Burden of Total and Cause-Specific Mortality Related to Tobacco Smoking among Adults Aged ≥45 Years in Asia: A Pooled Analysis of 21 Cohorts

Zheng, Wei,McLerran, Dale F.,Rolland, Betsy A.,Fu, Zhenming,Boffetta, Paolo,He, Jiang,Gupta, Prakash Chandra,Ramadas, Kunnambath,Tsugane, Shoichiro,Irie, Fujiko,Tamakoshi, Akiko,Gao, Yu-Tang,Koh, Woon Public Library of Science 2014 PLoS medicine Vol.11 No.4

<▼1><P>Wei Zheng and colleagues quantify the burden of tobacco-smoking-related deaths for adults in Asia.</P><P><I>Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary</I></P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Background</B></P><P>Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for many diseases. We sought to quantify the burden of tobacco-smoking-related deaths in Asia, in parts of which men's smoking prevalence is among the world's highest.</P><P><B>Methods and Findings</B></P><P>We performed pooled analyses of data from 1,049,929 participants in 21 cohorts in Asia to quantify the risks of total and cause-specific mortality associated with tobacco smoking using adjusted hazard ratios and their 95% confidence intervals. We then estimated smoking-related deaths among adults aged ≥45 y in 2004 in Bangladesh, India, mainland China, Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan—accounting for ∼71% of Asia's total population. An approximately 1.44-fold (95% CI = 1.37–1.51) and 1.48-fold (1.38–1.58) elevated risk of death from any cause was found in male and female ever-smokers, respectively. In 2004, active tobacco smoking accounted for approximately 15.8% (95% CI = 14.3%–17.2%) and 3.3% (2.6%–4.0%) of deaths, respectively, in men and women aged ≥45 y in the seven countries/regions combined, with a total number of estimated deaths of ∼1,575,500 (95% CI = 1,398,000–1,744,700). Among men, approximately 11.4%, 30.5%, and 19.8% of deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and respiratory diseases, respectively, were attributable to tobacco smoking. Corresponding proportions for East Asian women were 3.7%, 4.6%, and 1.7%, respectively. The strongest association with tobacco smoking was found for lung cancer: a 3- to 4-fold elevated risk, accounting for 60.5% and 16.7% of lung cancer deaths, respectively, in Asian men and East Asian women aged ≥45 y.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>Tobacco smoking is associated with a substantially elevated risk of mortality, accounting for approximately 2 million deaths in adults aged ≥45 y throughout Asia in 2004. It is likely that smoking-related deaths in Asia will continue to rise over the next few decades if no effective smoking control programs are implemented.</P><P><I>Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary</I></P></▼2><▼3><P><B>Editors' Summary</B></P><P><B>Background</B></P><P>Every year, more than 5 million smokers die from tobacco-related diseases. Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (conditions that affect the heart and the circulation), respiratory disease (conditions that affect breathing), lung cancer, and several other types of cancer. All told, tobacco smoking kills up to half its users. The ongoing global “epidemic” of tobacco smoking and tobacco-related diseases initially affected people living in the US and other Western countries, where the prevalence of smoking (the proportion of the population that smokes) in men began to rise in the early 1900s, peaking in the 1960s. A similar epidemic occurred in women about 40 years later. Smoking-related deaths began to increase in the second half of the 20th century, and by the 1990s, tobacco smoking accounted for a third of all deaths and about half of cancer deaths among men in the US and other Western countries. More recently, increased awareness of the risks of smoking and the introduction of various tobacco control measures has led to a steady decline in tobacco use and in smoking-related diseases in many developed countries.</P><P><B>Why Was This Study Done?</B></P><P>Unfortunately, less well-developed tobacco control programs, inadequate public awareness of smoking risks, and tobacco company marketing have recently led to sharp increases in the prevalence of smoking in many low- and middle-income countries, particularly in Asia. More than 50% of men in many Asian countries are now smokers, about tw

Optimization of Medium Components for Plasmid Production by Recombinant E. coli $DH5{\alpha}$ $pUK21CMV{\beta}1.2$

Zheng, Shuzhen,Friehs, Karl,He, Ning,Deng, Xu,Li, Qingbiao,He, Zheng,Xu, Chenyun,Lu, Yinghua Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengineerin 2007 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.12 No.3

In this study we investigated the effects of carbon and nitrogen sources, and the carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) of growth medium on the production of plasmid DNA by $pUK21CMV{\beta}1.2$ harbouring recombinant E. coli. The results indicated that sucrose and casein peptone were the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for plasmid production, and the plasmid concentration was significantly influenced by the C:N ratio. A Box-Behnken design and surface response methodology were employed to formulate the optimal medium. In the optimized medium, a plasmid concentration of 51.80mg/L and a plasmid selectivity of 23.49mg/g were achieved after 24h of incubation. These values were approximately 3.5 and 1.7 times higher, respectively, than those obtained on the original LB medium.

