 견주어 진한시기의 반좌제도가 갖는 진실된 함의를 서술하여 반좌가 실질적으로 "타인의 죄명으로 마땅히 받아야 할 징벌 논거를 위법한 자는 그 논거의 중점이 징벌에 있지 죄명에 있는 것이 아니다"라는 결론을 도출하고자 한다. 이외에 진한시기 적용된 반좌제도의 서로 다른 규정을 분석하고 특히 한대 제도의 계승과 혁신에 관심을 두어 후세 상관제도의 제정과 변화에 일정한 영향을 미쳤음을 살펴보고자 한다. 진한시기의 반좌제도를 정리함으로써 이 제도의 진실된 함의를 정확하게 파악하는데 도움을 주고자 한다. FanZuo is an important principle of punishment in ancient China. Qin and han dynasties, sui and tang dynasties have to effect the song, a consistent, to the Ming and qing dynasties have great changes. A change in the law in the late qing dynasty adopted the law legal system, this system will waste. At present, the academia to study "FanZuo"very rich, but use is associated with "false accusation" perspective, more illustrate "falsely accused FanZuo"warlords for punishment principle, lineage in the han dynasty and the extension of the scope to the testimony of witnesses, there are also more "FanZuo"is regarded as "false accusation"accessory rather than a unique and to be kept for a long time in the history of China's punishment principle. Slips of ancient literature handed down from ancient times and unearthed in the "FanZuo"there have been many related description, such as "Crimes against its", "The crime 0f", "For the sin of sin", "Subject to the sin", etc. these statements are related to the "sin". But in fact, in ancient China, especially in qin and han dynasties "sin" and "off" the boundaries between the less obvious, often appear on the semantic confusion. Therefore, how to understand "FanZuo in specific apply correct meaning is the top priority of this article, namely FanZuo? Shall we sin or applicable" sin "derived"punishment" So this article first from the analysis of the connotation of the word "FanZuo" mainly involves several different main body and applicable situation, emphatically in this paper, the connotation of qin and han dynasties "FanZuo"system, draw FanZuo actually "for others should punishment to punish offenders, the punish is focused on punishment rather than a crime". In addition two the combined analysis of qin and han dynasties in FanZuo system in terms of different provisions shall be applicable, especially pay attention to the han dynasty of the system of inheritance and innovation, and the full establishment of related system evolution has a certain influence. Combing the qin and han period FanZuo system, help to enable us to more accurately grasp the real meaning of the system. 反坐是中國古代一項重要的刑罰原則。秦漢時期已有,歷陪唐已迄宋明,一以貫之,至明清則有較大變化。清末修律時采歐陸立法體例,此削終廢。目前,學界對涉及"反坐"的研究頗為豊富,但多採用與"誣告"相關的視角,意在說明"誣告反坐"的刑罰原則于秦時已有,在漢代得到了沿襲并將通用範閻擴展至證人證言,更多的則是將"反坐"視為"誣告"的附屬品而非一則獨具特色誰在中國歷史上存留許久的刑罰原則。古代傳世文獻、出土簡牘中對"反坐"已有許多相關描述如"反其罪"、"反罪之"、"以所辟罪罪之"、"反受其罪"等,這些表述都與"罪"相關。但實際上在中國古代,特別是秦漢時期的"罪"與"罰,之間的界限不甚明顯,在語義上經常出現混同。因此如何理解"反坐"在具體通用中的正確含義便是本文的重中之重,卽反坐究竟應該通用"罪"還是罪衍生出來的"罰"。因而本文首先從分析"反坐"一詞的內面涵入手,主要涉及幾種不同的主體與適用情形,著重闡述秦漢時期的"反坐"制度的真實內涵,得出反坐實為"以他人的罪名所應當受到的懲罰論處違法者,其論處的重點在於懲罰而非罪名"的結論。此外兼及分析秦漢兩社在適用反坐制度方面的不同規定,特別是關注漢代對該制度的繼承與革新,并對後相關制度的制定及演變有一定影響。梳理秦至漢時期的反坐制度,更有助於使我們能准確的把握該制度的真實含義。