Steroidal Saponins from Paris polyphylla Suppress Adhesion, Migration and Invasion of Human Lung Cancer A549 Cells Via Down-Regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9

He, Hao,Zheng, Lei,Sun, Yan-Ping,Zhang, Guang-Wei,Yue, Zheng-Gang Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.24

Background: Tumor metastases are the main reasons for oncotherapy failure. Paris polyphylla (Chinese name: Chonglou) has traditionally been used for its anti-cancer actions. In this article, we focus on the regulation of human lung cancer A549 cell metastases and invasion by Paris polyphylla steroidal saponins (PPSS). Materials and Methods: Cell viability was evaluated in A549 cells by MTT assay. Effects of PPSS on invasion and migration were investigated by wound-healing and matrigel invasion chamber assays. Adhesion to type IV collagen and laminin was evaluated by MTT assay. Expression and protease activity of two matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-2 and MMP-9, were analyzed by Western blotting and gelatin zymography, respectively. Results: PPSS exerted growth inhibitory effects on A549 cells, and effectively inhibited A549 cell adhesion, migration and invasion in a concentration-dependent manner. Western blotting and gelatin zymography analysis revealed that PPSS inhibited the expression and secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in A549 cells. Conclusions: PPSS has the potential to suppress the migration, adhesion and invasion of A549 cells. PPSS could be a potential candidate for interventions against lung cancer metastases.

行帮意识与中国现代文学社团

???(Zheng He Shun) 한국중어중문학회 2007 中語中文學 Vol.41 No.-

문학단체? 문학유파 및 각종단체유파 간의 논쟁은 현대문학 발전사를 관통하여 문학단체와 문학유파 연구는 현대문학 연구 중에서 매우 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있으며 또한 수 많은 중요한 학술성과를 이루어져 있다. 이러한 학술적 논쟁의식을 통하여 수 많은 우수한 현대문학작가와 평론가의 개성있는 특색을 빚어 내기도 하였다. 그런데 이런 특색 또한 진정한 문학창작과 평론에 있서 부정할 수 없는 역효과를 초래한 것도 사실이다. 二? 三십년대 중국 현대문학의 중심지역은 上海라는 사실이은 그 누구도 의심할 여지가 없다. 그 당시 上海 도시민 의식을 탐구려면 반드시 行?意?에 대한 연구가 이루어져야 한다. 본 논문에서 현대문학의 집단과 行?意?이 내재된 연결 고리를 찾으려고 시도 하였으며 또한 이러한 연결 고리는 현대문학 창작과 연구에 있어서 수 많은 다행과 불행의 복선이 묻어 두었을 것이라고 생각한다.

Dielectric barrier discharge-assisted one-pot synthesis of carbon quantum dots as fluorescent probes for selective and sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide and glucose

He, D.,Zheng, C.,Wang, Q.,He, C.,Lee, Y.I.,Wu, L.,Hou, X. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2015 Talanta Vol.142 No.-

In this work, we proposed a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD)-assisted one-pot strategy to fabricate carbon quantum dots (CQDs) using only one reagent N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The experimental conditions were carefully investigated, and the prepared CQDs were characterized by using UV-vis spectrophotometer, fluorescence spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS). The CQDs have an average size of 3.6nm in diameter with narrow size distribution, and can be used as highly selective and sensitive fluorescence probes for hydrogen peroxide and glucose, with limits of detection of 3.8μM and 3.5μM, respectively.

Effects of Root Pruning on Adventitious Root Formation, Enzyme Activities, and Hormone Levels in Paeonia suffruticosa ‘Fengdanbai’ Seedlings

Zheng Wang,Gege Su,Songlin He,Liyun Shi,Dan He,Wenqian Shang,Dajuan Yang 한국원예학회 2021 원예과학기술지 Vol.39 No.1

Root pruning during early root development can optimize the root structure of woody plants. To determine the effects of root pruning on tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa), seedlings of the tree peony cultivar ‘Fengdanbai’ were subjected to varying degrees or different styles of root pruning. Various indexes were analyzed, including the anatomical structure of the root, root vitality, the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes, and the contents of endogenous hormones and their ratios. Comprehensive morphological observation showed that pruning freshly germinated roots that are 3 cm long by 1/3 (i.e., removing 1 cm) yielded the greatest rooting rate (90%), lateral root initiation (2.34 per seedling), and subsequent growth. Analysis of physiological and biochemical indicators during the critical rooting period (3-5 days after root pruning) showed that the levels of superoxide dismutase and abscisic acid (ABA) were decreased, while the oxidase activities of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and indole acetate oxidase and the contents of the endogenous hormones indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA3), and zeatin (ZT) were increased. IAA plays a key role in the process of adventitious root formation and the ratios of IAA/GA3, IAA/ABA, and IAA/ZT reflect endogenous hormone homeostasis during adventitious root formation. IAA/ABA and IAA/ZT showed higher values in the pruned roots compared to the control roots, which favor adventitious root induction and elongation. These results provide a basis for the study of adventitious root formation in tree peony.

Historical Long-term Exposure to Pentachlorophenol Causing Risk of Cancer - A Community Study

Zheng, Rui-Zhi,Zhang, Qing-He,He, Yi-Xin,Zhang, Qian,Yang, Lin-Shen,Zhang, Zhi-Hua,Zhang, Xiu-Jun,Hu, Jing-Ting,Huang, Fen Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.2

Background: Pervious studies suggested occupational workers exposure to pentachlorophenol (PCP) might contribute to increased risk of cancer. However, few studies have focused on associations between PCP and cancer risk at the community level. Objective: The present study was to explore the cancer risk for the community population living long-term in a PCP contaminated area. Methods: All the cancer cases diagnosed in 2009-2011 in Tongling City were collected. The cancer patients' residencies were geo-referenced in each district. The historical PCP usage for each district of Tongling was calculated as the PCP pollution index, which was further used to divide into PCP exposure categories. Standardized rate ratios (SRRs) of cancer incidence were applied to detect the cancer risk as exposure grade elevated. Correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between PCP pollution and cancer incidence. Results: A total of 5,288 cancer cases (3,451 male and 1,837 female) were identified. PCP usage was correlated with the incidence of leukemia (r=0.88, P=0.002) for males, and with cancer of the esophagus for males (r=0.83, P=0.008) and females (r=0.71, P=0.020). Compared with the low exposure category, significant SRRs for total cancer sites was obtained for high PCP exposure category (SRR=1.61, 95%CI=1.59-1.62). Most SRR values of the cancer sites were significantly increased as exposure grade elevated and exposure time extended. Conclusion: The present study found that community residents living in the PCP contaminated area had increased risk of cancers. Leukemias, lymphomas and nasopharyngeal and esophageal cancers are most possibly associated with PCP exposure.

Effects of Different Sucrose Concentrations in the Culture Medium on the Growth of Colored Zantedeschia In Vitro under CO2 Enrichment Conditions

Zheng Wang,Yinglong Song,Liyun Shi,Yuzhen Guo,Wenqian Shang,Dan He,Song Lin He 한국화훼학회 2016 화훼연구 Vol.24 No.2

Carbon source, an essential nutrient for plant growth, mainly includes exogenous sugar and CO2 of the environment in vitro. Therefore, the exogenous sugar and CO2 of the environment make the important roles in tissue culture. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different sugar concentrations (0, 10, 15 and 30 g·L-1) on the growth of colored Zantedeschia in vitro under certain CO2 concentration and explore the optimal sugar concentration. The plantlets in vitro of colored Zantedeschia had the largest root number, root weight, and root vigor under 0 g·L-1 (sugar-free culture) treatment. And they had the largest plant height, leaf length and leaf chlorophyll content, but p oor r oot v igor under 3 0 g·L-1 sugar. This study indicated that the optimal condition for proliferation and seedling culture of colored Zantedeschia plantlets in vitro was MS medium with 30 g·L-1 sugar, and the suitable medium for rooting culture and transplanting of colored Zantedeschia was MS medium with sugar-free culture under CO2 enrichment condition.

Steroidal Saponins from Paris polyphylla Induce Apoptotic Cell Death and Autophagy in A549 Human Lung Cancer Cells

He, Hao,Sun, Yan-Ping,Zheng, Lei,Yue, Zheng-Gang Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.3

Background: Paris polyphylla (Chinese name: Chonglou) had been traditionally used for a long time and shown anti-cancer action. Based on the previous study that paris polyphylla steroidal saponins (PPSS) induced cytotoxic effect in human lung cancer A549 cells, this study was designed to further illustrate the mechanisms underlying. Materials and Methods: The mechanisms involved in PPSS-induced A549 cell death were investigated by phase contrast microscopy and fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and western blot analysis, respectively. Results: PPSS decreased the proportion of viable A549 cells, and exposure of A549 cells to PPSS led to both apoptosis and autophagy. Apoptosis was due to activations of caspase-8, caspase-3, as well as cleavage of PARP, and autophagy was confirmed by up-regulation of Beclin 1 and the conversion from LC3 I to LC3 II. Conclusions: PPSS was able to induce lung cancer A549 cell apoptosis and autophagy in vitro, the results underlining the possibility that PPSS would be a potential candidate for intervention against lung cancer.

High Precision FE Modeling for Predicting Inner Polygon Defect of Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Tubes

Yong-Zheng Jiang,Yong-Zheng Jiang,Xiao-Ping Zhang,Kuan-Fang He,Guan-Fu Bin 대한토목학회 2018 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.22 No.11

A high precision FE model is the key basis for cause analysis and overcoming of inner polygon defect of hot rolled seamless steel tubes. In this paper, the viscoelastic-plastic FEM is adopted in order to develop a high precision FE model for predicting the defect of inner polygon. Mechanical properties of tube material under rolling environment is obtained through five sets of high temperature compression tests, thus the viscoelastic-plastic constitutive equation of tube material is regressed and agrees with the tests results. Heat transfer boundary conditions, roll constant speed and contact friction boundary conditions are applied simultaneously on the FE model and thermo-mechanical coupled explicit algorithm is adopted for solution. The precision of the FE model is verified through industry experiments. Results shows the simulated inner wall shape is in good accordance with the experiment results, and the friction force, stress, strain and temperature distribution in the deformation zone are also discussed. It can be concluded that the viscoelastic-plastic FE model is of high precision and can be applied for better analysis of the hot rolling results.