Cloning and Characterization of Filamentous Fungal S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase from Aspergillus nidulans

( Yao Zhou ),( Shengmin Zhou ),( Haijun Yu ),( Jingyi Li ),( Yang Xia ),( Baoyi Li ),( Xiaoli Wang ),( Ping Wang ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2016 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.26 No.5

S-Nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) metabolizes S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and has been shown to play important roles in regulating cellular signaling and formulating host defense by modulating intracellular nitric oxide levels. The enzyme has been found in bacterial, yeast, mushroom, plant, and mammalian cells. However, to date, there is still no evidence of its occurrence in filamentous fungi. In this study, we cloned and investigated a GSNOR-like enzyme from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. The enzyme occurred in native form as a homodimer and exhibited low thermal stability. GSNO was an ideal substrate for the enzyme. The apparent Km and kcat values were 0.55 mM and 34,100 min-1, respectively. Substrate binding sites and catalytic center amino acid residues based on those from known GSNORs were conserved in this enzyme, and the corresponding roles were verified using site-directed mutagenesis. Therefore, we demonstrated the presence of GSNOR in a filamentous fungus for the first time.

Impact response of a novel flat steel-concrete-corrugated steel panel

Jingyi Lu,Yonghui Wang,Ximei Zhai,Hongyuan Zhou 국제구조공학회 2022 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.42 No.2

A novel flat steel plate-concrete-corrugated steel plate (FS-C-CS) sandwich panel was proposed for resisting impact load. The failure mode, impact force and displacement response of the FS-C-CS panel under impact loading were studied via drop-weight impact tests. The combined global flexure and local indentation deformation mode of the FS-C-CS panel was observed, and three stages of impact process were identified. Moreover, the effects of corrugated plate height and steel plate thickness on the impact responses of the FS-C-CS panels were quantitatively analysed, and the impact resistant performance of the FS-C-CS panel was found to be generally improved on increasing corrugated plate height and thickness in terms of smaller deformation as well as larger impact force and post-peak mean force. The Finite Element (FE) model of the FS-C-CS panel under impact loading was established to predict its dynamic response and further reveal its failure mode and impact energy dissipation mechanism. The numerical results indicated that the concrete core and corrugated steel plate dissipated the majority of impact energy. In addition, employing end plates and high strength bolts as shear connectors could prevent the slip between steel plates and concrete core and assure the full composite action of the FS-C-CS panel.

Objectives, challenges, and prospects of batch processes: Arising from injection molding applications

Yuanqiang Zhou,Zhixing Cao,Jingyi Lu,Chunhui Zhao,Dewei Li,Furong Gao 한국화학공학회 2022 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.39 No.12

Injection molding, a polymer processing technique that converts thermoplastics into a variety of plasticproducts, is a complicated nonlinear dynamic process that interacts with a different group of variables, including themachine, the mold, the material, and the process parameters. As injection molding process operates sequentially inphases, we treat it as a batch process. The review paper discusses the batch nature of injection molding and identifies thethree main objectives for future development of injection molding: higher efficiency, greater profitability, and longer sustainability. From the perspective of system engineering, our discussion centers on the primary challenges for the batchoperation of injection molding systems: 1) Model development in face of product changes, 2) Control strategies in face ofdynamic changes, 3) Data analysis and process monitoring, and 4) Safety assurance and quality improvement, and thecurrent progress that has been made in addressing these challenges. In light of the advancement of new informationtechnologies, this paper provides several opportunities and encourages further research that may break existing capabilitylimits and develop the next generation of automation solutions to bring about a revolution in this area.

Histone demethylase KDM4A plays an oncogenic role in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by promoting cell migration and invasion

Zhao Jingyi,Li Bingyan,Ren Yongxia,Liang Tiansong,Wang Juan,Zhai Suna,Zhang Xiqian,Zhou Pengcheng,Zhang Xiangxian,Pan Yuanyuan,Gao Fangfang,Zhang Sulan,Li Liming,Yang Yongqiang,Deng Xiaoyu,Li Xiaole,C 생화학분자생물학회 2021 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.53 No.-

Compelling evidence has indicated the vital role of lysine-specific demethylase 4 A (KDM4A), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether KDM4A affects NPC progression by regulating the HIF1α/DDIT4/mTOR signaling pathway. First, NPC and adjacent tissue samples were collected, and KDM4A protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry. Then, the interactions among KDM4A, HIF1α and DDIT4 were assessed. Gain- and loss-of-function approaches were used to alter KDM4A, HIF1α and DDIT4 expression in NPC cells. The mechanism of KDM4A in NPC was evaluated both in vivo and in vitro via RT-qPCR, Western blot analysis, MTT assay, Transwell assay, flow cytometry and tumor formation experiments. KDM4A, HIF1α, and DDIT4 were highly expressed in NPC tissues and cells. Mechanistically, KDM4A inhibited the enrichment of histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) in the HIF1α promoter region and thus inhibited the methylation of HIF1α to promote HIF1α expression, thus upregulating DDIT4 and activating the mTOR signaling pathway. Overexpression of KDM4A, HIF1α, or DDIT4 or activation of the mTOR signaling pathway promoted SUNE1 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion but inhibited apoptosis. KDM4A silencing blocked the mTOR signaling pathway by inhibiting the HIF1α/DDIT4 axis to inhibit the growth of SUNE1 cells in vivo. Collectively, KDM4A silencing could inhibit NPC progression by blocking the activation of the HIF1α/DDIT4/mTOR signaling pathway by increasing H3K9me3, highlighting a promising therapeutic target for NPC.

Serum calcium is a novel parameter to assess metabolic syndrome in endometrial carcinoma

Yanying Lin,Jingyi Zhou,Linlin Cao,Juan Hao,Lijun Zhao,Jianliu Wang,Qi Xu 대한부인종양학회 2019 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.30 No.1

Objectives: To investigate the distribution of serum calcium and the relationship between serum calcium and serum metabolic parameters in endometrial carcinoma (EC) patients. Methods: Retrospective assessment of patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer from Peking University People's Hospital from 2004 to 2009. Clinical characteristics as well as pretreatment serum calcium, albumin, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), serum triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and total cholesterol (TC) value were extracted from patient records. Serum calcium was corrected for albumin. Unpaired t test and analysis of covariance were used to compare serum calcium among categorical variables. Simple correlation analyses and partial correlation analyses were used to assess the associations between serum calcium and continuous variables. Results: Two-hundred twenty patients were included in this study. After adjusting for confounders, postmenopausal patients had higher total serum calcium (p=0.002) and albumin-corrected serum calcium (p=0.012) than premenopausal patients, endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEC) patients had higher total serum calcium than nonendometrioid endometrial carcinoma (NEEC) patients (p=0.037). Significant positive correlations were found between total serum calcium and FPG (p=0.017), TG (p=0.043), HDL (p=0.042), LDL (p<0.001), and TC (p<0.001) after adjusting for multiple variables, and the corrected serum calcium showed no significant correlation with metabolic parameters. Conclusion: Total serum calcium might be a more sensitive parameter for metabolic syndrome in endometrioid endometrial cancer patients than lipids.

The Inheritance and Innovation of National Traditional Culture in Chinese Animation Film* : Takes “Nezha” and “New Gods: Nezha Reborn” as an example

Yin Jun,Zhou Jingyi 한중경제문화학회 2021 한중경제문화연구 Vol.17 No.-

Working Capital Management and Firm Performance : Evidence from China

Cho, Eunho,Zhou, Jingyi 한국경영컨설팅학회 2021 경영컨설팅연구 Vol.21 No.1

본 연구는 기업의 회계적 성과와 시장성과를 사용하여 운전자본관리와 기업의 성과 간의 관계를 살펴보고 있다. 운전자본관리는 일반적으로 기업의 재무관리에서 매우 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 일부 연구자들은 운전자본관리를 통한 투자의 장점과 단점이 존재하여 기업의 성과를 극대 화할 수 있는 최적의 운전자본 수준이 있다고 주장하고 있다. 하지만 더 많은 선행연구들은 운전자본에 대한 투자가 적을수록 기업이 더 많은 수 익을 얻을 수 있다는 실증적 증거들을 제시하고 있다. 이러한 상반된 연구결과는 서로 다른 금융시장 환경이 본질적인 이유일 수 있다. 본 연구는 중국 기업을 대상으로 운전자본관리와 기업성과의 관계를 연구하여 해당 연구분야에 공헌하는 것을 주요 연구목적으로 한다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 4,094개 중국 제조기업을 대상으로 회귀분석을 수행하였다. 분석결과에 의하면 현금 전환주기가 짧은 기업이 더 나 은 성과를 보일 가능성이 높게 나타났다. 이는 관리자가 더 좋은 기업 성과를 달성하기 위해 CCC 기간을 줄여야 한다는 것을 시사해준다. 이러한 결과는 강건성을 위한 추가적인 분석을 수행하였을 때에도 변하지 않았다. 결국 관리자는 효과적인 운전자본관리를 통해 기업의 수익성과 기업 가치를 극대화하는 방법을 모색해야 할 것이다. 본 연구의 결과는 중국의 기업 데이터를 활용하여 운전자본관리와 기업의성과에 대한 포괄적인 관계를 이해하는데 기여하고 있다. We explore the relationship between working capital (WC) management and firm performance using accounting and market performance measures.WC management plays an important role in the daily financial management of firms. Due to the benefits and defects of investment inWC management, some researchers explain that there is an optimal level of WC to maximize firm performance. However, more empirical evidence proved that less investment inWC is more profitable for companies. As different financial environments may be an essential reason for the mixed results, we examine the relationship between WC management and firm performance to confirm and complement the prior studies based on the Chinese context, which has a unique financial environment fromother countries. This study employs 4,094 firm-year observations of manufacturing firms listed in mainland China and conducted regression analysis. The results suggest that firms with shorter cash conversion cycle (CCC) are more likely to have better performance, indicating that managers can decrease the period of CCC to achieve better firmperformance. The results remain unchanged after several sensitivity tests. This study implies that managers may seek an approach to maximize firm profitability and firm value by handling effective WC management. This study contributes to amore comprehensive understanding of the relation betweenWCmanagement and performance using Chinese firmdata.

Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of Endophytic Fungi from Lagopsis supina

Zhang Dekui,Sun Weijian,Xu Wenjie,Ji Changbo,Zhou Yang,Sun Jingyi,Tian Yutong,Li Yanling,Zhao Fengchun,Tian Yuan 한국미생물·생명공학회 2023 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.33 No.4

In this study, five endophytic fungi belonging to the Aspergillus and Alternaria genera were isolated from Lagopsis supina. The antimicrobial activity of all fungal fermented extracts against Staphylococcus and Fusarium graminearum was tested using the cup-plate method. Among them, Aspergillus ochraceus XZC-1 showed the best activity and was subsequently selected for large-scale fermentation and bioactivity-directed separation of the secondary metabolites. Four compounds, including 2- methoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (1), 3,5-dihydroxytoluene (2), oleic acid (3), and penicillic acid (4) were discovered. Here, compounds 1 and 4 displayed anti-fungal activity against F. graminearum, F. oxysporum, F. moniliforme, F. stratum, Botrytis cinerea, Magnaporthe oryzae, and Verticillium dahliae with diverse MIC values (128–512 μg/ml), which were close to that of the positive control antifungal, actidione (64–128 μg/ml). Additionally, compounds 1 and 4 also exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against S. aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica, with low MIC values (8–64 μg/ml). Moreover, compounds 1 and 4 displayed selective cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines as compared with the normal fibroblast cells. Therefore, this study proposes that the endophytic fungi from L. supina can potentially produce bioactive molecules to be used as lead compounds in drugs or agricultural antibiotics.